جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هزینه خانوار » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Investigating the behavior of religious households is among important subjects in Islamic countries. As there are religious expenditures in consumption basket, recognizing factors affecting those expenditure is significantly important. By using income-expenditure data, and probit method, this paper is analyzing the case of Iran, in urban and rural regions for 2014. The variables include payment to charity funds, age, literacy level, household dimensions, employment, marriage situation, and home ownership. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the above variables and the religious payments. The household dimension, however, does indicate a negative impact on religious payments. The literacy in rural area and employment in urban area do have much more impact relatively. Finally this research is an implicit testing of Barro’s hypothesis (negative relationship between religious behavior at one hand and prosperity and literacy on the other).

Economic inequality in Iran is affected by the existing within inequality and among all provinces in the country as a whole. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the Theil inequality index inequality within and among all provinces including urban and rural regions. In doing so، the micro 2007 household data is used. The results show that the share of the urban and rural inequality within provinces is 8% and 11%، respectively. Therefore، inequality between provinces has not considerable effect on the inequality as a whole. According to these results one may suggest to the macro province policy maker to concentrate on inequality reduction just within the provinces.

The determination of economic value of environment resources has become significantly important in the light of increasing pollution and environmental deterioration that is getting momentum. On this ground, the necessity of gauging the cost of pollution, preparing the so called "green national accounts", introducing new taxes and levies to contain and prevent further destruction of the environment, has received especial attentions.The very objective of this paper is to determine the recreation value of Anzali Wetland for which the travel cost approach based on household production function has been employed. Generally two approaches are employed in regard to wetland recreation valuation. One is based on demand for travel which takes into account the willingness of individuals to pay for travel expenses. And the second one is based on recreation production function and marginal cost of each travel, taking into account the shadow price of recreation. The present paper has utilized the second approach for the valuation of wetland recreation services introduced by Doctor Pajooyan.J (1987). This approach has benefited from Gary Beaker household production function. The result of this study indicates that distance and travel expenses have significant effects on the provision of recreation services. Under competitive condition, marginal cost of recreation is estimated to amount to Rls, 1100000 per day which is take to be the shadow price of recreation. The result also indicates that the recreation demand has a negative relation with the shadow price of recreation and the relation is positive with respect to income of the consumers and this is in line with the theoretical foundation. Moreover, traveler's willingness to pay has a positive relation with income, marital status, level of education, and travel interest, but with respect to quality of wetland, this relation is negative.

Underground Economy is a series of value added activities which is not defined in the frame of formal economic. Private activities, private organizations and those kinds of market activities which, in some way, are not discovered by officials, totally, are making black or informal economic. Underground economy includes four sections: family, informal, irregular and illegal. The nature of unclearness of black economic, make it hard to estimate and study the economy, because of these, most of current measuring methods are indirect measuring of thise activities which are accompanied by limited assumptions. Through this research, in spite of considering different methods of measuring black economy, we estimate the amount of underground economy, using "currency ratio" and "Gap between expenditure and income of family". The gap between expenditure and income of family method is based on discrepancies between expenditure and income of families which is not reported in the national accounts. In "currency ratio" method we measuring the size of underground economy based on exchange of currency.