جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پانل دیتای پویا » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The undeniable role of banks in aggregating and allocating financial resources is possible and sustainable only when banks have financial
stability, especially when faced with financial crises. One of the important and influential factors in financial stability is financial inclusion. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of financial inclusion on financial stability in Iran and selected Islamic countries for the period 2005-2020. The results of the model estimation with dynamic panel data show that financial inclusion has a positive and significant effect on financial stability. In other words, when the number of ATMs, the number of bank branches, and the number of bank accounts with commercial banks are higher, the tendency and access of people to financial services will increase; Thus, the amount of savings and deposits in banks increases, and this, in turn, enhances the ability of banks to cope with financial crises and has a positive effect on their financial stability. The high ratio of non-performing loans, cost-to-income ratio, and loan-to-deposit ratio also have a significant negative impact on financial stability. Furthermore, the impact of macroeconomic variables on financial stability is positive and
significant. In other words, with rising inflation and GDP, the financial stability of banks increases.

 Income inequality and the role of redistribution policies are major issues in economics and politics. In the literature on the economic public sector, income distribution is introduced as one of the effective factors in changing the government spending. According to the median voter model, the government bases the supply of public goods and services on the demand of the median voter to meet the demands of the majority of citizens. In this regard, the median voter theorem states an optimal solution for the determination of the public goods level based on what the median individual prefers in a democratic system along with the majority voting rule (Atkinson and Stiglitz, 1980). According to the median voter theory, the government expenditure is affected by median voter preferences, and certain economic policies are selected to maximize the median voter utility; whereby the optimum level of public goods is determined (Dadgar, 2013). In the framework of median voter model, Hindriks and Myles (2006) suggest that a decrease in the median voter income to the society income average means an increase of inequality in the society and a raise in the demand for public goods and services. Accordingly, government expenditures are increased to satisfy the utility of most people; as a result, the government size grows. This proposes the hypothesis of the effect of inequality on the government expenditures. It is an important issue for some reasons. First, the government expenditure plays a major role in the implementation of fiscal policies which seek income equality in terms of distribution and stability. Thus, the income inequality influences the fiscal policy performance through the government expenditures. Second, the government paya attention to citizens’ demands due to political factors, which brings desirable consequences such as upgraded local managers and the continuity of current state activities (Zhang, 2020). Concerning the importance of such a discussion, this paper seeks to examine the effect of income inequality on the government expenditures in Iran’s provinces and to answer the question whether increasing income inequality is a source of government growth at a local level.        In order to empirically test the effect of income distribution on public spending in Iran’s provinces, an econometrics model based on panel data is considered as follows: In this equation, the public expenditures of a province per capita (  ) (including the current and construction expenditures in terms of million Rials) and the corresponding Gini coefficient, which represents the inequality of income distribution, are dependent and explanatory variables, respectively. The other explanatory variables are the province’s gross domestic production per capita ( ) (at current prices in terms of million rials), the province’s tax revenues per capita (in terms of million Rials) ( ), and the share of the province’s income from oil revenues (per capita in terms of million Rials) ( ), which is considered as the intergovernmental grant (from the central government to the provincial government). Also, indicates the disturbance of the model, and i and t are the sections (32 provinces) and time (during the period of 2006-2018), respectively. This model uses the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). The results of dynamic panel estimation using the Generalized moments method (GMM) show that an increase in the income inequality leads to a raise  in the government expenditures in the provinces of the country. Also, lagged provincial expenditures, provincial GDP and intergovernmental grants (from the central to provincial governments) have positive and significant effects on public expenditures at the provincial level. The research’s findings are in line with the political model of government growth that emphasizes the positive relationship between income inequality and government expenditures. According to it, a raise of inequality increases the citizen’s demand for public goods and eliminates inequalities. In these conditions, the government is inclined to increase its expenditures that are effective in the improvement of its political position and attraction of citizen’s satisfaction. Increase of income inequality causes poverty and class gap in the society, which shows the inefficiency of government distribution policies. There are various reasons for the increase of the government expenditures and the public sector growth suggested by Hindriks and Myles (2006) in the context of a political model. The model shows that the distribution of income predisposes the government growth. From the point of view of public policies, inequality forces the government to spend on public goods and services to meet the people demand. This finding is in line with the political theory of government growth that emphasizes an increased inequality leads to bigger government; individuals that face inequality and poverty have more demand for public goods. Thus, the increasing of the government expenditures is supported by so many people; the government increases its spending in order to satisfy most people. This justifies the increase of public expenditures with the aim of satisfying the public preferences.

Increase of GDP in an economic system depends on the amount of investment, for which banks play a major role in providing funds.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of bank credits on the economic growthof provinces with the level of their income in focus. In order to assess the role of income level in the effectiveness of banking credits in economic growth, the provinces are divided into high-income and low-income groups. The econometric model of this research is determined using the panel data in 31 provinces and the dynamic panelduring 2006-2014. The results show that the credits granted by banks have had positive and significant effects on economic growth in the provinces. Also, the impact of bank credits on economic growth is higher in the low-income provinces than in high-income ones,and the regional level of income has played an important role to promote the economic growth by bank credits. In addition, the effect of explanatory variables such as human capital, urbanization rate and current expenditures has been positive and significant on the growth of the provinces.

Empirical studies show that establishment of World Trade Organization (WTO) had a significant role in increasing growth of international trade. After removal of international sanctions, membership in WTO is one of the most important economic challenges for Iran. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential effects of trade negotiations and WTO membership on growth of manufacturing industries, by exploring and simulating based on experiences of acceded countries. To meet this end, we estimated an endogenous economic growth model, using longitudinal data from 179 countries, including 36 newly acceded countries, during the period 1980 to 2015, with dynamic panel data and instrumental variables (Panel GMM) approach. We have used the proportion of value added in manufacturing sector to GDP as a proxy for industrial growth. Also, we have included two dummy variables for negotiation process and membership period to separate the effects related to each of them. Our results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between growth of manufacturing sector and WTO accessing negotiation process, as well as WTO membership. It means that, the effects of accession to the WTO on growth of manufacturing sector is not limited to the period after the full membership, but also - because of required reforms in the economic institutions and policies - the process of accession negotiations can affect economic growth as well.

Religious expenditure as a favorable and moral economic behavior, in addition to providing the collective interests and the individual interests in economic behavior of Muslims, causes psychological growth and even economic growth of communities. Therefore, the study of the inflation and unemployment effects on this kind of God-seeking spending is one of the needs of economic policymakers in the Islamic society to expand and strengthen actions to enhance the welfare of society.
In this study, data of 28 provinces of Iran during 1997- 2014 is used to study the effects of inflation and unemployment on religious expenditure. For this purpose, the data were extracted from information published by the Statistical Center of Iran.
The estimation results based on the dynamic panel data approach shows that inflation and unemployment effects on religious expenditure in the period under review is negative and significant.
It is recommended that economic policymakers codify effective regulatory rules and policies to reduce inflation and unemployment to provide the perfect backdrop for religious expenditure and God-seeking behavior. So the methods and tools of economic science, especially in the field of Islamic economics, should be used for improving the Islamic indicators of the economy and ignoring the effects of economic variables on moral values must be avoided.

The importance of information and communication technology (ICT) in the nationaleconomy is apparent. ICT has positive outcomes in economy in various forms such as economicgrowth and total productivity, promoting trade of goods and services, reducing inflation andtransactions costs. This study examines the effects of the internet on labor productivity byusing MENA selected countries data from 2000 to 2013 and dynamic panel data techniquesand by applying Arellano and Bond’s (1991) 1-step and 2-step GMM estimators. To this end,after testing variables stationary and existing co-integration between them, by Pedroni panelco-integration test, the final model was estimated by various estimators. The results of modelestimation by Arellano and Bond’s 2-step GMM estimator indicated that internet has positiveand statistically significant effects on labor productivity and in long term if other factors wereconstant, an increase in the number of internet users per 100 people, GDP per person employed,increases labor productivity 1.92$. Also, the impact of education and health expenditureson labor productivity are positive, but not statistically significant. Trade openness, GDP peremployed person in the previous period and capital formation has positive effects on the laborproductivity and are statistically significant

Financial corruption affects on economy’s health via different channels which the most important channel is distortions in the allocation of resources. On the other hand, the level of knowledge-based economy also can affect on behaviour of factors of production. An important question is whether the level of knowledge-based economy can affect the relationship between corruption and economic growth? This study investigates the effect of financial corruption on economic growth for 138 countries over the period 2000 - 2011 by using the consolidated corruption perception indicator, the level of knowledge based economy indicator and economic growth and a dynamic panel model which called Generalized method of moments (GMM). The results of classification of countries show that, in the groups with high knowledge-based economy indicator, control of financial corruption has positive impact on economic growth but in the groups with moderate knowledge-based economy indicator, control of corruption, has negative impact on economic growth. Also, the results show that in the first group of countries, stability of corruption control policies has a positive impact on economic growth but in the second group of countries, it has a negative effect.