جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "d60" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The exchange rate and international oil prices are vital variables that indicate the impact of external economic developments, agreements, and relationships. Since in countries like Iran, most of the government's revenue comes from exchange earnings from the international markets by oil exports, the impact of two variables on the economy has a significant outcome. Also, it should be considered how fluctuations in the exchange rate and international oil prices can affect the policy and international relations. According to a global trade standpoint, it is believed that the exchange rate affects the economy through the changes in exports and imports commodities; therefore, expected the exchange rate will affect the price of traded products. Moreover, the impact of the oil price on the production of items changes the level of supply for activities and income of institutions through the changes in the production factors and intermediary imports price. The results show that rising exchange rates and oil prices increase government revenue from sales of production factors; with rising prices and more sensitivity to oil prices, the government faces budget surpluses. Also, when the government faces a surplus or deficit, as much as consumption, saving, and changes a payment, which results from the optimality of the model. In addition, it is more critical that Iran's economy use policies that uniform direct tax rate point change for selected institutions, which is more optimal because the budget is less unstable.

The welfare cost of inflation in a new Keynesian model has been studied in this article. Nominal prices and wages are subjected to Rotenberg's adjustments in the benchmark model. In addition, this study uses the CIA model to compare the welfare cost of seigniorage tax and consumption tax. The model is calibrated for the Iranian economy and the results of the calibration are as following: In a steady state, a seigniorage tax imposes higher costs on social welfare rather than consumption taxes. We also find that the welfare cost of inflation increases linearly with the inflation rate and the welfare cost in a model without the government is higher than the model with government expenditures. Numerically, in the benchmark model, an annual inflation rate of 10% entails a welfare cost (relative to a -1.5% annual inflation rate, the Friedman Rule’s level of inflation rate) of 1.69% of a steady state consumption without a government. If we add the government to the model, this cost will be 1.28%. This amount will be only 0.5% if we use the RBC model. According to Ascra's measurement (2009), inflation tax increases welfare costs, but consumption tax decreases welfare costs.