جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « financial repression » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In recent years, Iran's economy has experienced stagflation, low inflation rates or low unemployment rates at the cost of a considerable increase in the other. Government seeks to find ways to repress and manipulate markets to lower its debt financing costs. In this field, financial repression will provide very important policy implications for Iran's economy, which will make it possible for the country's macroeconomic policymakers to target inflation and unemployment rates. Based on this, this paper investigates the effect of financial repression on the causal relationship between inflation and unemployment using the bivariate and multivariate Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) between inflation and unemployment, taking into account the financial repression index (exchange rate and interest rate) in the period from 1987 to 2020. The findings show that despite the existence of a strong long-term two-way causal relationship between inflation and unemployment in the bivariate causality test, there is no significant causal relationship between inflation and unemployment in Iran in the presence of the indicators of financial repression. These findings indicate the absence of inflation-unemployment trade-off in Iran and support that this trade-off is not behavioral and is completely influenced by the government's interventions in the economy.

In today's complex world, the financial system plays an important role in the stability, economic growth and development of countries. Financial repression is a set of formal policies, laws and regulations and informal controls imposed by governments on the financial sector that deviates the financial sector prices (interest rates and exchange rates) from its equilibrium values, and it prevents financial institutions from operating at their maximum capacity. Financial repression directly and indirectly affects the activities of banks. First, financial repression has reduced the deposits of economic agents in banks and has a negative effect on banks' incomes by reducing banks' lending capacity; Second, as capital accumulation decreases, and consequently, economic growth reduction, banks' income from lending facilities will decrease. In this survey, the impact of financial repression on the profitability of banks in Iran during the period 2011-2017 is investigated using Generalized Method of Moments-System (GMM-SYS). The results show that financial repression adversely affects banks' profit margin. So that, banks' profit margin is reduced to 0.02 units by increasing one indicator unit for financial repression. The results show that financial repression reduces the grant power of banks' facilities, by reducing the deposit of economic agents. As a result, it indirectly reduces banks' income from granting facilities.

In the Iranian economy over the past few decades, the financial system has been subject to many restrictions, including the grading of bank interest rates. In this study, considering the economic conditions of Iran, the interest rate of bank deposit is determined by combining the two approaches of liberalization and financial development and financial constraint. In this way, contrary to the bank's interest rate order, the central bank has issued two interest rates as a ceiling and a bank interest rate to banks, which are upper and lower limits. Banks can then operate freely and competitively, depending on their performance, between profit and loss ceilings, and determine the appropriate rate of interest for the banks themselves and adjust the business cycle more quickly and maintain their finances. To do this, a smooth panel regression model (PSTR) with data from the central bank and commercial banks of the country in the interval (2006-2016) has been estimated high and low.bank deposit interest rates.

the effect of financial development and financial repression on economic growth is a challenging topic. This research examines the effect of banks facilities and their interest rates on economic growth in both Iran and Malaysia during the period 1366-1396 for Iran and 1985- 2016  for Malaysia by using the Distributed Lag Regression Model (ARDL). The statistical results indicate the positive effect of the variables of banks' facilities, foreign direct investment, and fixed capital formation on the growth rate and the negative effect of the real interest rate on the economic growth rate in Iran. But the trade balance coefficient negative in Iran and positive and insignificant in Malaysia, implying the vulnerability of the Iranian economy to foreign trade. In addition, the positive effect of FDI and the negative effect of the facility's interest rate on economic growth in Malaysia are far stronger than Iran. Therefore, monetary and interest rate policy is a more effective instrument for controlling flucyuations during the business cycle in the Malaysian economy compared to Iran.

In this paper, the effect of government intervention in the banking sector (financial repression) on banks’ financial stability is investigated during 2001-2013. To measure the index of government intervention in the banking sector, three variables including real interest rate, credits directed by banks and government debt to banks are combined using principal component analysis. Furthermore, the z-score index is applied to measure the financial stability in the banks. Data are extracted from balance sheets and income statements of the banks. Results from a panel of 14 banks show that the intervention of government in the banking sector is of significantly negative effect on financial stability of these banks and therefore increases their financial vulnerability. Moreover, an increase in size of bank improves the financial stability, but higher debt-to-asset ratio increases the banks’ financial vulnerability.

This paper examines the effect of the abundant natural resources (oil and gas) on financial repression and economic growth through the income distribution channel. The three equations which are extracted from theoretical explanations are estimated simultaneously using the three-stage least squares (3SLS) for the period 1352-1389. We have demonstrated the positive effects of natural resources on financial repression by raising the inequality. The results show that financial repression leads to lower economic growth rate، hence the main hypothesis of the study was supported، i. e. the effects of the abundant natural resources on economic growth and financial repression through the channel of distribution of income. We have also observed that the natural resource abundance have negative effects on economic growth (direct effect) and positive effects on inequality.

Financial repressions, including profit-rate determination for both loan and deposits, high reserves requirement rate, and credit rationing have been imposed in Iran by financial sector for a couple of decades. Following Fry and Narayans models, this article studies the impacts of the repressions on investment and growth of agricultural and industrial sectors using a General Method of Moment (GMM) threshold level model. The findings are that the implementation of these models does not reject the McKinnon-Show hypothesis. However, there are significant differences between before and after threshold level growth and investment in both sectors. Furthermore, the results indicate that among the proxy variables, profit rate has more negative effect on growth and investment of these sectors. The study suggests that the policy-makers should avoid of financial repression after threshold level.

This study investigates the effect of some indicators of financial repression، including DR (the gap between the official interbank exchange rate and the free market rate)، Cpi (the difference between Iran''s inflation rate and the inflation rate of the world) and G (the ratio of government debt to liquidity)، on capital stock growth in agricultural sub-sectors in Iran، during the period 1991-2011 using estimation of the demand function and panel data method. The results of the model indicate a significant negative effect of financial repression indicators on the development of the capital stock growth in all agricultural sub-sectors.

There have been few studies working on effects of financial repression policies on Iran’s economic growth. Considering the huge share of agricultural sector, we have been trying to fill this gap by the help of time series data from 1962 to 2007 on agricultural GDP, unproductive government expenditure, human capital, industrial price index, political instability, and financial repression measures. Results show that controlling the bank reserve requirement ratio as a proxy for financial repression has negative effect on economic growth of agricultural sector. This indicates that reducing controls on this parameter will help government to achieve higher rate of growth.

In the recent economic literature, an important finding is the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. Before the 1970s, the most of economists believed that economic growth could be reached only by accumulation of physical capital. In the 1970s and after the pioneering works of McKinon (1973) and Shaw (1973), this orthodox view was criticized by a vast amount of new theoretical and empirical researches. Regarding the importance of this issue and the fact that our country is highly involved in repressive financial and monetary policies, this paper investigates the effects of these policies on economic growth and development. Therefore, an indirect method is employed that estimates two sets of cointegration equations containing financial depth and GDP. The main finding of this paper is that financial repression impresses the economic growth through the negative effect on financial depth.

Increasing considerations on the sustainability of fiscal policy and tax smoothing hypothesis have been acquired a significant position in the theoretical background. On the one hand, the sustainability of fiscal policy requires convergence of government expenditure and its revenues in the long- run and on the other, tax smoothing indicates that the government should take action to minimize administrative costs and the welfare loss due to tax variations. So, this paper, by focusing on both challenges, aimed at investigating if the government had performed tax smoothing and/or fiscal policy sustainability in the sample period (1971-2008). After correction of the Barro's model (1979) to recover oil revenues and testing tax smoothing hypothesis, we recognized the financial repression as a main obstacle on the tax smoothing path. Also, our findings based on FMOLS method, in spite of imposing tax tilting condition to the model, reveal that the smart performing of tax tilting can be rejected. This result, i.e. no evidence of tax smoothing, provided a doubtful consequence about sustainability of fiscal policy in Iran’s economy. Therefore, using multicointegration approach, TARCH model and finally simultaneous equation system, we investigated the hypothesis of sustainability of fiscal policy. But outcomes show that there is no tract of sustainability between expenditure and tax revenues of government. Albeit, we can see a weak evidence of sustainability between government expenditure and total revenues.

The statistical data indicate that the trend of nonperforming facilities is growing and the amount of nonperforming assets is about 400 thousand billion rials to date. If such a trend continues, it will endanger Iran's banking system or even its whole economy. It is critical to deal with such a problem. Therefore, this article tries to find the roots and solutions of nonperforming assets in the country's banking system. It surveys domestic and foreign experiences on the causes and solutions of such assets. After conducting field studies, over 30 factors were identified that that could cause nonperforming assets. Later, the hypothesis was tested and the results indicated that extra-organizational factors have more roles than intra-organizational ones in Iran's banking system. Finally, over 30 solutions are suggested to face the problems