جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « labor supply » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Propellants and effective variables on the future of Labor supply in Iran's labor market with a combined Delphi approach and structural analysisAbstractThe present research has been carried out with the present of identifying and structurally analyzing the mutual influence of variables and effective drivers on the labor supply in the labor market of Iran in the horizon of 2061. so, in the beginning, through library research and survey of sources and documents in the background of the issue, a number of variables were identified, and so on key variables were determined through interviews with experts and the implementation of the Delphi method and the cross impact analysis questionnaire was designed and completed with the establishment expert panel (consisting of 12 experts in the context of the labor market). By means of MICMAC software, the degree of influence and effectiveness of each of the identified variables was evaluated and accordingly, It was concluded that variables such as age structure, social pressure, per capita income, marital status, immigration, death rate, gross national product, education cost and household cost have the greatest influence on the supply of human resources in Iran's labor market,and variables such as economic conditions (inflation and recession), payroll and government policies are key and propellant factors.

Iran's economy will become bigger in the coming years and the GDP will increase every year. Therefore, the economy will need more labor force, which is provided through population growth. Now this question is raised, will population growth be enough for Iran's future economic growth?During the last 50 years, the situation of Iran's labor market has been such that the supply has increased over the demand, so unemployment has been one of the chronic problems of Iran. For example, the active population in 2021 was about 25.8 million people, of which 2.3 million were unemployed and 23.5 million were employed, that is, the unemployment rate was 9.2% (Statistical Center of Iran, Results of the 2021 Labor Force Survey Plan), but the population outlook in Iran shows major changes in the coming years. This research shows that in the future, the labor market of Iran will not experience unemployment, rather the possibility of labor force shortage will not be surprising. In this article, the supply of and demand for labor in Iran are estimated until 2050, then the gap between the two is predicted.

To predict the labor supply, first, the population by age has been estimated using the cohort method until 2050. Then we consider two scenarios for the labor force participation rate. First, it is assumed that the labor force participation rate will be constant until the year 2050. Second, it is assumed that the participation rate will increase along the trend of "average years of education of women". With the availability of the participation rate and the working age population (15-64), the active population has been estimated until 2050.The demand for labor is estimated according to the production elasticity of employment. With the assumption of this elasticity and the assumption of economic growth at least level for Iran's economy, labor demand is predicted. The average production elasticity of employment in Iran is about 0.7, which means that with economic growth of 1%, the demand for labor increases by 0.7%. Assuming that this elasticity is constant until 2050 and considering the scenario for economic growth (minimum economic growth), the labor demand is estimated for the next 30 years.

 A realistic scenario that predicts the labor force participation rate in line with the trend of "average years of education for women", the active population is predicted to be 30.35 million in 2050. On the other hand, by using the output elasticity of employment and two scenarios for Iran's economic growth, the demand for the labor force has been predicted until 2050. Assuming an average economic growth, 2.6% per year and an output elasticity, 0.7, the demand for labor in 2050 is predicted to be around 40.26 million people. With a realistic scenario, the results show that there is unemployment in Iran until 2030, although the trend is decreasing. In 2030, unemployment will reach zero, which means labor supply and demand will be equal. From 2030 onwards, the excess demand for the labor force begins with an increasing trend, so that in 2050 the excess demand for the labor force reaches about 10 million people.

In this research, labor supply and demand have been predicted using very conservative and reasonable assumptions. The results show that with a minimum economic growth rate (1% per year) and the maximum increase in the labor force participation rate up to 50% in 2050, there will still be a lack of labor demand. There are three ways to reduce excess demand. The first is to increase productivity. Through improving technology and human capital through education, health, skills, etc., labor productivity can be increased. With the improvement of technology and the use of advanced machines, the use of robots, the mechanization of various economic sectors, and the use of artificial intelligence (IA), the majority of excess demand can be provided.  The second is to use of foreign labor. Many countries use the supply excess of foreign labor from countries that face supply excess to offset their excess demand. The third way is to increase the labor force participation rate of women in Iran.It should be noted that the assumption of other conditions is always met in any forecasting. Among these conditions are sanctions, oil exports, technology, environmental changes, and so forth. For example, if the sanctions are lifted, Iran's economic growth can up to 7 percent annually. Higher economic growth leads to higher demand for labor, and excess demand occurs sooner. Therefore, changing any of the unexpected factors in the future can increase or decrease the forecast of supply and demand.

Targeted subsidies plan affects income distribution and poverty through several channels. On most of the analyzies, changes on labor supply are not considered. Increasing nominal income alone after paying cash subsidy rule can reduce labor supply in targeted subsidies. This issue may decrease effect of targeted subsidies. In this research by CGE we calculate the result of impact of energy price increase and direct cash subsidy transfer with considering labor supply decrease in the first phase of this plan. Then we use this CGE data to calculate the poverty index and income distribution. The model is calibrated based on 2001 Micro Consistent Matrix (MCM) designed by Research Institute of Planning and Management Deputy Strategic Planning and Control. The results of the model show that while the plan reduce supply of labor, it improve income distribution and poverty in Iran. The results also reveal that the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of rural deciles is more than the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of urban deciles.

As a set of policies and action plans for supporting the poor and aiding the help seekers, social security is a phenomenon especially attributed to the modern industrial age. Therefore, revising and reforming the basic principles of social security is indeed a new phenomenon since many problems in this area have recently surfaced. These problems arise from the imbalance in revenues and costs of social security systems. Nowadays, many European countries are faced with the phenomenon of the aging population as a serious crisis while lacking necessary infrastructure to address such a challenge. Consequently, the problems regarding social security system are becoming even more complicated. This study analyses the effects of replacement rate’s parametric reform on the social security system in Iran by using a six-year-period overlapping generations model. The aim of this research is studying the effects of change in the replacement rate on capital accumulation, savings and labor supply. New findings show that labor supply, individual savings and eventually the level of aggregate capital stock would drastically rise after the reduction of replacement rate in Iran’s social security system.

In this article an attempt has be to assess the employment situation in the by using a labor demand function. By using the cost pattern function of the firm, a construction demand function for labor for the period 1974-2003 has been estimated. By applying the economertric method of ARDL, a long run and a short-run model was estimated. The results show that there exists a negative relation between the real wage rates and the construction employment level and a positive one between the value added of the construction sector and its employment level. The Error Correction Model (ECM) results indicate that the construction demand for labor nears its long-run equilibrium at a rate of 65 percent annually. Finally by using the two scenarios of the model the employment level in the construction sector through the end of The Fourth Planning Program was forecasted. The results of both scenarios show higher employment rates than the ones predicted by The Third Planning Program.