جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "markov-switching approach" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

One of the most important factors influencing the exchange rate volatility is currency substitution due to the dollarization of the economy. Currency substitution is a common phenomenon in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effect of currency substitution on exchange rate volatility in Iran. In this study, the quarterly data of Iran's economy during the period 1990-2021has been used by applying the Bound test method and autoregressive with distributive Lag and Markov switching methods. Based on the results, Model MSIH(2)-AR(2) was chosen as the optimal model. In addition, in measuring the amount of money, due to the important role of defining the amount of money from monetary aggregates, simple sum and Divisia are used. The results show that the Divisia monetary aggregate is more appropriate than the simple sum in the expression of asymmetries. Currency substitution in the low-volatility regime had a negative effect on exchange rate volatility, but in the high-volatility regime, the effect of currency substitution was significantly positive. It illustrates the asymmetry effect of currency substitution on exchange rate volatility in various exchange rate regimes and confirms the asymmetric effect of currency substitution on exchange rate volatility.

In recent decades, due to the increase of stress in financial markets and its effect on economic growth, the need to find better models and indicators to deal with crisis events and reduce their effects is felt. This paper seeks to answer this question: What are the effects of the stress of the financial system and its main sub-sectors (banking system, stock market, and foreign exchange market) on economic growth in Iran? For this purpose, the quarterly data of the time-series 1370Q1 to 1395Q2 (1991Q2 to 2016Q3) from the banking sector and the stock and foreign exchange markets have been used. To construct a multi-lateral financial stress index "within" and "between" each sector/market, respectively, the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Credit Weighting (CW) has been used. Using the Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) and the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach, the required optimal intervals were estimated and using the Exponential General Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (EGARCH) approach, the conditional variance of the desired indicators, which represents the volatility of the indicators, was calculated. Then, using the Markov-Switching approach, the impact of financial stress on Iran's economic growth has been evaluated. The results indicate that despite periods of financial stress in Iran, its effect on economic growth has been insignificant and meaningless in most cases.

Due to the variety of stress Occurance in financial markets and its impact on various sectors of the economy, efficient models and indicators to deal with crisis events and reduce their effects, are needed. In the present study, the effect of financial stress on the growth of economic sectors (including agriculture, industry and services) in Iran is on the agenda. For this purpose, we used the quarterly data (1370:1-1396:4) and applied the method of principal component analysis, credit weighting and EGARCH to estimate multidimensional price & quantitative indicators of financial stress "inter" and "intra" different parts of the financial system (including the banking system, stock markets and foreign exchange). Then, we investigated the effect of financial stress on sectoral growth using the Markov-switching model. The results indicate that despite the periods of severe financial stress in Iran, its impact on the growth of agriculture, industry and services sectors are negligible or in most cases insignificant. It seems that this issue is mainly rooted in the inappropriate performance of the nominal sector and its insignificant effect on the real sector of the economy during the period under study.

Money transfer mechanism, describes how the economy reacts to a monetary policy. Monetary policy is the most important economic policy of any country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the role of exchange rate, stock, credit and housing price channels on inflation in the Iran's economy during the period 1978-2017 .For this purpose, , the Auto Regressive Markov Switching Model is used, which has a great ability in terms of structural change. For research data also from inflation, monetary base volume, land price index, stock price index, informal currency and the rest of the facilities granted to the private sector are used and all data is collected from the central bank.The result s of the research indicate that in the one credit regime and in the two channel regime, housing prices and stock price channels have played the most important role in transmitting the effects of money on inflation finally, the Iranian economy is on average 3.63 periods (year) in regime two contracts, which indicates the stability of inflation in regime two in the Iranian economy.

The relationship between monetary policy shocks and total deposits of banks are one of the main important issues in monetary economics and banking literatures and has been considered empirically in recent years. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship among these variables by applying dynamic panel data approach for 23 private and governmental banks during the 2008-2019. 

For achieving this purpose, at first the inflationary environments have been extracted by Markov- Switching and then, by utilizing dynamic panel data and GMM estimator the short-run relationship between variables have been tested. 

The empirical findings of this paper indicated that the first order lag of bank deposits has a positive and significant effect on the volume of deposits in current year and its amount is equal to 0.17. Also, the variable of the interaction of liquidity growth rate with severe inflation environments and banks 'legal reserve ratio has a negative and significant effect on private banks' deposit volume and the variables of long-term deposit interest rate, real GDP growth rate and liquidity quality have a positive and significant effect on deposit volume. State-owned banks are positive and meaningful, consistent with theoretical expectations. The deposit profit rate has positive and other monetary policy variables such as liquidity growth rate and rule of deposits ratio and cross effect of liquidity money growth with inflationary environment have negative impact on the total deposits of Banks. Regarding the negative and significant effect of the interaction of liquidity growth rate with high inflation environments, it can be argued that with increasing liquidity and increasing demand, the general level of prices increases and consequently inflation rate increases and the economy enters a severe inflation environment, so expect as inflation intensifies, demand for deposits in banks will decrease and the incentive to invest in alternative environments such as the foreign exchange market, gold and other assets will increase. In addition, the value of Sargan test statistics indicates that the null hypothesis is not rejected and the instrumental variables defined in the model are valid. Because the value of this test statistic shows that the instrument variables defined are not correlated with the error terms. It is worth noting that in this estimate, due to the shorter period of time under study, the second-order interval of the volume of deposits of private and state-owned banks is considered as an instrument variable. According to the results of Arellano & Bond, it can be inferenced that the order of self-correlation between the disorder sentences was of the first order. Therefore, this method is a best method to eliminate the fixed effects of the model. 

Considering the negative and significant effect of the interaction of liquidity growth rate with inflationary environments on the deposit volume of the banking sector, it is suggested that economic policymakers apply contractionary monetary policies to control and decrease the volume of liquidity and control the general level of prices and inflation. Provide calm and gentle inflationary environments as well as increase the investment of individuals and legal entities with banks and help increase their deposits.

Goal: Investigating the relationship between saving and investment is one of the major issues in macroeconomics. This issue has drawn increasing attention after Feldstein–Horioka’s study (1980). Based on their hypotheses, saving coefficient indicates the degree of international capital mobility. In a way that the fewer obstacles there are for the entry and the exit of capital, the more the aforementioned coefficient decreases. Feldstein–Horioka tested this hypothesis for OECD countries. But unexpectedly the saving coefficient was big. This contradiction which is known as Feldstein–Horioka puzzle, is one of the important puzzles in economics and has the reputation for being the mother of puzzles. After almost four decades, Feldstein--Horioka Puzzle has tested several times and has been open to challenging criticisms. One of the criticisms is ignoring Lucas's critique (1976) which centers around the instability of Pattern Coefficients encountering the policy changes. The present study is to examine Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle by applying Markov switching approach in Iran during the three periods before and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution (1356: 4 - 1339: 4 and 1391: 4 - 1357: 1) and also during 1391-4: 1347: 2. The issue is of noticeable importance for a couple of reasons: Firstly, Feldstein--Horioka Puzzle investigates the dynamics of the current account as an important issue in open macroeconomics and illustrates the relationship between saving and investment. Secondly, it can be used for the evaluation of the degree of international capital mobility.
To accomplish this, Markov switching approach has been used. Markov switching approach is one of the most famous non-linear patterns and uses several equations to explain the behavior of the variables in various regimes. By changing the equations in different regimes, the approach makes it possible for the model to explain complicated dynamic patterns. The core feature of the mechanism of regime change in this model depends on a situation variable which follows the characteristics of First order Markov chain. That’s why, the aforementioned approach is used to explain the data that illustrates various behavioral patterns at different times.
Based on Feldstein—Horioka hypothesis (1980) Rate of saving rate in Iran’s economy- as a country with little international capital mobility- is high. The conclusions obtained from Markov switching approach indicated that when the investment in regime is zero (recession), saving coefficient is 0.196 and when the coefficient is 1 (boom), the coefficient is 0.744. When the investment lies in the boom phase, there will be a relatively high coefficient between the saving and investment which implies that Feldstein--Horioka Puzzle does not hold true. As long as the investment has a stagnant state and deteriorates the situation of macroeconomics, the saving coefficient will be high and Feldstein--Horioka Puzzle holds true.
Based on the above results, two important conclusions can be drawn: firstly, Feldstein--Horioka coefficient does not provides a proper description in Iran’s economy. Secondly, with regard to Locus critique, the saving coefficient being low is attributed to the change in the behavior of economic agents as a result of the lack of suitable prospect for investment. Therefore, the policy implications of this research are as follows:First, it is advisable to pay more attention to adopting policies that lead to an increase in domestic savings; Secondly, Enhance the economic and political status to increase foreign direct investment. In this regard, encouraging foreign investors, identifying and introducing investment situations and providing the appropriate framework for attracting foreign capital seems essential. Based on the results of the third period, the boom of investment is fluctuating. Hence, it is necessary to pay more attention to the stability of investment.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the positive and negative shocks of government expenditures on economic growth in Iran during the period of 1990:1-2015:4. For achieving this purpose, at first the government expenditures shocks has been extracted by applying Baxter-King filter and then, the effects of gross capital formation, consumer price index and oil income have been tested on economic growth by Markov-Switching non-linear approach. The empirical results of this research reveal that there is a non-linear relationship between government expenditures and positive shocks of government expenditures has negative and positive effects on economic growth in the periods of recession and boom respectively. Moreover, the cyclical nature of government expenditures has been confirmed in Iranian economy over the period of study.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric effects of the parity rate shocks in U.S. Dollar and Euro against Iranian Rial on the output and price in Iran during 2000:3-2007:3 period. For this purpose, the fluctuations of U.S. Dollar and Euro value against Iranian Rial have been defined as the difference between actual real exchange rate and fitted values of real exchange rate estimated by using a Markov Switching approach. Using Johansen’s co-integration test, the existence of long-run relationship between the variables of the model has been examined and both of the Lambda Max and Lambda Trace statistics confirmed that there is at least one co-integration vector between variables of the two main models of this study. Finally, asymmetric effects of U.S. Dollar and Euro shocks during positive and negative shocks on output and price level has been tested using LR test. The results show that positive and negative shocks of U.S. Dollar have an asymmetric effect on output and price level. The results also show that the fluctuations in the value of Euro against Iranian Rial have an asymmetric effect on price level and a symmetric effect on output.