جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « multi » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The economic topics and transactions in Islamic doctrine are often of a confirmatory nature. The economic theorists develop transaction methods and instruments according to the society’s needs. Then the financial jurists examine those methods and instruments within the framework of Shariah’s principles and rules, and choose between them. The challenge faced by economic jurisprudence studies is that this topic is interdisciplinary and there is no valid research methodology in this field. On the one hand, the economic theorists don’t have sufficient proficiency in the jurisprudential complexities regarding financial instruments and they can’t infer the required Shariah-based rules, and on the other hand, these instruments are so complex that one can’t trust a simple fitwa (judgment) in which many of the aspects, details and applications of the issue have not been described.
This paper tries to provide a reliable method for inferring the economic jurisprudential issues. In this model, called multi-phase Ijtihad, after presenting a detailed analysis of the issue, the researcher examines its jurisprudential aspects. Then, after considering the views of economic jurisprudence experts on the issue and processing the information, the arguments will be summed up. In case of disagreement, the researcher exchanges views between the experts. When he gets confident, stating the critical points, he presents the issue to the Fiqh scholars in order for them to say their opinion about it, and if they approved, the final jurisprudential rule will be obtained.

Productivity of any country contact with share of that country of world trade directly. Also oil and gas have always been considered the most important commodity in the world. Given that Iran is among the main countries in the global energy business, it is important to be able to consider the influence of productivity of major trading partners of Iran in the energy sector. In this study the effect of productivity shocks of Shanghai group countries, as major energy-demanding groups, on the oil and gas sector is taken into consideration. On this basis, the original question of the paper is whether productivity shocks in the industry of Shanghai group countries have any effect on Iran's oil and gas sectors. To respond this question the computable general equilibrium approach for four economical sections (industry, oil and gas, agriculture, and services) and the social accounting matrix in 2004 and GTAP8 database have been adopted. The results indicate that if the trade of Iran with Shanghai group counties increases while productivity in the industry of Shanghai group countries increases 5%, it will cause an increase of investment and employment in the oil and gas sector in Iran.

In recent years, the sudden increase in environmental awareness has resulted in more attention to this sector. On this basis, the economic load distribution models, that previously observed merely the minimization of the cost of production and determination of optimal arrangement of producers based on minimization of the total cost, are now facing a fundamental change in execution and modeling. Based on this, the optimal arrangement of producers will now be determined based on two objectives of a minimum cost of production and a minimum environmental pollution. Obviously, with the situation in mind, the problem changes from a single- objective one to a multi-objective problem. The present study takes into account the question of optimal economic and environmental distribution, and its goal is to determine the optimal arrangement of producers in a situation where both the economic and environmental objectives are achieved. The model has been implemented by E-Constraint algorithm. The modeling in this study has been performed for the practical development in Esfahan Electricity Inc. market, in 2012. The results from this model show that the real performance of the market is different from the economic and environmental optimums. The results show the fact that because of the disregard for the environmental costs, the real deviation of performance from the optimum condition is practically much more serious and extensive in the environmental sector.

A lot of activities in environmental economics scope have concentrated on this question that why some developing countries suffer from environmental degradation, whereas other countries can maintain or enhance the environmental quality. With the collapse of communism and economic evolution of China, most people live, work and bargain in free market economies. Hence, future quality of environment depends on the relationship between pollution and the growth of the free market. The principle cooperation of economists in investigation of this issue is related to Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) concept. In short, this hypothesis is based on the principle that economic development strengthens the environment and also weakens it. Economic development especially in poorer countries mostly results in decreasing environmental quality, but continuity of this trend can solve a lot of environmental related problem in countries with moderate and wealthier economy. On this base, the aim of this research is investigation of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in selected countries of four income groups of the world.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) assumes that there is not a monotone and constant relationship between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and environmental quality. If environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is true, per capita income trends will underestimate general changes in welfare in rich countries and overestimate them in poorer countries. A number of World Bank economists have argued that environmental Kuznets curve shifted to left and down during the time. If their conclusion is correct, then developing countries will be able to take advantage of this issue in two ways. First, probably they will reach their turning point earlier than other countries (which have reached their income turning point in the past). Second, before reaching the turning point, they suffer less environmental damage.
In order to investigate environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, present research has applied multilevel modeling which relaxes a lot of previous research deficits. Multilevel modeling helps more precise data analysis through maintaining categorized and hierarchical structure of data and in fact by using original data structure in analysis process relaxes the heteroscedasticity - which is resulted in due to integration of hierarchical structure of data- as much as possible. In this regard, present research by using time series data of 1991- 2009 for 33 selected countries in four income groups (high, higher than average, lower than average and low income) has investigated the relationship between CO2 emission and gross domestic product (GDP). Original data of real GDP (year 2000 dollar), population (in order to account per capita) and CO2 emission have been gathered from world development indices of World Bank.
Results of this research indicate the necessity of applying multilevel modelling in evaluation of this hypothesis. Based on this model results EKC hypothesis would not be rejected and also high income countries have passed per capita GDP level of Kuznets Curve turning point and therefore they are in the descending part of this curve. Whereas, low and lower middle income countries are far away from per capita GDP of maximum pollution and until they do not use market and non-market forces, remain in the trap of pollution increase as a result of GDP increase. Based on these findings, higher than average income countries are able to reach this level, hardly.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS: Taking into consideration of the real world and current situation of low and lower than average countries (from the aspects of technology, infrastructures and different political and economic structures, etc.) reaching to descending part of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is approximately impossible. In order to fulfill the part of descending pollution, it is necessary to make major changes in market and non-market forces of these countries. Price and technology are two of the market forces of this atmosphere. Prices are the most fundamental factor affecting on form and situation of EKC. Higher energy prices delay the economic development, but one of the advantages of higher energy prices is incentive to reduce consumption. Other forces affecting EKC atmosphere are non-market forces like government role. Government measurements like green (clean) technology help to explain both the form and situation of Kuznets curve. In addition, better information about environmental hazards can shift the curve through the need for rules and regulations in lower level of per capita income.

Inflation rate is one of the key macroeconomic variables that policymaking institutions and central banks in particular, need to forecast accurately for several periods ahead in order to make proper policies. Direct and iterated methods are two common techniques which are suggested in the literature for multi-period forecasting. In this paper, using a wide range of quarterly economic variables we compare the performance of these two techniques in real time forecasting of inflation in Iran. The results show that as the forecast horizon increases, iterated method outperforms direct method. For the information criteria which select shorter lags (e.g. Schwarz criterion), direct method and iterated method performs better in short forecast horizons (1 and 2 periods ahead) and long forecast horizons (3 and 4 periods ahead), respectively, while for the information criteria which select longer lags (e.g. Akaike criterion), iterated method generally performs better, irrespective of the forecast horizon.

This study is to use a library and comparative analysis method for ranking the criteria affecting the optimal model in Mashhad municipal finance and then providing a scheme for the model developed. To get the goal، 23 people are selected in Mashhad Municipality officials and economic experts to complete the questionnaire. The data are analyzed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software. Finally، after weighting and ranking the criteria and decision options، a funding desired pattern is provided for Municipality of Mashhad in three Macro، medial and local levels. The results represent that renovation tax، building and land tax (except municipal consolidation taxes)، value- added tax and the costs of utilities، are respectively the most important policy priorities on the stabilization of municipal revenues.

This study seeks to identify factors affecting the Iranian economy underdevelopment and the ranking. The method applied, due to the nature of the research, is descriptive. The population of the study was experts in the field of economy. First, by deployment of experts using the Delphi technique, we identified 20 factors affecting underdevelopment in the Iranian economy, in five categories. Then using statistical methods and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making techniques these factors were rated. The results show of the use of techniques such as multi-criteria decision DEMATEL and ANP. Among the five factors affecting economic underdevelopment, human factors and management have the greatest impact on underdevelopment, and are followed by cultural factors, political factors, social factors, and financial and economic as those with the most impact.

and decision taking. However sometimes the available information is too massive that one cannot analyze all of it. The failure to use the full information may lead to wrong decisions. One way to avoid such an error is to use information in the form of indexes. Defining applied indexes and quantification of qualitative variables in different scientific areas help explore main problems, optimal target setting and select the best way to achieve the goal. The area of Islamic economic studies Information is the cornerstone and the main material for decision making would be the one in which indexizing can be much helpful to measure the success of the Muslim governments and communities in achieving their goals, as well as is useful for comparison purpose. Conceptualization and indexization based on Islamic theories, can develop and help promote Islamic model in both national and international levels. Undoubtedly, scientific principles should be considered for generating the proper and valid indexes to measure the success of Muslim communities in the implementation of the principles of Islamic economics. Hence, recognition of the scientific methods of indexization is necessary. In this study, scientific and applied methods of specifying and generating a composite index of compliance with the principles of Islamic economics was proposed. Attempt was made to clearly and carefully explain the method of generating the composite index.

Attending to the location of establishing the centers for financial and trade activities is one of the most parameters of profitability and success for such centers and achieving such a goal is possible through having the exact geographical/locational details. However, in most cases, collecting and having access to such details is time-consuming and costly. Thus, economic ranking of the districts in metropolises, firstly, provides the managers and economic planners with a general view of the economic status of urban districts so that, following identifying economically prosperous districts, they can decide on exact location of establishing financial and trade centers, upon priorities. The current research utilized multi-attribute decision-making and ranking methods for economic ranking of urban districts after identifying contributory economic indexes and parameters in the city of Tehran and the eigenvector for determining the index loading. The results obtained from multi-attribute method, via Gama Correlation Coefficient, and those from economic zoning of the 22 districts of the city of Tehran in the geographical information system were compared and contrasted.

Resistive economy as the ability of societies in adaptability and versatility in the face of shocks is viewed based on the institutional literature as an “Adaptive Efficiency” - that the amount of the effectiveness depends on the flexibility of the institutional matrix of the society. The power structure is one of the most important factors in the institutional structure of societies، and its role in absorbing tensions and organizing interactions is of great importance. Accordingly، the present paper aims to answer the question “What structure of power is needed to be designed to achieve resistive economy pattern and to promote its dimensions?” Hence، the researcher، in a comparative analysis between neoclassical and institutional approaches considering the intellectual foundations of these two approaches in the field of power، reveals that in the neoclassical approach، the concept of power، according to the theory of “zero participation” derived from the central postulate of individualism and one-sided view of the individual to structure، is featured only in a central authority with top-down causal relationships. Whereas through surveying the above intellectual foundations in light of the institutional approach and by proposing the individual-structure interactive attitude، it is revealed that according to the Elinor Ostrom’s theory of multi-center systems، embedding and applying institutions and collective actions with bottomup causal relationships can provide important aspects of overall policies of resistive economy (such as maximizing the common participation in economic activities by facilitating and encouraging collective cooperation، to make savings in public expenditure of the country، making the economy healthy and preventing corrupt activities).

According to the Basel accords, financial institutions should forecast VaR of their portfolio over multi-period time horizons in order to determine their capital adequacy. Hence, finding efficient models for forecasting multi-period VaR is crucial for Chief Risk Officers (CRO) in general and Financial Risk Mangers (FRM) in particular. This paper tries to analyze and compare the predictive power of parametric, nonparametric and semiparametric methods of forecasting multi-period VaR for portfolios invested in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results indicate that the “square-root-of-time rule” (the conventional approach) in majority of time horizons has a weak prediction ability vis-a-vis the other multi-period VaR models. Empirical results suggest, employing parametric methods results in larger losses and lower opportunity costs relative to nonparametric methods.

The relationship between world Energy market and Stock market in per country are very important in studying of stock market’s efficiency، the choice of portfolio and pricing the assets. The purpose of this study is establishing a Conditional relationship between global energy market and Iran’s stock market by investigation the relationship between some risk factors (Oil price risk، Market risk، Skewness and Kurtosis) and stock return. The approach taken in this paper uses a Multi- Factor Model with consider to the direction of markets (Up or Down). We have selected 5 largest energy consumer industries in Tehran stock exchange in period of 1384-90. The results declare that in Up (Down) Oil market، there is an asymmetrical positive (negative) relationship between Oil price risk and Stock return. Also the findings show that the relationship between Market risk and stock return is asymmetrical and positive (negative) in situation of Up (down) in Tehran’s Stock exchange. So we can express that the changes in the global Oil price and changes in the Market return has a big asymmetrical effect on mentioned industries’ return.

According to Iran’s Twenty Year Vision Policy Document, the country will be a developed state ranking first in the region in terms of economy by the end of 2025. Development has many aspects, the economic development is one of its most important pillar. It is crucial to have a clear understanding of the status in order to realize the Vision Policy goals and based on the future planning and policy making.This paper is an attempt to determine the economic status of Iran in the region. To this end, various economic indicators were collected within the specified time frame. Given the different importance of these factors in determining the economic status, using - multi-criteria decision-making models (AHP and TOPSIS) to determine the relative weight of each indicator, the combination index of the economic status of countries was identified. Findingsillustrate that Turkey, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Iran rank first to fifth, respectively, among the twenty-five countries of South-West Asia in terms of economic development.

The main goal of this paper is to estimate the elasticity of substitution between energy and other factors of production by using a multi-stage CES production function. In order to achieve this goal، we design a nested CES production function with four inputs، labor، capital، energy and investment in research and development for Iranian economy. This nonlinear production function is estimated by continuous genetic algorithms method. This method is relatively more efficient than traditional econometrics approach. In the first stage، three different functions are estimated and the best one is selected. In the next stage، we have calculated the elasticity of substitution between energy and other inputs of production. Our choice of nonlinear production function، the explanatory variables، and also the estimation method make this research different from those already done for Iran. The results indicate that one percent increase in labor force reduces energy consumption by 0. 56 percent. We also find that one percent increase in physical capital decreases energy use by 0. 59 percent، and similarly one percent increase in investment in R&D (Research and Development) might reduce energy consumption by 0. 46 percent. Furthermore، we calculate marginal products of different input for various years and observe that the marginal product of labor has increased after Iran-Iraq imposed war. Moreover the marginal product of energy has increased since 1995. This might be a result of energy saving policy implemented in Iran after this year.

The objective of this study is to determine the factors affecting loan repayment performance of agriculture bank of Maragheh branch. Knowing these factors would improve performance of claims collection. So، claims classified in four groups of on time، past due، outstanding and suspicious. Required data has been gathered by reviewing files of borrowers of each group and the multi-nominal logit model has been used. The results of LR test and Wald test showed that there is no possible combination of above mentioned groups. Also، Hausman test results indicated that these groups are independent. The results of the multi-nominal logit model estimation suggested that the variables of loan amount، interval of installments، number of installments، kind of guarantee، extended، kind of credit، activities of horticulture، agronomy and services are statistically significant. The results also showed that loan amount and extended have a negative effect on the improvement of claims collection but other variables have a positive effect on it. Finally، the marginal effect and elasticity were calculated separately for every variable in each group.

Nowadays the sustainable development has become one the main goals of the governments and states. On the other hand, an evaluation of the development history in the west shows that the main aim of the capitalist system in development is to reach economic welfare which simply originates from the western materialistic worldview. On the contrary, the main aim of the development in Islam is the spiritual progress of the human beings. The differences between Islam and the west considering the concept of development, is just because of their differences in defining human and bliss. In the capitalistic framework, development means that all political, economic, social and cultural systems of the country try to work hard for reaching the economic growth. It means that in this viewpoint, it is the economic matter that all the plans should focus on. The materialistic worldview is the origin of such beliefs. However, in an Islamic context, the aim is not just the economic situation of the country. But other spiritual dimensions are considered equally important. In fact, in Islam, development means strengthening the society, as a whole, toward the “Seir Ela Allah”. From this point of view, the economic development would be a way not a goal. Considering this point of view, this paper tries to shed some lights on the Islamic development indexes and compare it to that of conventional economics. Then, it tries to rank the Iranian provinces using these indexes. Shannon Entropy and TOPSIS method are used for classifying the provinces. The results show that Gom, Tehran and Khorasan Razavi are the first three tops according to the considered indexes.

Nowadays, due to the increasing rate of environmental complexities and the growing number of effective factors in making appropriate decisions, making decisions based on scientific principles has obtained a specific status among the top managers. Opting for the best consultancy firm, as one of the most important decisions the top managers would make for receiving consultancy services, has changed into a vital decision regarding the complications of the current business atmosphere and the effects of the quality of such services on the future sustenance of an economic enterprise. In this paper, in order to make a proper decision to opt for an appropriate consultant in devising strategic plans, a nine-step procedure is presented the most important advantages of which are the pre-qualification of the alternatives and the classification of decision-making criteria into general and specific groups. The proposed procedure has been investigated and analyzed utilizing the real data collected from Tehran Beautification Organization (TBO). The results show that the proposed procedure for selecting consultants for strategic plans in urban management is of high applicability and replicability.

This article basically tries to examine the relationship between efficiency and risk in Iranian banking system. The scholars here simply employ two approaches, i.e. parametric (economic-based) approach, and non-parametric (mathematical optimization-based) approach, to assess the efficiency, rank the banks, select the optimal model and at last, identify the impact of credit, operational and liquidity risks on banking system. To meet such an end, 15 banks were taken as the statistical population of the research during 2005-2010. The findings illustrate a difference between the two parametric and non-parametric efficiency assessment approaches in ranking the banks; in the mean time, they signify a relative superiority of Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) over Multi- Directional Efficiency Analysis (MEA). Eventually, the results indicate a significant relationship between “credit, operational and liquidity risks” and the efficiency in Iranian banking system.

In this paper we examine the relationship between exchange rate movements and stock return (Firm value), wh¬¬¬¬-ich is known as Exchange Rate Exposure, using a Time-Scale approach in different sectors of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). In this regard, we decompose the exchange rate percent changes and stock return over the period 1998-2008, as well as the period 2004-2008(according to data limitation), by applying MODWT method; moreover, we run wavelet base regression and analyze wavelet variance, covariance and correlation. Results reveals that exchange rate exposure not only differs from one sector to other sector but it also differs through time scales. Hence, this issue should be considered as a multi scales problem.