جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "spatial justice" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Introduction :

The pursuit of happiness is a universal human aspiration, yet it often remains overlooked in urban planning and development, particularly in developing countries. Among the factors contributing to a happy city are planning for leisure management and improving access to recreational land uses, including cinemas, music concerts, sports facilities, parks, and more, across cities. However, in Iran, access to public spaces and opportunities for recreation is limited and these spaces are not equitably distributed across Iranian cities, citizens face challenges in accessing these spaces. This issue contributes to increased stress and anxiety, driving joy and vibrancy away from cities. According to Martin, the government should increase the level of happiness in society by establishing regulatory and adjustment mechanisms, reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, reducing inequality in access to welfare facilities, and creating satisfaction among members of society. Therefore, achieving spatial balance and equity in cities is one of the primary goals of urban planning. A happy city should also allocate space, services, facilities, enjoyment, recreation, and costs fairly to its residents. Large-scale management institutions are responsible for providing the necessary standards for all members of society; thus, creating the necessary conditions for satisfaction and happiness. Urban management influences the vibrancy of citizens through the equitable distribution of joy-generating land uses. Attention to the aspects of spatial justice has a coherent system that consists of various components and elements, and the instability of any of these elements (such as recreational land uses, parks, and green spaces, etc.), affects the entire system. The connection between justice and happiness has been established, and three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional, are interconnected and all three contribute to social happiness, among which the impact of distributive justice on social happiness is greater than the other two types of justice. Therefore, urban management in a happy city should strive to make all facilities and services, especially joy-generating land uses, equitably accessible to all citizens. Therefore, analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses at the city level is particularly crucial in developing countries facing systematic inequalities. Moreover, considering that adequate and equitable access to joy-generating land uses is a fundamental principle for creating suitable living conditions in a happy city, and given the limited research on analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses in urban spaces, conducting research in this field becomes essential. The Babol City, due to its population growth over the past decades and uncontrolled construction, has experienced injustice in the distribution of public services, including joy-generating land uses, across the city. As a result, access to green spaces and recreational and welfare facilities across the city is highly inadequate. Despite being located in a tourist region, this city does not have enough spaces that bring joy and happiness to both residents and tourists. This problem may stem from the lack of sufficient diversity in recreational and cultural facilities or the lack of diversity in recreational and leisure activities in the city. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze and visualize the state of equity in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to determine the extent of the inadequacy of access to joy-generating land uses in the spaces of Babol City. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following question: What is the state of spatial justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City?

In terms of its purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical. The research population includes all joy-generating land uses in Babol City, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands. The theoretical framework of the research has been collected using the documentary and library methods. To analyze the access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City, first, the spatial statistics information related to these land uses has been extracted using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) website and QGIS software and then updated and matched using Google Earth software and field observation. Next, by transferring this information to ArcGIS software and using network analysis and spatial statistics methods, maps of the distribution and access to joy-generating land use in Babol City have been prepared. To perform network analysis, the road network must first be called up in ArcGIS software. Therefore, the road network of Babol City was extracted using the OpenStreetMap website and QGIS software and then called up in ArcGIS software. Next, a Network Dataset file was created based on the shapefile layer of Babol City’s road network, and then the Network Analyst extension was activated in ArcGIS software. Access analysis to joy-generating land uses in Babol City was performed using this extension and following route Network Analyst- New Service Area- Load Location- Solve. Additionally, the spatial distribution of joy-generating land uses was examined using the spatial statistics available in the ArcToolbox extension, including the methods of mean center, directional distribution, nearest neighbor mean, and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis in ArcGIS software.

The results of the network analysis and spatial statistics methods have shown that joy-generating land uses, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields, and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands, are more concentrated in the city center and inner areas and residents living in the peripheral areas of the city do not have adequate access to these joy-generating land uses. Consequently, residents of the peripheral areas of Babol City compare their living conditions based on their lack of access to joy-generating land uses with the living conditions of residents in the central and inner areas who have better access to these amenities and feel dissatisfied and frustrated with their living conditions. A unique finding of this research is the disparity in access to joy-generating land uses within an urban neighborhood. For instance, Neighborhood 15 has relatively good access to five other joy-generating land uses, even though it has no access to three land uses children’s parks and playgrounds, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands.

Spatial justice analysis of the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses identifies the opportunities for joy in urban spaces for citizens and by being aware of this, it is possible to create more just and happy cities. This research was conducted in line with the aforementioned goal of analyzing and visualizing the state of justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to reveal the extent of the deficiencies in access to joy-generating land uses in the urban spaces of Babol. The findings of this research contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of identifying joy-generating land uses in urban spaces and also provide a method as a model for examining and analyzing spatial justice in the distribution and access to these land uses. As Montgomery argues in his book ‘Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design’ (2013), urban management and urban planning can help citizens live healthier and happier lives in cities. In this context, urban management in Babol City should make every effort to improve citizens’ access to joy-generating land uses to create a happy city in Babol. In this context, city managers should strive to create and develop joy-generating land uses in the impoverished areas of Babol City as well to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice among citizens living in the marginalized areas of the city and to foster a better sense of well-being regarding their living conditions in the city and to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice in the minds of citizens living in the peripheral areas of the city and have a better feeling about their living conditions in the city, and as a result, will increase their sense of Joy and happiness. Therefore, in planning to create a happy city, creating new joy-generating land uses in the marginalized areas of Babol City is one of the most important actions that should be taken by urban managers and planners.

Introduction Urban development plans create added value through urban planning and investment in infrastructure. Many urban planners, considering the changes in the value of real estate and land in urban development plans, have tried to regulate and implement methods that benefit the beneficiaries of urban development in the process of developing cities. require to pay at least a part of this added value to the city administration. In this regard, paying attention to the components of spatial justice to reduce inequalities is emphasized by urban planners. In this research, different approaches for obtaining added value resulting from the implementation of urban development plans and compensating owners from the point of view of spatial justice and methods of redistributing private benefits resulting from guiding the development of cities have been investigated. To achieve correct planning in urban development plans, one must have sufficient knowledge of the dimensions and number of factors affecting the added value resulting from the implementation of development plans. The analysis of the added value of urban lands indicates the multiplicity and complexity of factors affecting the value of real estate and city lands, such as macro-financial and monetary policies, urban management policies, inflationary trends, and the amount of supply and inventory of housing and urban services. In this research, the factors affecting the value of land and urban properties have been divided into internal and external variables. The internal variables of the added value of real estate and urban land include issues like the size of the plots, the location of the land, the condition of the property, and the owner’s investment. The added value is caused by public measures including various urban development projects, and the creation of urban infrastructure. It is only possible to study the effect of urban development plans on the value of urban land and real estate if the effect of other factors on the value of urban land is removed. So, in this research, the land price situation of the studied city (Golpayegan city in Isfahan province), in the year of preparation of the city development plan, was weighted and assigned a number between zero and one. In this method, land prices compared to other parts of the city were determined relatively. The same operation took place after the implementation of the development and urban planning of the city and in the year of preparation of the detailed plan. According to the standardized maps, at this stage, it was possible to analyze the changes in the value of urban land through GIS software.Materials and MethodsThis article is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and content. On the other hand, this research is practical in terms of its purpose, because it can be applied to solve practical and real problems and has a practical application. In terms of time, it is also cross-sectional. In this research, the increase in the value of land and real estate due to urban development and development plans and different approaches to obtaining the added value of land in development plans have been investigated. Also, the changes in the value of urban land in Golpayegan city over 10 years (in 1390 during the preparation of the development and urban plan of the city and in 1400 after the implementation of the plan and the preparation of the detailed plan of the city) were investigated. Also, the amount of changes made in different uses and their distribution in the city was determined from the perspective of spatial justice. First, spatial justice criteria were identified in comprehensive plans and these criteria were evaluated from the point of view of urban planning experts and the urban planning experts who were involved in the preparation of urban comprehensive plans. Furthermore, 100 sample questionnaires were completed. The components of spatial justice were selected by evaluating more than 100 scientific sources that were most suitable for the topic. Finally, using the coding technique and semantic units, categories were compiled in the form of principles and criteria of social and spatial justice. According to the criteria of spatial justice, a questionnaire was completed in the form of 20 items corresponding to the criteria and metrics of spatial justice. The adequacy of the sample size according to the number of variables and using KMO data tests for factor analysis is equal to 0.773 which is an acceptable number. The analysis of the findings was done using the exploratory factor analysis technique. Spatial justice criteria have been examined using secondary analysis in the components of spatial diversity and equality and non-discrimination, attention to the needs of citizens and differences in favor of the deprived, participation and observance of citizenship rights, and transparency and agreement.FindingsAfter the implementation of the Golpayegan development plan, many things have influenced the changes in the added value of urban properties, including the determination of urban land use, the determination of the city limits and the creation of a road network, construction rules, and regulations and the zoning of the use of different uses. In the studied sample, determining and changing the use of urban land for profit and non-profit has directly affected the added value of urban land. In the parts of Golpayegan city where the density of commercial uses has been suggested, the changes in land value are positive and more than in other parts. From the comparison of the relative changes in the value of land compared to commercial uses, it seems that after the implementation of the plan, the increase in the price of land and real estate in the main axes of the city has grown more than in other parts. Of course, due to wear and tear and lack of attention to renovation, we see a decrease in added value compared to other sectors in the old commercial axes. Urban development plans within the framework of comprehensive and detailed plans, through the application of construction rules, determining the minimum or maximum area of land plots, and determining the ratio of the building to the land area, ground floor coverage, and density can help to achieve spatial justice. 
ConclusionThe results of the plan review and analysis show that the criteria of spatial justice in urban development plans are at a low level, and to understand the results of the increase in land value, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between planning approaches and spatial justice criteria.

The benefit model of local government says that individuals would be responsible for the cost of producing and procuring of public services, if they benefit from government services. while one of the failures in the financial and revenue system of the municipalities is that there are many services in cities which is not equally accessible to everyone and its distribution in different areas of the municipality is not the same. therefore, the main purpose of the paper is to determine the eligibility of tax due to the quality of access to services. This research based on the purpose is an applied research, and it essentially is an descriptive-analytic research and it is based on documentary studies, library and field studies. It has been widely used various types of GIS capabilities such as Spatial Analysis Tools and spatial statistical tests included Nearest Neighboring distance and Moran I index. Two types of relative and functional weight have been used in order to weigh the indicators and to evaluate the layers. Finally, the combined model of human development index HDI is used to interpret its results in order to use the scientific results of ZONAL analyzes. The results of two spatial statistics tests, the Nearest Neighboring distance and spatial dependency test of Moran I showed the spatial distribution pattern of public services has been clustered and heterogeneous in the city as well as the results of the surveys showed the quality of access of 75.5% of the city's total area of Tabriz city is in poor conditions and completely deprived and it means that space justice does not exist in the utilization of public services. with regards to levels of access for the fair financing of public services It is suggested that levels of privilege pay more taxes than deprived levels because they spend less time and money on access to services.

Justice is a controversial concept. Therefore, different definitions have been presented from it to now. In the former definition, social justice concept has been reduced to compensation and distribution concept while in contemporary definition has been remembered from social justice as a critical discourse that it`s aim is to eliminate and reduce discrimination, poverty, social segregation and domination. For understanding this concept from spatial justice in the city, we need to know the power players, power relations, structures and processes of planning. With these in mind, we need to redefine some of the basic concepts of city such as urban space, participation principle (power distribution), equality principle (no discrimination), difference and liberty principle. The dominant thought paradigm of urban planning system of Iran is rational-comprehensive kind. This paradigm to the whol city has a physical, authoritarian, technocratic, centralized, and elitist and top-bottom view. In this thought paradigm is meaningless some principles such as liberty, equality, difference, and also political and social participation of citizens. In this case, the justice concept reduced to distributive and compensation equity and it away from question of structural and process in city. Therefore to achieve to urban planning of justice oriented we must away from physical and technocratic policy and we move to comprehensive and cooperative policies. Also we must empower the local management and pay more attention to political dimension of the city until city residents protest to discrimination of urban development plan (injustices and obvious inequalities) and those claim their rights from the city.