جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « systematic review » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Prelude:

The information available in the world and in Iran shows that charitable actions have become a pervasive feature in public culture, but the lack of a model for prioritizing beneficence actions has made these actions less effective. Based on this, the current research aims to examine the models designed to prioritize other matters. This review may help to design a model for prioritizing beneficence actions. The research literature in Iran shows that some of these researches have designed models for prioritizing affairs, but they have not designed any model for prioritizing beneficence actions. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is systematic study of the researches that designed models for prioritization and the research question is: What possibilities has the existing research literature in Iran provided for the design of the model of prioritizing beneficence actions? Of course, we have faced limitations such as access to all research, and searching for other academic disciplines effective in model design.

The present research has used a systematic review method to study the research literature. The current research techniques are Close-in technique (concepts close to each other), and Far-out technique (concepts far from each other). These two are among the systematic approach techniques. Also, the technique of Flip-flop technique, which is one of the techniques of Grounded theory, has been used. The sample size is 167 cases from foreign and domestic research literature and the sampling method is purposeful. 20 cases of charities prioritization models have also been reviewed. The criteria for choosing these charities are defined indicators. Researches have been examined that have designed the pattern of prioritization. 

In the final stage of the systematic review of the experimental research literature, the following problems were extracted:· Some of the research literature lacks an interdisciplinary model. Meanwhile, other economic, cultural, social, and political indicators should be considered in order to prioritize matters. Therefore, to design the prioritization model, an interdisciplinary approach should be taken so that other dimensions are included in the model.·In some of the research's literature, the prioritization indicators are taken from other foreign researches and these indicators are not proportional to the local and domestic conditions of Iran. Therefore, to design a model for prioritizing beneficence actions in Iran, local indicators should be used.·In some research's literature, proportional methods have not been used to design each part of the model. In other words, the design of the prioritization model has different levels. Therefore, it is not possible to implement all these levels with one method. As a result, a variety of methods should be used to design a model for prioritizing beneficence actions.In the diagram below, we have categorized the patterns of prioritization by other researchers according to two criteria. These two criteria are: index- oriented, method- oriented.

Based on the chart above, the conducted researches can be divided into two general types, index- oriented and method- oriented. However, these divisions are only ideal types. Researches that are index-oriented have emphasized on the indicators for prioritizing matters and have not paid attention to the methods of evaluating and measuring the indicators and method-oriented researches have ignored the prioritization indicators and have focused only on the methods of prioritizing matters. According to the aforementioned findings, the methodological relationalism should be used in future research. This methodological approach emphasizes pluralism in contrast to methodological exclusivity. The second necessity is that future research should be based on the multiplicity of different academic disciplines. In other words, it is necessary that these researches use different expertise in the expert panel in the design of criteria for prioritizing matters. The third necessity is that indexing should be done according to local conditions. In other words, the scales and indicators of prioritization should be designed based on local conditions. Based on the current research question, the existing researches in Iran provide a picture of how to design prioritization models. The aim of the present research was to obtain the accumulated knowledge about the patterns of prioritization of affairs. And based on this goal, if the above-mentioned three necessities are considered in future research, useful models for prioritizing beneficence actions can be achieved.

Introduction :

On a global scale, since the financial crisis in 2008, housing capitalization and speculation have expanded in geography, generalized in political economy, and embedded in the regulatory system [1]. But the existence of vacant houses in different countries of the world and our country is not a problem in nature. What is challenging in this context is the average rate of vacant houses in the country and its comparison with the world average and the natural rate of vacant houses. Despite the significant difference, the hypothesis of a capitalistic view of housing and speculation of housing in the country is proposed (authors, 1402). Vacant houses as a sign of population decline, have negative effects on a neighborhood in terms of economy, security, and urban management [2]. Vacant houses do not occur in useful clusters. Instead of urban cancer that will disappear by abandoning the decaying neighborhood, they are a kind of urban measles [3]. Untended vacant homes can cause a variety of problems in a neighborhood, including damaging the landscape and increasing the risks of building collapse, and fires. They can also lead to poor sanitation due to illegal dumping and parasitic animals, or become breeding grounds for crime. Especially in residential areas with high density, these complications can be very serious [5]. According to the report of the Statistics Center in 2016, there were 2.6 million vacant houses in the country and they were abandoned without any use [6]. On one hand, lack of reliably in the capital market, housing as a safe commodity, belief in the lack of housing price reduction among investors, increased sanctions and industry stagnation, and lack of investment in it; on the other hand, the arrival of part of the facilities granted in the form of quick-return projects has provided the housing sector with the boom of speculation and the transformation of housing into a capital good, which is one of the main factors of the increase in housing prices in Iran [7]. The intellectual, cultural, and economic contexts of the housing issue in the world are different from the view of this issue in Iran, which has made it necessary to analyze the vacant housing issues in the country; by looking at the world literature.

The method of this research is a systematic review of theoretical literature in the field of research. The difference between a descriptive review (common in current research) and a systematic review is that a systematic review examines all the results (after applying a certain filter) from the database specified in the research, and therefore no important source in the subject. Research is not abandoned. For this purpose, the Google Scholar database was determined as a research database in both Persian and English languages. Then, by examining various texts in the field of vacant houses, the keywords were selected as follows, and after searching the Google Scholar database, using each of the keywords below, the following results were obtained in the field of Persian sources, which were due to limitation, all investigated. In the English language, in the first stage, due to the multiplicity of results and ambiguity in their relevance to the subject, sources with at least 40 references (i.e. major and main sources) were selected. This made it possible to get acquainted with the specialized literature on the subject, keywords, and main concepts in the existing research. In the next steps, the criteria for entering sources into the analysis process was simplified and the number of results expanded. In general, before this, no article in the country has systematically examined the subject of vacant houses, and therefore this article is the first of its kind.

The information of the sources can be summarized and presented in several ways: Place and approach: Latin sources have been used in China, America, Mexico, Australia, Korea, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Japan, Canada, Malaysia, France, and Germany, respectively. Therefore, different countries of the world are facing and involved in the issue of vacant houses at different levels. Countries that have had more extensive housing provision programs have faced a higher level of housing speculation. Among these countries, only in Germany, the research shows that there is no evidence of housing speculation (due to the low ratio of housing prices to average income), and monitoring is recommended to prevent this in the future. Content: The content of Persian sources is either trying to legitimize taxing and criminalizing vacant houses, or they are looking for a quantitative analysis of the number of vacant houses and comparing it with the world-class and arguing that it is illogical and unfair. Latin sources are focused on causes and consequences consider solutions based on specific local contexts, and often avoid presenting a single version. The main causes: Persian sources consider the main factors in the phenomenon of housing speculation to be in three areas: changes in liquidity in the country, real exchange rate, and changes in interest on housing facility deposits. The government is obliged to control these factors when changes occur to prevent secondary effects on the housing market. The main causes from the point of view of Latino sources have been problems in the payment of housing loans, government policies and projects, weak legislation and legal loopholes, as well as inflationary expectations based on the past increase in housing prices. The main consequences: the consequences have not been examined in Persian sources, and the consequences in Latin sources often include the increase in housing prices, the rapid acceleration of housing prices in the future, the decrease in the value of housing mortgages in banks, the bankruptcy of local banks, and economic stagnation. The main solutions: the solution of different countries of the world in the issue of vacant houses is generally based on the growth and development of providing city services and in return for that, the tax on capital gains and, accordingly, the tax on vacant houses, in which case the public opinion will convince to pay tax and will have more cooperation with the government. Another major solution is the comprehensive real estate and housing system with executive guarantees, which municipalities are more qualified to implement. The main solutions of Latin resources include management by land banks, planning of housing and employment in the vicinity of each other, planned supply of land, monitoring of inflationary expectations of different groups of society and finally levying tax on capital gains and ultimately effective vacant house tax under special conditions. However, in our country, the partial solution of collecting taxes from vacant houses has received more attention. Another major result is the differences between Persian and Latin sources: Persian sources often consider the government as the main effective catalyst in this matter, without deep involvement with the main causes and behind the scenes of the housing being empty, and have immediately moved towards partial solutions or financial and punitive solutions. In Persian sources, the consequences of empty housing have not been investigated, but Latin sources have often tried to open ways for local movement in each specific field towards a context-oriented solution in an analytical way and by rooting in the field of causes or consequences. In some cases, it has been observed that Persian sources have used specialized terms and expressions of the subject such as market friction (failure of alignment of supply to demand), periods of boom and bust, and tax on capital gains, without paying attention to their main content, and thus the subject literature has been superficially transferred to the country.

In the context of houses remaining empty, Latin sources mainly find the main cause in their location, the extrapolability of housing price changes compared to the past and inflationary expectations resulting from it [14, 16, 48, 63] as well as the defective and non-dynamic system of allocating housing loans in a way that encourages housing speculation [13, 18, 50, 70-71]. But in Iran, the lack of a reliable market for investment and maintaining the value of money and the safety of housing as a capital good [7] along with the lack of sufficient government supervision over property ownership [6] is the main reason for the existence of housing speculation. By examining the sources, it seems that more radical solutions than levying taxes on vacant houses should be considered to solve this problem:1. The jurisprudential and Islamic obscenity of housing speculation should be emphasized to the public with the help of the clergy community and with the cooperation of the mass media and the Ministry of Road and Urban Development. 2. Stray capitals should be efficiently managed by the government so that they do not end up in housing speculation. 3. Completion of information in the country’s comprehensive real estate and housing system by individuals should have an executive guarantee and significant and effective encouragement and punishment. 4. Joint commissions should be formed between the relevant institutions in this matter (including the Fiscal Affairs Organization, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, the Municipality, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Islamic Propaganda Organization), to prevent parallel work or neglect of the Executive body.5. There is a research gap in the field of finding the causes and consequences of vacant houses in different cities of the country. It is necessary to localize the relevant theoretical literature and then practical solutions.6. Solutions such as establishing land banks, forming a comprehensive and up-to-date database of vacant houses, planning of housing and employment integrally and respecting their mixing, taxing capital gains, and transparency of government policies to prevent housing vacancy are among evolutions that their possibility can be evaluated in the local context of Iranian cities.

Tactical urban planning is mentioned as an emerging movement in urban planning in which citizens’ interventions in the urban space in the form of rapid and low-cost implementation is one of its main features. It is an approach that addresses alternative urban futures based on fundamental democracy and social justice. This approach seeks to realize the active action of citizens in recovering and redesigning small-scale urban spaces and promoting a sense of belonging to urban environments. However, this subject in the internal studies has gotten less precise and in-depth investigation, so the need to develop a theoretical framework for its application in domestic urban planning is felt. It seems that in our country, like many developing countries, decision-making processes in urban areas are usually top-down. Bureaucratic procedures in preparing and implementing programs do not have the necessary flexibility, and people's participation for various reasons is still not fully realized and not enough. In this situation, carrying out or facilitating some urban projects in a tactical way can increase social capital and citizen participation, improve and enhance the quality of urban spaces, and create places in the form of active citizen agency. 

This study seeks to answer the three main questions “What”, “Why”, and “How” about “Tactical Urbanism” and develop a theoretical framework of this approach for its application in urban planning and urban management. In line with research objectives, based on the systematic review method, after searching for sources and selecting optimal research documents in three stages, scientific documents were selected, and the process of content analysis, code extraction, and compilation of themes based on three categories were done. Initial verification was performed on the text of these documents. In the first stage, using the method of "library studies", the subject's background is collected with the help of an online search. In March 2017, in the first phase, 76 articles, dissertations”, and scientific-research notes were downloaded by searching for the keywords “Tactical Urban Design” and “Tactical Urbanism” in Google Scholar search environment. It should be noted that the subject of tactical urban planning, due to its nature, has been reflected more in the form of practical projects. Therefore, a significant part of the textual documents available on this subject are guides or practical reports of implemented projects. After carefully reviewing the titles and summaries of these documents, 23 titles were removed due to insufficient validity, and the texts of the 53 remaining documents in the second stage were re-examined and refined. At this stage, with a quick review of the contents, 39 scientific documents were selected. 

In the category of “What” is tactical urbanism and in the theme of “Similar Concepts”, the codes of “DIY Urbanism” and “Guerrilla Urbanism”, in the category of codes related to the theme of “Characteristics”, the codes of “Low Cost” and “Temporary” and in the category of codes associated with the theme of “Nature”, the code of “Creativity and Innovation” had the most repetition. Content analysis of the category “Why” was summarized in two categories of “Underlying Factors” in the form of 14 codes and seven themes, and also the “Benefits” of this method of urban planning in the form of 25 codes and five themes. In the first category, “long and bureaucratic procedures” and “non-accountability of government institutions”, and in the second category, “realization of citizen participation in decision-making and implementation” had the most repetition. Also, in the category of “how”, the findings of content analysis are organized in the form of the themes of “actors”, “types of applications”, “how to do” and “obstacles and challenges”. Finally, in the framework of this category, the types of tactical urban planning experiences in the form of completed projects have been analyzed. They have been set in 27 instances and eight different thematic categories. In this section, “reuse of lost spaces in the city” and “public art and details of space design” have had the most repetition among the examples.The main issues underlying the expansion of tactical urban planning in the world in our country also have their examples with differences in intensity and quality. Although tactical projects are fast, sometimes temporary, and in the format of low-cost projects, they have led to significant and permanent changes in different cities in many cases. Additionally, benefiting from the active agency experience of citizens in organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces as one of the essential benefits of expanding tactical urban planning experiences emphasizes the importance of following this approach in a planned manner. Given that the actors of this approach in different countries have included a diverse range of urban agents, involving NGOs and socially active groups, especially in urban neighborhoods, accompanying and justifying them concerning the ways to advance tactical projects, their benefits, and giving examples for ideation, is recommended. Although the decision-making and implementation of these projects in many countries are followed from the bottom up, the role of city managers, on the one hand, and academic professionals and experts in the field of urban planning, on the other hand, cannot be ignored. Various examples of tactical urban planning, presented in this study as a regular framework in several specific thematic areas, while emphasizing the contextual view, are applicable in many urban spaces and neighborhoods of our country and can be used to start tactical processes and projects. At the same time, in different neighborhoods and cities, there are undoubtedly indigenous and traditional examples of effective and active agency of citizens, especially in urban neighborhoods, whose revitalization and strengthening can improve the quality of urban spaces and help achieve various benefits of tactical urban planning.

The findings of this study can be used by local managers, urban planners, urban planning stakeholders, and non-governmental organizations to carry out tactical projects by adopting a localization approach and considering socio-cultural contexts and legal potentials.

Foreign direct investment has been the subject of many studies due to its importance in providing financial resources for companies, governments, and technology transfer. Its effects and relationship with various economic factors, including employment, have been the focus of researches. However, there is still no coherent review study that takes into account other aspects of the issue and draw a general conclusion from the studies along with investigating the effect of foreign direct investment. This study is designed to fill this information gap. Among the searched articles, 329 published English papers about the effect of foreign direct investment on employment were studied and the results were presented according to dimensions such as the effect of short-term and long-term employment generation, the effect on skilled and simple labor force, etc. Finally, this general result was extracted that the maximum positive effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on employment is achieved when the FDI enters the host country in the form of Greenfield, and the training of human resources should be done by the FDI, especially the simple workforce, to match the level of technology imported by it. Policy making and legislation should support employment to maximize the country's absorption capacity and oblige the FDI to supply labor, raw materials, and required services from the host country.