جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « terrorism » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In developing countries, economic growth is the main concern of policy makers and economic thinkers. Knowing the tools and factors affecting economic growth is essential and requires deeper investigations. The importance of knowing the effective factors in the growth and development of countries in today's growing world is undeniable. The degree of effectiveness and recognition of these factors can be an important step towards accelerating growth and development. Accelerating economic growth is a tendency in developing countries. Economists are looking for an answer to the main question, what are the reasons for the difference in the economic growth of the countries of the world? In examining the factors affecting economic growth, two groups of causes can be mentioned. The first group is related to direct factors such as the accumulation of human and physical capital, and the second group includes final factors such as institutions, social capital, etc. In relation to political factors, the situation of developing countries is slightly different from their situation and performance regarding economic factors, especially, the internal economic structure of countries is very vulnerable to adverse factors. Political instability, as the most important internal factor, has the closest interaction with the concept of economic security in influencing the performance of macroeconomic variables, including production. The insecurities that arise in the atmosphere of political instability and violent behavior (such as terrorist activities) in developing countries cause the country's inability to successfully attract foreign capital, capital flight and reduction of capital. Investments are made. Among the indicators of political instability, which has been raised as one of the sensitive issues of the international community, especially developing countries, and its effects on the developments of international economic and political relations, is the phenomenon of terrorism. In this context, Asimoglu (2001), believes that with more efficient and better institutions, more investment will be made in the field of physical and human capital, security, improvement in property rights and less deviations in policies. Among the variables affecting growth and investment, security is a key category. Security is a complex concept and due to the existence of constituent quality indicators and its complexity, both theoretically and empirically, it is a source of controversy. Terrorism is a fundamental factor disrupting economic and social security.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between terrorism and economic growth in selected countries of the Middle East using the panel spatial econometric method during the period of 1980-2019 using the spatial Durbin model (SDM). Statistics and information required for variables of GDP per capita, foreign trade as a percentage of GDP, bank credits granted to the private sector, foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP and inflation rate from the World Bank website and For the terrorism variable, it has been extracted from the global database of terrorism, separately for 9 selected countries in the Middle East region.

First, in order to check the spatial dependence of the Moran and Jerry C test, the spatial dependence of the countries was confirmed and based on the significance of the Moran test, the research model was estimated in the spatial panel framework. According to the results of the research, terrorist activities show negative and destructive effects on the economic growth of these countries, and this result is consistent with the results of other studies such as Hamida (2018) and Sanafdiari (2017). According to the results of the research, the variables of foreign direct investment, foreign trade, and bank credits have a significant and positive effect on the economic development of the studied countries, of which foreign investment and foreign trade have the greatest impact on economic growth. Also, the inflation rate has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of the above countries, and these results are consistent with the results of other studies such as Kavah (2007), Khan (2019), Haider et al. (2015) and Sana and Shafi (2018). Be 

Terrorism and the increase in casualties caused by accidents have had a negative effect on economic growth. Terrorism affects economic growth through different channels. The increase in threats and terrorist incidents leads to insecurity in the country of origin and negatively affects the arrival of tourists. Terrorism also negatively affects investment in tourism-related fields by reducing the sense of security and prevents the strengthening of this sector. The direct effect of these terrorist incidents is to create an atmosphere of insecurity on the economy; Because it destroys and diverts productive economic resources. Scarce productive resources that could have been used to produce goods and services in society are now gone. Also, the resources and budgets allocated for other useful sectors of the economy, as a result of terrorist incidents, should now be used to strengthen the country's security. None of these changes, which are necessary to create security, will not create additional wealth for the society and will not raise the level of well-being, and will also negatively affect economic growth. On the other hand, foreign direct investment is one of the main drivers of economic development and its flow has strong effects on the country's economy. Terrorist activities reduce security and reduce investors' trust in countries exposed to terrorist activities, which leads to a decrease in the flow of foreign direct investment.

The Middle East is one of the regions with a wide range of ethnic and religious diversity. The high share of energy supply has also led to the concentration of regional and supra-regional powers in the region. In recent years, a large share of terrorist attacks has taken place in the Middle East, which in addition to human losses, has had a major negative impact on investment, tourism and economic growth in the Middle East. Therefore, identifying the effect of terrorist activities on attracting foreign direct investment of these countries in the economic and security policies of these countries is important and necessary. Foreign investors are often reluctant to be aware of all the risks involved. The risks posed by terrorist incidents are no exception to this principle, especially when the target of terrorist attacks is to intimidate a foreign investor. The risks of terrorism increase the cost of starting a business by spending a lot of money on security and insurance of economic activity, the cost of preventive measures, and the high wages of employees who are at risk. These costs reduce the expected performance of investment activity, and as terrorist risks rise above a certain level, the foreign investor will move its capital to a safer area. Political factors are slightly different from their conditions and function in terms of economic factors. The economic base of countries, especially developing countries, is very vulnerable in the face of unacceptable domestic factors. Political instability, as the main internal factor, has the closest reaction to the content of economic security in terms of effectiveness on factors of production. In developing countries, uncertainties that arise in the face of political instability and the perpetration of violent norms (such as terrorist attacks) lead to declining investment, the country's inability to successfully attract foreign investment, and capital flight. د گردد. The manifestation of terrorism is one of the indicators of political instability that is considered as one of the serious problems of the international community, especially in developing countries, and its consequences are broad on the development of global economic and political ties.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between terrorism and the inflow of foreign direct investment in the Middle East using spatial econometrics during the period 2008-2019 using the space autocorrelation model (SAC). Statistics and information required for the three variables of foreign direct investment, inflation rate and degree of trade openness from the World Bank website and for the variable of terrorism, from the global database of terrorism and for the index of political instability, property rights and democracy from The ICRG site affiliated with PRS GROUP has been extracted for the period 2008-2019 in 15 Middle Eastern countries.

First, to investigate the spatial dependence of Moran and Jerry C tests, the spatial dependence of countries was confirmed and based on the significance of Moran test, the research model was estimated in the framework of spatial autocorrelation. According to the research results, terrorist activities show negative and destructive effects on attracting foreign direct investment in these areas and this result is consistent with the results of other studies such as Panahi (2013) and Salmani (Salmani, 2014) is. According to the research results, the variables of degree of trade openness and democracy have a positive and significant effect on attracting foreign direct investment in the study areas, while the variables of political instability, property rights and inflation have an impact. Negative and significant on attracting foreign direct investment in the study areas, among which the number of terrorist attacks has the most negative impact on attracting foreign direct investment, as well as property rights index, political instability, degree of trade openness. , Democracy and inflation rate have the greatest impact on the economic growth of these countries, respectively.

Foreign direct investment is one of the main components of economic development and its flow has great effects on a country's economy. In other words, terrorist activities reduce the security and confidence of investors in countries exposed to terrorist activities and reduce the flow of foreign direct investment. On the other hand, the anti-terrorist security costs imposed on the economy reduce the economic potential. The economic effects of international terrorism can be analyzed in the short and long term. In the short run, terrorism leads to financial losses, losses and the creation of an insecure investment environment, and in the long run, international terrorism diverts capital resources by increasing national security spending and counter-terrorism activities. The transition to these costs and tax increases. To explain why spatial regression is used in this study, it can be added that the variable of terrorist activities in area j will not be affected only by internal factors in that area. When the number of terrorist activities in the neighboring country increases, it has a negative effect on attracting foreign direct investment to neighboring countries (spillover effects) and also if the terrorist activities are effective in region j, it indicates the phenomenon of spatial dependence that conventional econometrics is possible. Does not estimate and identify these effects and factors.

Nowadays, tourism is referred to as industry due to the breadth of services provided. Meanwhile, the development of tourism requires the fulfillment of preconditions. One of them is security while without it travel will not take place. In fact, the most important factor in formulating tourism development strategies in the world is security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorism as an important factor disrupting national and regional security on tourism. To achieve the purpose of this study, the dynamic panel data (GMM) method has been used for 128 countries and from 2002 to 2018. The results of the study show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative on tourism. The results show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative and the feeling of insecurity reduces tourists' entrance into countries that do not have the appropriate level of safety. Therefore, it is suggested that countries try to establish the security of the country and the region for the development of tourism, because the security of the region will also affect the security of the target country.

The stock market plays an important and vital role in forming of capital and the accumulation of small, wandering capitals and directing them to the desired paths in a country's economic systems, corruption, terrorist activities and property rights) affecting stock market returns. Be aware. Political factors, especially terrorist activities, create uncertainty, reduce trust, increase risk perception, reduce investment and foreign trade trust, and cause capital flight. Thus, terrorist attacks reduced corporate profits and confusion among investors, investors leave the stock market, and declining stock market returns. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between terrorist activities and their impact on stock market returns in the tense Middle East region. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of terrorism on the stock market return index in the high- risk region of the Middle East during the period 2008-2019 with the generalized torque (GMM) approach. The study results indicate the fact that in accordance with the theoretical expectations of the study, terrorist activities have a negative and significant stock market returns in these countries. From other research results, the variables of real exchange rate and oil price have a negative and significant effect on stock market returns.

The tourism is considered as one of the factors of achieving economic growth and development, but terrorist activities through damage to the infrastructure, and physical and human resources as well as indirect effects such as reducing the desire to foreign and domestic invest, increasing the cost of trade and weakening it, intensifying uncertainty, making space more secure and increasing military and security expenses, etc., lead to damage to the tourism industry of a country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of terrorist activities on tourism demand in selected West Asian countries during the period of 1990-2019 using panel data. The results showed that the effect of terrorist incidents on tourism demand is negative and significant. Meanwhile, the more terrorist casualties in a country, the lower the number of international tourists entering that country, because the societies in which psychological and life security of tourists are preserved, they will be more beneficial to tourists, and they will be the priority of their choice for travel.

Terrorism is a complex phenomenon without a comprehensive definition of it, as many scholars have defined the term terrorism based on their own understanding of it. Terrorism and its consequences go beyond the aspects of fear, terror and loss of life and property. The link between security and economic growth is essential, because economic development cannot happen without security, and peace and security without growth may not be sustainable. According to the literature, terrorism has a direct impact on economic growth. Terrorism, conflict and violence destroy direct foreign and human capital and weaken political and social institutions that have a positive impact on economic growth. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorism on economic growth in Middle Eastern countries during the period 2018-2000 using the combined data method. The results of this study showed that the number of terrorist incidents and those killed in terrorist attacks had a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of the studied countries. According to other results, it has been observed that human development index, foreign direct investment, bank credit and foreign trade have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Inflation rate has a negative and significant relationship with economic growth

All countries of the world set special rules on the entry and exit of goods according to their economic system. Since smuggling of goods as one of the economic crimes disrupts the economic system and reduces government revenues, it has been criminalized. Considering our country's involvement with this organized crime, it is necessary to identify and examine its interaction with other organized crimes and terrorism while defining and explaining the basics and elements of goods smuggling and the pathology of related laws.In addition, this article, among other things, examines  the problems, weak points and offer solutions to solve them using the statutes and findings of criminal sciences in order to achieve a coherent and efficient criminal policy to prevent and deal with organized goods smuggling and financing of terrorist goals.

Governance is a complex phenomenon that has political, economic and institutional dimensions. This study examines the direct effects of domestic terrorism and the effects of its overflow on the region, along with the macroeconomic variables of GDP, foreign direct investment and inflation on governance performance indicators, as defined by the World Bank for the Middle East, using spatial dynamic regression model. The results of the model's estimation show that terrorist attacks reduce political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, corruption and the governance indicators. The effects of the spillover of terrorist attacks in each country reduce government efficiency as well as political stability in neighboring countries. Improving the production and attraction of foreign direct investment will increase the standards of governance, such as economic freedom, social and government performance measures, and the overall governance indicator. The effects of GDP and foreign direct investment overflow in the country will improve the performance of neighboring countries in terms of political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, corruption control and the average total governance indicators

Today, one of the most important issues that threatens international peace and security is that of terrorism. Since 2004, the number of terrorist incidents in the world has increased dramatically and has remained high ever since. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting terrorism is of particular importance. Some of these factors are of socio-economic (and demographic) type. Accordingly, in this study, using information from 136 countries during the years 2004-2018 and employing the panel data method, socio-economic (and demographic) factors affecting the terrorist incidents in the world are identified and their statistical significance were investigated. The results of this study using the System Generalized Method of Moment (SGMM) are: (a)- Per capita income has a non-linear and inverted U-shaped effect on terrorism; which shows that the terrorist incidents is higher in middle-income countries than in low- and high-income countries. (b)- Inflation, income inequality and level of education have a positive and significant effect and investment. Furthermore, the degree of trade openness have a significant and negative effect on the terrorist incidents. (c) The population has a positive and significant effect on the terrorism; this means that terrorist incidents are more common in populous countries. Among other socio-economic (and demographic) variables, the dummy variable of Muslim countries has a positive and significant effect, and unemployment and urbanization have an insignificant effect on the terrorist incidents.

The purpose of this study is to examine the political structure of Islamic State (ISIS) in the Middle East with a focus on the two countries (Iraq and Syria).  The main question of Islamic State's (ISIS) structural research is to provide resources, costs and its impact on the economy of both Iraq and Syria.  The research methodology is an applied one in terms of descriptive / analytical method and in terms of qualitative content. This study shows that the political economy and financial structure of ISIS is a combination of traditional and modern financial techniques with a false trade. This has been done from ISIS establishment until their collapse of Mosul and then Raqqa in 2017-2018 through three means: 1. Natural resource, 2. Resources derived from Illegal Criminal Acts, 3. Relied on the Financial Network of its Sponsors. From 2017 to January 2020, and meanwhile preparing the present report, ISIS has almost lost a major part of its Political, financial and economic structure. In response to the second part of the main research question which is upon the effects and consequences of ISIS terrorist structure on Iraq and Syria economic structure; this study shows that ISIS actions have disrupted the economic structure and destroyed the infrastructure of the two countries. The limitations of this study also focus on the implications and validity of its sources because the research documentation is primarily based on Western media data, journalists, indirect witness statements, and few official reports. In view of the importance of the research, it is necessary to understand the structure of ISIS political economy as an important factor in the survival of this terrorist organization and its weaknesses.

One of the most important concerns of the present world is the subject of terrorism that has found a special sensitivity at various levels of human societies and public opinion in the world. The purpose of this research is recognition of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) Methods and resources of financing and practices to confront it. For this purpose, After reviewing the research literature and interviewing with experts, twelve financing methods have been identified and prioritized with using TOPSIS and AHP techniques. The statistical population of this study are experts in security issues in the West Asian region and are particularly familiar with the movements of the terrorist groups in this region. The research results indicate that sponsoring governments, oil and gas resources, and receiving financial assistance are the most important sources for financing ISIS in order to survive and continue their activities. Also, at the end of this study, practical proposals have been presented at both the domestic and international levels for indirect campaigning against this terrorist group in the form of model presentation and steps.

The main focus of this study is to examine empirically the impulse response functions of inward Foreign Direct Investment to the shocks of Terrorism on 13 selected MENA countries from 1970 to 2012 by using Panel VAR method. Findings show that Terrorism shocks have negative impact on Foreign Direct Investment in selected countries. Adversely the results emphasizes that the impact of GDP per capita and openness shocks on Foreign Direct Investment is positive.

Political instability as one the domestic factors has the nearest interaction with the concept of economic security in influencing on production factors. In developing countries، uncertainty is created in an unstable political environment and violent behavior atmosphere. It results in reduction in the investment levels، failure in attracting foreign capital، and capital flight. Terrorism is one of the important political risk indicators. This study examines the effect of terrorism on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Middle East region. The statistical sample includes Iran، Bahrain، Egypt، Kuwait، Saudi Arabia، Syria، Jordan، and Turkey over the period 1970-2008. Using panel data method، findings show that Terrorism has negative impact on FDI in selected countries. Adversely، GDP and Openness degree have positive impact on FDI.