جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Private Sector » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Urban Development requires financing by urban management. Due to the inability to provide capital for urban projects, there is a growing need for private sector investment and the use of banks and institutions in many cities around the world to develop infrastructure. The purpose of this study, in terms of the nature of the application and the target is descriptive, review and prioritize internal and external factors affecting investment and the participation of the private sector in the development of a case in the city of Shiraz. The statistical population of this research included all experts in urban planning and university professors who have specialized studies in the field of urban development, urban housing, and in regional planning. Using the randomly available sampling 30 experts were selected and questioned. A data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that included a list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses (59 items). Validity of the questionnaire (formal validity) was verified by the university professors and experts and the reliability of the tool was determined by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.796, which is indicative of the coherence and reliability of the data. In this study, a combination analysis (ANP) was used and SPSS, EXCEL and Super Decision software were used to analyze the information. The results showed that the most suitable strategies for the Attracting Private Sector Involvement in Shiraz Urban Development were strategies WO (0.285), WT (0.246), ST (0.125), and SO (0.122).

Human societies' need energy, and rising greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use have prompted governments to put the use of renewable energy (RE) on their agenda. This practice has always been considered by governments in Iran, but since the public sector budget alone is not enough to finance the investment in RE projects, one of the methods of financing such projects is the implementation of public-private partnerships (PPP). Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of financing RE projects through PPP in Iran. To achieve this goal, efforts are made to apply the comparative study and to focus on PPP in financing RE infrastructure in developing countries and successful implementation of similar projects (Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Pakistan and India). Also, through reviewing the laws, practices, policies and requirements for private sector investment in renewable energy, some proposals to increase the position of PPP in RE investments Iran are presented. The findings show that the most important factors influencing the use of PPP are: (1) trust and special attention to the private sector (2); lifting economic sanctions (3); reducing the degree of political and economic risk; (4) reforms in the institutional framework.

In most inter temporal analysis in order to make current and future figures comparable, discounting is inevitable. It is applicable not only in private sector analysis but in public ones. But due to intrinsic differences among these two sectors (such as projects time horizon and intergeneration affairs, externalities, market failure and …) discount rate would be different in public sector as it is known as Social Discount Rate. It defined as the rate in which society evaluate current welfare/ consumption regarding to future one.
The nature, scope and approaches to the social discount rate calculation and the countries experiences (including Iran) is the main theme of this article. Finally we led to some applied recommendations, as follows:Countries should take into account their own economic, social, institutional and social conditions in calculating discount rate. Finally, having the unique procedure at the national level in the field of choosing social discount rate is highly recommended for public sector institutions and organizations.

The principle of voluntarism has essential role in formation of contract, choice of contract party and ascertaining the terms of contract in the law of contract in Iran. However, the position of this principle as for contracts of assignment of government shares in the process of privatization, specifically with respect to the power and authority of contract parties to ascertain the terms of the contract, is not clear and decided. This study attempts to clarify whether the terms of contract are already ascertained or the contract parties (state and buyer) are authorized to negotiate about them and determine voluntarily the contents of the contracts. The results show that major part of content of these contracts are terms that are enacted by Parliament, Supreme Council of implementation of constitution 44th principle general policies, and Board of Assignment; In fact, Iranian Privatization Organization and buyers don’t have any significant role in ascertaining the content of these contracts. However, these institutions’ authority in determining the content of the aforementioned contracts is subject to specific restrictions, rules and criteria, nonetheless the Principle of Voluntarism do not govern these contracts in the same way that is observed in the private contracts.

From legal perspective, the boundary between public and private sectors and organizations is of great importance. The distinction between private and public sectors affects prominent issues like balancing the territories of market and government, determining the scopes of private and public sector functions, implementation of national accounts and Public Sector Accounting Standards, specifying laws governing the economic activities of public sector organizations and programming the privatization.
In this article legal definitions of public and private sectors and their organizations are criticized, and it is demonstrated that generalization of public accounting act’s definitions to other laws - like enforcement of general policies pertaining to principle 44 of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran act (a law on privatization) - has resulted in legal complications, misunderstandings and some deviation in privatization and outsourcing processes. Thus, the other mentioned issues like balancing between market and government functions are not the subject of this paper.

Due to the fact that privatization and downsizing policy was notified in Act on General Policies of Principle 44 of Constitution (2008) and its act was passed (2005), the policy of minimizing the government were followed more seriously, and significant and effective proceedings have been taken in this regard. Undoubtedly, any program and act has its own advantages and gains, but also blind spots and weaknesses; recognizing these challenges to mitigate them is a necessary condition to achieve the projected targets successfully. Among criticisms made on our privatization program, is the significant role of NGOs during concession of state-owned firms. Despite the fact that such concession has legal foundations in our country, in practice it breaches many principles of good governance, competition law and the market economy. For instance, we can point to decrease in efficiency, lack of transparency, breach of the principle of equality, emergence of monopoly and loss of competition and, emergence of a parallel government. All in all, we did not achieve the desired goals of privatization efficaciously. To this end, taking into account such problems and challenges and trying to overcome them is a necessary step for a successful privatization that helps the country's progress.

The present paper investigates the impact of an oil shock on the Iranian macroeconomics activities from a general equilibrium perspective. We address a new evidence of the reallocation of oil resources between public and private sectors in an oil exporting country. Our finding indicates that while a positive oil shock expands the public sector (investment, capital stock, employment and production positively responded to the shock), the private sector has become smaller following a positive oil shock. In general, we find the strong signs of crowding out effects of public over private investment after expanding the public sector due to a positive oil revenue shock.

In this study, we try to survey challenges, difficulties, and main factors influencing on investment in the industrial estate in Qom. For this purpose, investment obstacles and challenges are introduced in primary and secondary hypothesis by using former studies and experts’ remarks.First, we examine reliability and validity of the questionnaire by using Cronbach’s alpha test. Then, we select a sample, including 88 cases, which are more trustworthy. This research uses different tools of descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, means, and standard deviation in order to compare collected information. We also use SPSS software. Moreover, Kolmogorov test is used to the normality of variables. Univariate t student test is used to determine the significant difference between estimated and actual means. Friedman test is used to rank the variables.The results show that factor such as government investment, raw material, project finance, the capital rate of return, foreign factors, Industrial Estates companies, and Households are considered as investment barriers. However, factors such as international trade, lack of labor force, lack of modern technology, the existence of alternative opportunities, and geographical location cannot be considered as investment barriers.

Good governance is a new model of sustainable human development with the mechanism of interaction between governmental sector, private sector and civil society in order to use all its capabilities for their comprehensive development. Strong civil society accompanied with modern and developmental-oriented state can create areas of good governance therefore, comprehensive development with the least time and damage. In every society, its members are the most important factor in development. This study emphasized on the importance of human development, searching the requirement of good governance for achieving sustainable human development. Meditation and rethinking on the quality of each governance components and applying appropriate strategies to strengthen them, perhaps is the best model for sustainable human development. The survey results of the good governance components represent deteriorating conditions of these indexes during a period of time starting 1996 and ending 2010. Iran due to many advantages, not only human resources also natural resources, has abundant potential to achieve human development.

Investment in all countries of the world is considered as the engine of development and prime-mover of economy; In fact more production and investment will result in more improvement of economy. Here the governmental and private sectors as the major investors in Iran can have different impacts depending on different approaches and conditions. On the one hand, the government is required to prioritize social benefits using oil income and public infrastructures; on the other,the private sector focuses on the efficacy of the yield of investment in competition with the government whose policy miscalculation will lead to the decline of the private sector’s return efficacy. In the present study, using Almon’s dilatory distribution, researchers determine the period of yield of investment in both government and private sectors to provide the investors with good ideas and suggestions and present a criterion for the evaluation to administer the investment. Findings indicate that the length of the return of the investment is seven and ten years for private sector and government respectively. Moreover, the highest efficacy for private sector occurs in the fourth period while the governmental sector reaches the highest efficacy in the fifth period.

The Islamic government has a wide responsibilities and rights. These are more than the responsibilities and rights of any other socialist, liberal or even social-democrat government. So because it has these wide rights, it should be more accountable in comparison with other systems and it has a more vital role in economic development. In this paper, the rights and responsibilities of the Islamic government is compared with that of other kinds of governments and the role it can have in economic, cultural, social and political development would be emphasized. The Islamic government cannot consider the market as a remedy to solve the all problems. It is responsible about all the economic and social matters of the society and should be accountable to them. The role of the government in the economic development would be the determination of the goals, planning for development, financing the economic projects, regulating the market and smoothing the way for the private sector to be able to do optional and profitable activities in line with the development plan. The Islamic government cannot be ignorant about the problems of the private sector in the area of production, distribution and marketing. This research tries to shed light on the role of the Islamic government in the process of creation, enforcement and supervision over the economic development plans and finally provides some suggestions for the improvement of the role of the government in development.

Coordination, cooperation and task allocation, based on the efficiency index between market mechanism and government is a general and long run rule that each society considerers it regarding their social, political and cultural values for achieving the optimal ratio between the state and market combination. Regarding crucial role of private sector in efficient and compatible product and also with respect to importance of private sector development, in this study after investigating public performance and privatization trend using SFA, we estimate and compare technical efficiency in private and public subsector. Model's parameters are estimated by MLE within 1373-1384. Results show that technical efficiency estimation of all 6 private industry sectors trend is smooth but this trend has tangible decrease in public sector. Public efficiency average was lower than the same private subsector over period of our study except for first 3 years.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) models using the capacities of private sector have provided a background to supply public services and infrastructures in different ways. Transportation sector as a fundamental sector of economic development in Iran needs public-private participation models. For this purpose a theoretical literature of public-private partnerships has been reviewed and then the barriers to the development of such partnerships in transportation sector of Iran economic، infrastructure، legal and social areas were investigated. Finally with AHP، TOPSIS and SAW methods of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) the barriers were prioritized and their relative importance was analyzed. The results of three methods indicate that factor of financial markets limitations and availability of financing is the main barrier to the development of public-private partnerships. Although there is a little different among the results of TOPSIS in rating some final factors compared to other two methods، by calculating rank correlation coefficient (Spearman) the null hypothesis (the lack of correlation between the results) was rejected and with 99. 75 percent probability all of the result are similar. Ranking results of barriers to the development of public-private partner ships in this study can be taken into consideration in policymaking and determining the requirement to use these models in the fields of transportation and other infrastructural areas.

After failure of private sector in poverty reduction, capitalism functioned a major role in economy. The mixed and two-part economy has also been unsuccessful in economic problems, because capitalists dominated all the parts of government and acted on behalf of their own benefits. After demonstrating economic problems as lacking ethical teachings, economies followed the non-profit economy, but it could not solve the problems. Therefore, some authorities suggested the cooperative economy as the solution, but the problems became bitter.The author believes that for solving economic problem, there should be a four part economy. The capitalism teachings have not the enough capacity for this kind of economy and instead the Islamic economy teachings have this capacity. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach and comparing the capacities of Islamic teachings and capitalism teachings, establishes a four part economy according to Islamic teachings.

Over the last decades the most important problem in developing countries was the rate of economic growth. This has led to more attention to the development strategies, In this regard, policy makers and economists showed more interests in downgrading the size of Governments towards improving the performance of markets as well as better resource allocations. This paper attempts to examine the private sector and its activities as a topical issue in Iranian economy. The aims and basics of the 44th Principle of the Constitution are then analyzed. Regarding the 44th Principle of the Constitution and the Supreme Leader's command on accelerating the privatization process in different economic sectors and along with the objectives of the Fourth Development Plan and the Country’s 20-year Vision, it is expected that the Government will take serious measures towards flourishing Iranian economy with emphasis on increasing economic growth, reducing the unemployment rate and preventing the extra expenses.