جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Urban Areas » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The currency fluctuations intensified in Iran from the end of 2017. In order to manage the foreign exchange market, from the beginning of 2018, the government economic staff allocated preferential currency at the rate of 42000 Rials per US dollar to basic goods’ imports. The main purpose of this policy was to prevent the spread of currency inflammation to the market of basic goods needed by the people and to benefit the lower income deciles of society. However, today, three years after the implementation of this plan, many experts believe that the implementation of the preferred currency subsidy policy has resulted in high costs and due to failure to control rising prices, has not been able to ensure the stability of target food consumption among households. On the contrary, proponents of this policy believe that the effect of the preferred currency subsidies policy on controlling the growth of product prices in the final market and ultimately household consumption has been significant. Therefore, the question arises here is that whether the subsidy paid in the form of preferred currency policy reaches the final consumer and has a significant effect on his level of consumption? With this approach, the present study evaluates the effect of preferred currency subsidies policy on food consumption in urban areas of Iran. In order to achieve this goal, first, the theoretical model of the present study is explained by applying theoretical foundations in various studies. It is worth mentioning that the information required for the study is collected during the period 2005-2020 and analyzed in the form of PANEL ARDL model. The results show that although the preferred currency subsidies policy has a positive and significant effect on household consumption, but this effect is not remarkable. At the same time, according to the results, the price index of food groups and exchange rate fluctuations have negative effects on food consumption in the short and long term and in contrast, increasing the income of urban households has a positive and significant effect on food consumption in the short and long term. Finally, the results of the error correction model (ECM) show that due to the low speed of adjustment, the effects of currency shocks have high durability in the Iranian economy.

Rental housing has been affected by housing prices in different periods and the growth of housing prices has reduced the purchasing power of housing applicants and increased the percentage of rented households. Therefore, any recession and boom in the housing sector has a direct impact on the housing rental market, and planning to control the rental market will not be achieved without considering the housing market. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting housing rent based on two groups included large, small and medium cities in Iran using the Generalized moment method (GMM) in the period (2008-2018). The results show that housing rental prices in the previous period, housing prices, land leverage and real per capita income of urban households had the most positive impact on housing rents in both large and small and medium cities. Also, the impact of housing prices and rental prices in the previous period has been greater in large cities. Also, Housing bank facilities, the number of urban marriages and the real interest rate were other variables affecting the rental price of housing in urban areas.

Housing is one of the most basic needs of every household that can play a special role in the macroeconomic and household dimensions, and the largest share of annual costs for an urban household is related to the cost of housing, which is provided in the form of rent and property. Real estate has a significant impact on economic growth and is therefore preferable to rental housing. There are several factors influencing the choice of households to buy or rent housing, and identifying these factors and their impact can help housing policy and planning and the welfare and economic level of society. In this study, using the logit model and using the budget data of urban households in Iran in 2019, the effect of economic and social factors of households and market variables on housing tenure choice has been investigated. The results show that permanent income, age, marital status, employment, and the level of education of the head of the household and the post-household increase the likelihood of home ownership

Panel data constitutes a cornerstone for dynamic analysis, especially in poverty mobility studies. In developing countries such as Iran, household income and expenditure data are collected on a cross-sectional basis because of various reasons. As a result, households’ panel data are not available. Due to the concerns of policymakers in understanding the status of mobility of the poor, researchers have developed several approaches to study poverty mobility among countries using cross-sectional data. In 2013, the World Bank's Poverty Studies Group introduced a synthetic panel data method for poverty dynamics analysis, which provides relatively accurate estimates of poverty mobility. First, the present study calculates the absolute poverty line of urban areas of Iran in 2012, 2015 and 2016. Then, it uses the method of synthetic panel data in order to study the status of poverty mobility. The results show that there is a kind of status dependency in the urban poverty, so that the poor (non-poor) households in 2012/ 2015 were also poor (non-poor) in 2016 with a probability of more than 80 percent. Only with a probability of less than 20 percent, the poor (non-poor) households in 2012/2015 were non-poor (poor) in 2016.

Land and urban housing have been affected by speculative demands due to heterogeneity, immobility and profitability, and have led to an increase of land and housing prices. The government, with the aim of controlling the housing market volatility, can play an important role in preventing the diversion of capital from the real sector to the housing sector and its multiple shocks. In this research, we discuss the effect of tax on real estate and housing on reduction of housing market volatility in urban areas of Iran during the period of 2011-2017, by using dynamic panel data model. The results indicate that increasing of tax rate on transfer of real estate and housing and mortgage facilities has led to a reduction in housing market volatility. Also, the raise of land prices’ growth rate, marriage growth rate and unofficial exchange rates growth rate have increased volatility of housing market.

Housing is a heterogeneous, durable, immovable, capital and commodity good which its value (price) is determined based on multiple and different characteristics such as infrastructure, the number of rooms, welfare amenities, access, security and other factors. Determination of the value of these features, which represent the share of each factor in the price of a residential unit is very important for those involved in the housing sector, even for vendors and buyers. In this regard, in the present study, the effective factors on housing prices in Kerman city have been examined by using a Hedonic pricing model. According to the subject, effective factors on housing prices have been used in the form of eight variables, including four physical features, three access properties, and an environmental feature. This model is estimated by using data from 156 questionnaires that were collected by the Statistical Center of Iran from villas in Kerman, and tested and implicit price of each characteristic (factor) is evaluated. The results show that only physical properties havesignificant and positive effect on the price of residential units which have been investigated. Among the physical properties, infrastructure has the greatest impact on the price and then respectively the area of the courtyard, the skeleton of concrete and metal, and frontage features are important.

In this paper we have examined housing bubble and speculation in urban areas of Iran. For this purpose, we have designed a suitable model to identify factors determining housing prices in Iran and then, we have used GMM method to estimate the model for quarterly data in the period of 1996:2 to 2011:1. The results show that several variables including prices in previous periods, the rate of return in other markets (taking adjusted consumer price index as a proxy), housing supply (for which, we have used the number of construction permits as proxy), population growth and housing costs has had statistically significant impact on house prices in Iran. Contrary to our expectations, the coefficient of national income (GDP) variable has not been statistically significant. Taking prices of previous year as Proxy of speculation demand, while taking return in other markets, housing supply, changes in population and housing costs as proxy for consumption demand, we found that the share of speculating demand for housing has been 6.8 times higher than demand for consumption during the period under study. When we extend our sample up to 2012 and defining house price bubble as deviation of short term price from its long term trends, the result shows that in the three last quarters of year 2012, price bubble in housing of Iran was 17/8, 26/3 and 56/6 percent respectively for these quarters, which we can interpret them as the impact of psychological expectations and short term fluctuations.

The study of household Welfare is one the most important economic research in each country. With such knowledge, proper policies for improving people’s welfare condition could be set. This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of price rises on household Welfare for three income groups (low, average and high) in four cross-sections of 1375, 1380, 1385 and 1390, based on Household Budget Survey data. A Linear expenditure System (LES) was used for estimating parameters of the model. Our findings show that although rising prices would lower household welfare for all three income groups, but their declining trends are very different, indicating the necessity of policy differentiation.

Doubtlessly، establishing sustainable growth and development of urban areas is a major goal of policy-makers since a considerable proportion of total population with various levels of income live in such areas. Given the scope and diversity of the economic activities، industrial sector may provide an effective instrument for fulfilling the balanced development of economic activities، which could consequently be extended to political، cultural and other spheres. This article uses Input-Output model analysis based on conventional Static IO to investigate the role and position of industrial sector in the economics of urban areas. Hence، a 13-sector table was extracted from 65-sector Input-Output table of Iranian economy in 2006، taking the statistical limitations in mind. Later، production multipliers and backward-forward linkages were calculated in different sectors according to emission power and elasticity. The findings illustrate that paper the highest production coefficient was for construction industry sector 2. 07. The results of elasticity and emission power analysis indicate that as the industrial sector has relationship with other sectors in the field of buying the inputs of other sectors and selling its own outputs to other sectors، it leads more activities in the whole urban economy than the overall average of all other sectors.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Globalization on poverty indices and welfare of income deciles throughout the rural and urban households. First, the impact of Globalization index on the price of bread and grains is estimated and then the impact of the increase in the said index is examined by the analysis of price changes on the expenditures on bread and grains among a sample of selected rural and urban households. Moreover, the effect of the change in expenditures on the three indices of poverty, i.e., headcount, poverty gap, and poverty severity in urban and rural areas are analyzed. It is shown that the growth in Globalization has decreased the poverty indices particularly among the urban households. It is also shown that the growth in Globalization has lowered expenditures or equivalently has increased the real income through the reduction in the price of consumer commodities; and this reduction is more pronounced among the lower income deciles as compared with higher deciles. As a whole, the results indicate that the benefits accrue to urban households resulting from Globalization are higher than that of rural households.