جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « degree of trade openness » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

High poverty rates limit people's ability to meet their daily needs. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of policymakers and governments. In this study, unlike previous studies, the effect of poverty on financial development has been investigated. In addition, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether the poverty on financial development depends on the level of trade openness of countries. To achieve the aforementioned goals, a threshold panel model has been used for 25 developing countries from 2002 to 2020, and also to avoid the endogeneity problem, the 2SLS method and the use of instrumental variables have been used. The results indicate that as long as the degree of commercial openness is less than 65%, the increase in poverty causes a sharper decrease in financial development in the economy, and when the degree of openness is greater than 65%, the increase in poverty causes a smaller decrease in financial development. Because in the conditions of openness, the bottlenecks caused by poverty can be compensated by increasing the degree of openness and financial opportunities of an open economy. In other words, increasing the degree of openness of the economy reduces the limiting effects of poverty on financial development. Also, the model estimation results show that the logarithm of per capita income, savings and population density have positive and significant effects on financial development.

Poverty and economic inequality is a permanent problem that has always created challenges for societies. In this study, the role of poverty as one of the indicators of economic inequality in the spread of financial development has been investigated. In addition, the current research seeks to answer the question whether the impact of poverty on financial development depends on the level of trade openness of countries or depends on other factors. To achieve the aforementioned goals, a threshold panel model has been used for 35 developing and developed countries during the time period of 2000-2021. Also, in order to avoid the endogeneity problem, the 2SLS method and the use of instrumental variables have been used. The results indicate that as long as the degree of commercial openness is less than 71%, the increase in poverty causes a sharper decrease in financial development in the economy, and when the degree of openness is greater than 71%, the increase in poverty causes a smaller decrease in financial development. Also, the results of the model estimation show that the logarithm of per capita income, savings and population density have a positive and significant effect on financial development. The general conclusion indicates that increasing the degree of openness of the economy reduces the limiting effects of poverty on the expansion of financial development.

global warming and the greenhouse effect caused by the release of atmospheric pollutants and the subsequent threat to life on the planet have become one of the most important challenges facing governments and their economic decision makers. Emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels in industries plays a significant role in this pollution. Furthermore , in the countries that have sheltered the worn-out industries of the developed countries, the emission of carbon dioxide gas caused by the fuels used in the industry, inappropriate industrial infrastructure and high energy consumption are the main reasons that endanger the environmental conditions of these countries
this study has examined the effect of exchanges resulting from trade openness on carbon dioxide emissions in MENA countries during the period from 2004 to 2020. Meanwhile, by using spatial econometric techniques, it has paid attention to the mutual effect of countries on each other in the process of producing carbon dioxide gas. The results indicate the confirmation of the effect of spatial proximity and the positive effect of the degree of commercial openness on the emission of carbon dioxide in the studied countries.