جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مناطق آزاد" در نشریات گروه "مدیریت"

The purpose of this research is to implement interpretive structural modelling to determine the role of free zones in the country's economic development. The necessity and importance of conducting research is that considering the role of free zones in the economic development of most countries, our country has taken noteworthy measures with the establishment of the first free zone in 1369 until today, but unfortunately, these zones are due to various reasons. , including the structure of the government administration, lack of requirements and conditions for commercial-industrial activities, inappropriate location, lack of proper implementation of related laws, lack of necessary guarantees for foreign investment, and most importantly, legal obstacles related to the structure of the administration, redundant investment procedures, and  Due to severe bureaucracy, the free zones of our country have not yet reached their true position and have not been able to play a significant role in the economic development of the country, and this research seeks to identify the factors that affect the promotion of the role of free zones in the economic development of the country and provide a model in this regard.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

In terms of method, this research was qualitative-quantitative research that was conducted in the qualitative part with interpretive structural modeling. The intended statistical population is made up of experts familiar with the subject of the research, including university professors (experts in the economic field) who are among the scientific experts and officials in the field of free zones and the economic field (in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, the Secretariat of the Supreme Council of Commercial and Industrial Free Zones and the Free Zones faction of the Islamic Council), as well as legal experts in the free zones. And the data was collected and sampled theoretically through scientific interviews with 15 of these experts. In the second step, in order to validate the model obtained from the first step, a questionnaire was designed and distributed in the target statistical community, and after data collection, the validity of the model was investigated using statistical analysis.

The results of the current research show that the status of all indicators except the reform and communication index and the risk reduction index are favorable in the model; According to the influence-dependence diagram, the variable "implementation of policies and knowledge-orientated" has a high influence and has little influence and is placed in the independent variables area. "Development of special advantages of free zones" variables have a high influence and dependence; therefore, they are linked variables. The two variables of "facilitating the process of affairs" also have high dependence but little influence; therefore, they are considered dependent variables. The variable "economic functions and capabilities" is also placed in the first quadrant, which is the autonomous region.

Limitations & Consequences:

 It was not possible to include other important intervening variables in the research due to their great complexity; also, the information was obtained from a single source and it is prudent to generalize it to other areas.Practical Consequences: The implementation of an interpretative structural model to determine the role of free zones in the country's economic development leads to a better understanding of the decision-making environment by managers.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

Despite the great importance of free zones in the economic development of the country, no research has been done on the implementation of interpretive structural modelling of the role of free zones in the economic development of the country. The current research is the first step in this field.

The article’s aim is to analyze the interaction of internal and external factors of sustainable development in the free zones of Iran. In other words, identifying the most important internal factors affecting the improvement of external factors and vice versa is considered. For this purpose, the relationships between internal and external factors of sustainable development in the free zones of Iran are analyzed through the analysis of the correlation structure between them. For the success of organizations in a dynamic and changing environment, managers must strive to improve processes and sustainability. Also, in the process of sustainable development, the impact of internal and external factors of sustainability should be examined and analyzed. Based on the importance of free zones in the country's economy, the issue of sustainable development of these zones needs to be considered from different angles and using scientific methods. Given that the multiple relationships between internal and external factors and the direct relationship between internal and external factors, the sustainable development of free zones has not been done with each other, and closing this gap is a necessity. Because, external factors of sustainable development are not within the authority of free zones and depend on organizations, companies and communities. Neglecting the impact of these factors on domestic factors can lead to more costs in achieving sustainable development of free zones. For this purpose, in this study, the relationships between internal and external factors are examined and analyzed to finally achieve sustainable development of free zones based on accurate information and analysis of various aspects to achieve the best achievement at the lowest cost in sustainable development of these zones.

The main method is the canonical correlation analysis method. Using questionnaires containing questions related to internal and external indicators, which are prepared in the form of a five-point Likert option, experts answer it in an online survey. The collected data from internal and external factor questionnaires are analyzed using SPSS 24 software. Then, canonical correlation analysis is performed to study the correlation between internal and external factors of sustainable development of free zones. This canonical correlation is made for the study between two data sets that include seven internal factors in the first set and four external factors in the second set. The statistical population of this study consists of specialists and professors of Payame Noor University and 184 randomly selected statistical sample participated.

After performing the canonical correlation analysis method, the findings related to the correlation between canonical variables, the proportion of variance of internal and external factors explained by the first and second set canonical variables, canonical factor loads, and canonical cross-factor loads were obtained. The results, based on the Fisher test show that the correlation of three pairs of canonical variables among the four possible pairs is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The correlation of the first canonical pair is equal to 0.994 with a specific value of 9.039. Also, the correlations of the second and the third canonical pair are equal to 0.705 and 0.659, respectively, with special values of 0.989 and 0.767. The calculated values show that 90, 49.7 and 43.4% of the variance in the canonical variables related to external (internal) factors are explained by the canonical variables related to internal (external) factors, respectively. The set of canonical variables related to internal factors represents 65.9% of the sample dispersion of the sample of internal factors, while the three identified canonical variables related to external factors cover 93% of the sample dispersion of the sample of external factors. Also, the proportion of variance of the canonical variables of the first group to the total dispersion of the four external factors was equal to 46.3%, while 69.3% of the variance of the seven internal factors is explained by the canonical measures of the second set.

The results show that the proportion of variance in the set of internal factors that is explained by the canonical variables of the first set is less than the proportion of variance identified in the set of external factors that is explained by the canonical variables of the second set. Also, the proportion of variance of the four external factors explained by the canonical variables of the first set is less than the proportion of variance of the seven internal factors covered by the canonical variables of the second set. Based on the calculated factor load values, it was shown that the canonical variables of the first set generally have significant factor loads with all internal factors, including 1) welfare and services, 2) support and regulation, 3) pollution control, 4) protection and prevention 5) Productivity, 6) green operation and 7) infrastructure and facilities. Similarly, it was observed that the values of the factor load of the second set, canonical variables on all four external factors, including 1) culture building, 2) environmental measures, 3) knowledge and communication, and 4) local community support are significant. In this context, the internal factors of "welfare and services" and the external factors of "culturalization" have the most factor factors with the canonical variables of the first and second categories, respectively. The calculated values for cross-factor loads showed that changes in the four internal factors "welfare and services", "support and regulation", "green operation" and "infrastructure and facilities" will have the greatest effect on canonical variables derived from external factors. In addition, cross-factor loads are significant for all external factors other than "knowledge and communication", the largest of which is related to the "culture-building" factor. In general conclusion, it can be said that internal and external factors of sustainable development of free zones significantly affect each other.

In this study, a hybrid method based on Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, analytical network process (ANP), and factor analysis is developed to prioritize economic, social, and environmental indicators of sustainable development in free. For this purpose, first, the indicators are classified into two internal and external ones and their latent factors are identified and named using the factor analysis method. Then, the DEMATEL technique is employed for identifying the internal relationship among the indicators as well as determining the intensity of their influential indicators and influence. Moreover, the causal diagrams, the internal relationships of internal and external indicators, and the cause or effect of the indicators are explained by the DEMATEL technique. Finally, the relative importance of the indicators is obtained based on the ANP method, and by calculating the weighted and limit super matrixes, the ranking of sustainable development indicators in both internal and external parts is obtained. The results obtained from 44 internal and 24 external indicators show that "welfare and services" and "culture making" factors are the most important internal and external ones, respectively, while "providing conditions for investment and support for investment" and "prevention of marine pollution by ships" indicators are the most important internal and external ones in the sustainable development of free zones.

Aim and introduction. Today’s business leaders are seeking to achieve sustainable development in order to succeed in the competitive market. Based on the theoretical framework, research background and experts' opinions, it can be concluded that despite the increase in the number of free zones in Iran, they have mainly focused on importing different products to the country. In other words, there is not a balanced growth in these areas in terms of sustainable development indicators, including economic, environmental and social indicators. In addition, the performance of the free zones has not been satisfactory from attracting foreign investment and employment viewpoints. Therefore, considering the high potential of free trade-industrial zones in economic growth of the country, it is necessary to take the all dimensions of sustainable development into account. Methodology.The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the indicators of sustainable development in  free zones of Iran. To accomplish that, considering three main areas including commercial, industrial and tourism, the sustainable development indicators of free zones under both internal and external dimensions from three aspects of environmental, economic and social are studied using fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. This technique is a structural method that is able to represent the causal relationships among factors which uses a straightforward diagram and some matrices. This technique contains eight steps of 1) defining appropriate scales, 2) establishing the direct-influence matrix, 3) normalizing the direct-influence matrix, 4) constructing the total-influence matrix, 5) deriving the influential relation map (IRM), 6) designing a scatter diagrams, 7) setting the threshold values, 8) building cause and effect relationship diagrams.In this regard, a DEMATEL questionnaire based on the 5-choice verbal values ​​scale consisting of 44 internal and 24 external indicators is designed. Then, the results received from eight experts are analyzed in MATLAB and Excel software. The obtained results show that the variability of internal indicators is more than the that of external indicators which implies that the internal indicators have a wider range of relationships than the external indicators. Moreover, the dispersion of internal effect indicators is more than that of internal cause ones while there is a slight difference between the dispersions of external cause and effect indicators. Besides, the existence of complex relations among both internal and external indicators is confirmed. The obtained results from internal indicators show that three indicators: 1) separation, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of industrial waste, 2) reducing the use of hazardous industrial waste, and 3) Satisfaction of supply chain stakeholders, respectively, have the most relationship with other internal indicators. In other words, focusing on the mentioned indicators can make a significant improvement in other internal indicators. Furthermore, three internal indicators of 1) providing interest and services for stakeholders, 2) proper strategy to increase market share, and 3) encouragement of employees to participate in sustainable development, respectively, have the least relations with other internal indicators. Consequently, concentrating on these indicators leads to little changes in other internal indicators. The results obtained from external indicators confirm that three indicators of 1) culture of compliance with safety and environmental standards by companies, 2) prevention of marine pollution by ships, and 3) raising the awareness of tourists and customers regarding traffic issues, respectively, are the most related indicators to other external ones. As a result, changes in these indicators can significantly affect the other external indicators.Discussion and Conclusion.In addition, three indicators of: 1) encouraging tourists and customers to buy eco-friendly products, 2) cooperating with charities and organizations to support the local community, and 3) informing tourists and customers to respect the customs, traditions and comfort of the local community, respectively have the least interaction with the other external ones. Hence, paying attention to these three indicators results in a little changes in other external indicators. As another important finding, it can be referred to the influential internal and external indicators. In this regard, the indicators: 1) providing sustainable development policies, 2) air quality monitoring and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and 3) establishment of industries are the most effective internal indicators, respectively, while 1) educating local community regarding sustainable development, 2) reducing energy consumption by companies, and 3) cooperation with international companies are the most influential foreign indicators, respectively.Finding. Although, this study determines the complex causal structure and identifies influential and influenced internal and external indicators, it does not calculate the relative importance of the indicators. Besides, despite the internal relation among internal and external indicators of sustainable development, the proposed method ignores the multiple relations among them. Therefore, future researchers can be directed to use of multi-criteria decision-making techniques to quantify the relative importance of sustainable development criteria of free trade-industrial zones.

The purpose of this study was to identify feasibility marketing indicators of sport tourism development in free trade, industrial and economic zones of Iran.The research method was qualitative, which was conducted with the heuristic-exploration strategy. Theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 experts. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis through the coding process using MAXQDA. Promotion of tourist attractions, attracting sport tourists, risk, infrastructure and natural capacities, approaches of neighboring countries are among the main indicators were recognized. Use new digital technologies, cultural and social capacity building, tourist attraction management, private sector investor, local residents, inter-organizational interaction, economic and business capacity free zones, infrastructure facilities and natural attractions emphasize new and successful experiences. The results emphasize the need to use new digital technologies, advertising, national media, marketing, local residents, inter-organizational interaction, economic capacity, infrastructure, successful experiences in the development of sport tourism in Iran's free trade, industrial and economic zones.

From the perspective of national and regional economic development, free zones increase trade exchange and attract some of the required technical and capital expertise and ultimately economic dynamics. On the other hand, the resistive economy, which is the basis for the resilience of the economy to domestic and foreign shocks, and one of the aims of which is to increase the export potential based on paragraphs 10 and 12 of the country's resistive economy policies, is closely linked to the free and interregional zones. It is internationalizing, so this study seeks to relate the two categories to each other. Based on the resilience indices of Jack Borman et al., The free zones of Kish, Qeshm, Chabahar, Anzali, Arvand, and Aras were compared and compared with the space camera model in 2011-2011. The results showed that the effect of export share surplus and employment had a negative and significant effect on the Resistance Economics Index, which was reduced by one unit increase in these variables, respectively, 929.411 and 0.014, respectively, and the greatest effect of spillover due to the export share of free zones, respectively. The business has a resistance economy index. The negative and significant values of the spatial autoregressive coefficient indicate that part of the decreasing changes in the resistance economics index of the free trade zones was due to the distance or proximity effect.

Free Trade-Industrial Zones are established in our country with the goal of achieving advanced technology, economic development and export of industrial and conversion goods. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Aras Free Zone in terms of export. For the purpose of this study descriptive survey method was selected and the required data using the questionnaire made by the researcher were collected by referring to a sample population of 120 experts, scholars and activists of Aras Free Trade Zone. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using PLS software. Moreover, Binomial and Friedman tests were also used to analyze the field data and test hypotheses. The data analysis indicated that economic factors, the underlying infrastructure, legal systems, and environmental factors have a significant and positive impact on export performance of Aras Free Zone. Friedman test results showed that environmental factor with mean score of 3.86 is the most important factor for export performance of the region; underlying infrastructure, economic factors and factors related to the legal system, respectively, with mean score of 3.13, 1.95 and 1.06 were affecting export performance in the next ranks.

Reducing of employment opportunities in border area, restrictions of legal and sustainable incomes source, seasonal changes in incomes, with happening of crime types, smuggling of goods, and expansion of different type of economic abnormalities in this areas , are the development issues in the border areas. Accordingly, free trade zones can play a significant role in increasing import, employment and attracting internal and external investment. This study poses this question that what relation ship there is between employment development (new employment opportunity) with security improvement and reducing smuggling to evaluate the relation of employment with promotion security and reduction smuggling. In the present study, research type in terms of the nature and method is "correlation" and way of doing it is "surveying". The Statistical society of this study is the citizens over 19 years of Bandar-e Anzali that by using Cochran formula 321 persons were selected by simple random sampling. validity of questionnaire determined by obtaining the opinion professionals and to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, it was distributed and gathered randomly among 22 individual of samples by using SPSS and the Cronbach’s alpha were calculated 87%. In order to analyze the data to determine a significant relationship between variables were used "Spearman" statistical test in the form of two-dimensional tables. The results of the statistical tests show that there is a significant relationship between the acquisition of new employment opportunities (retail services development, wholesale services development, touristic areas development and etc.), with promoting security and also smuggling reduction in the area. The results emphasize that meanwhile, vitality of establishing Free Zone and its economic and welfare positive effects, fortunately, Bandar-e Anzali Free Zone due to Provide the required prerequisites, has been able to enhanc security and reduce smuggling in regional and national levels and even international level play an essential role.