جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « legislation » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

Elections are the most important channel for the implementation of democracy and a standard for evaluating the position and role of people in political systems, and the audit between democratic systems is considered to be dictatorial systems. Therefore, the election has always been the focus of policymakers, legislators, law enforcers and citizens in terms of the quality of the organization, executive body, executives, supervision and supervisors, and the manner of implementation and supervision, which is examined in the form of the election administration. The aim of the research is to achieve a codified and strategic model that can provide the administration of the country's election affairs based on the discourse of the religious authority. This research seeks to answer the main question, what is the strategic model of election affairs management based on the discourse of religious authority? is In this research, Barosh analyzed the data based on the sayings of Imam Khomeini (may God bless him and grant him peace) and Imam Khamenei (may God bless him and grant him peace). The results of this research are providing a model of the foundation's data method

1-The performance of human resources is a fundamental factor in an organization, and the increase in organizational performance can be under various factors. In this regard, extensive research has been conducted on human resource performance, and many variables have been identified with direct and indirect effects on the performance of employees and human resources. In recent years, the creation of efficient organizations in providing services and responding to citizens' demands has been the focus of public sector managers in most countries. Organizations must define their formal structure in such a way that they can be an efficient organization. The parliament and the legislature, as one of the most influential organizations or institutions with legal authority, are not exempt from this rule, and in this institution, paying attention to the performance of human resources is an undeniable necessity. Also, many all-round developments of the countries depend on the institution of the parliament and the representatives' performance. Accordingly, as a symbol of the people's sovereignty in political systems based on representation, the parliament plays a vital role in determining public policies by holding the legislation, representation, and supervision tasks. The quantitative and qualitative level of the performance of the representatives and the institution of the Islamic Council, along with a set of soft and hard instruments and personal characteristics and capabilities of the representatives, is influenced and interacted with the environment and the overall structure of power and politics in the Islamic Republic. Based on this, this article aims to evaluate and analyze the individual, institutional, and structural variables affecting the performance of the members of the Islamic Council.
 
2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In general, the review of the conducted research shows the fact that all factors affecting the performance of human resources come from three areas: individual, institutional, and structural. In terms of individual factors, Brown (2014), Indahingwati et al. (2019), Mitchell et al. (2020), and Paais and Pattiruhu (2020) consider personal characteristics and capabilities, knowledge and literacy, and individual capacities to be involved in the performance of human resources. In terms of institutional factors, Spender and Kijne (2012), Meng and Berger (2019), and Thanh et al. (2020) have examined organizational structures and practices, regulations and guidelines, and satisfaction. In terms of structural factors, Chen et al. (2012), Limaj and Bernroider (2019), Meng and Berger (2019), and Harijanti et al. (2021) considered social, cultural, economic, and political conditions; and Cai et al. (2018) and Cetinkaya and Rashid (2018) the role of the effective media on human resource functions.
 
3-In terms of method, the current research was a descriptive-correlation study carried out with a survey. The statistical population of the research included the representatives of the Islamic Council in different periods, among which a sample size of 150 was selected based on Lin and Morgan's table. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire distributed among the sample members by purposeful sampling. Finally, 141 questionnaires were completed and subjected to the analysis. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential techniques in Spss and AMOS software. It is worth noting that the questionnaire's validity was ascertained by considering the experts' opinions, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than 0.7.
 
4-RESULTS & To determine the intensity and direction of the influence of independent variables on the performance of representatives in the two dimensions of legislation and supervision, a structural equation model has been used, which defines how to measure a variable using two or more observed variables. Concerning the model fitness evaluation, the absolute, comparative, and parsimonious fit indices indicated that the model fit is acceptable. The results showed that the structural and institutional factors had positive and significant effects on the overall performance of the representatives, while the impact of individual factors was not confirmed. The insignificant effect of these factors may be due to the high power of structural and institutional factors in the country's political system. As a result, in many cases supporting a candidate, some parties create expectations for the representative of a constituency that directly affect their executive and supervisory performance. In general, these arguments are highly aligned with the results of the hypotheses testing.
 
5-CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
The performance of the parliament representatives is generally assessed concerning two tasks: legislation and supervision. If these two particular tasks are done well, the overall dynamics of the system will follow. Efficient laws are the laws that representatives have taken care of drafting and approving. Specifically, the extent of citizens' adherence to the laws is mainly the product of the legislators' correct view of the conditions of both society and citizens. In the regulatory dimension, the efficiency of other executive and regulatory institutions can be derived from the representatives' performance. In other words, no matter how successful the representatives are in their supervisory function, subordinate institutions can also perform their duties well within the framework of the law. In addition, nowadays, the problem of corruption and the lack of proper functioning of some institutions of society has led to the public distrust of many citizens towards the pillars of the system, which can be turned into a prominent opportunity if the parliament properly performs its monitoring duty. Therefore, the quality of its legislative and supervisory performance is very effective in the sustainable development of the country and society. Accordingly, performance measurement is a process that aims to determine the degree of adequacy and worthiness of representatives in terms of performing assigned duties and accepting responsibilities and can be affected by various factors. According to the analytical and descriptive results from examining the influence of independent variables on dependent variables, it can be said that individual, institutional, and structural factors more or less affect the behavior and performance of the Islamic Parliament representatives. On the one hand, the cultivation and optimal use of the media in terms of educating and informing citizens about the importance of the Islamic Council, and on the other hand, the local, regional, and national monitoring representatives' performance may have dramatic roles in improving their performance.

Recognizing the significance of decisions and decision-making by the Islamic Parliament and their impact on human societies, it is crucial to evaluate the efficiency of different parliamentary terms, identify strengths and weaknesses, and determine influential factors for enhancing future performance. The reformation of the decision-making process is essential as it will result in sound decisions and elevate the political and economic conditions of the country. Thus, the objective of this research is to propose a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate the performance of various periods of the Islamic Parliament (from the third to the tenth period) in terms of legislation and supervision. In the proposed approach, each term of the Islamic Parliament is considered a two-stage decision-making unit (DMU), with legislation as the first stage and supervision as the second stage. The results suggest that, generally, 50% of the periods are efficient, while the remaining 50% are inefficient. Specifically, Periods C, D, G, and H are identified as efficient periods across both dimensions. However, Period B, in terms of overall performance and the supervision dimension, and Period A, within the legislative dimension, are pinpointed as the most inefficient periods. Additionally, an analysis of the average efficiency scores in legislation and supervision underscores that, overall, the Islamic Parliament has demonstrated superior performance in legislation compared to supervision during various periods. This disparity in performance between the supervisory and legislative aspects has led to higher inefficiencies among the periods characterized as inefficient.

One of the important issues raised in the field of blockchain networks and decentralized systems is the subject of legislation of these systems. Generally, governments can take action for legislation of these systems through five methods including “establishing rules for participants”, “establishing rules for intermediates”, “establishing rules for developers”, “establishing rules for blockchain-based markets”, and “establishing rules through social norms”. However, it should be noted that all these approaches for legislation are imperfect strategies and the governments would not be able to completely stop all the illegal activities on blockchain network and the mentioned strategies would help in reducing the related crimes and hazards.

In the different periods of the history of penal developments in Iran, the legislator has always identified depenalization Measures. However, due to policy-making, programmatic and managerial measures in the past criminal justice system, new legislative Period (From 2013 onwards), can be called the expansion period of depenalization. The period that by decarceration and de-execution, It is hoped that Legislator will implement this policy. Nevertheless, it seems that unlike the superstructure level of the conscientious and expedient legislator's face, at the infrastructure level, in general and special statutes, some of incompatibilities with depenalization policy or uncertainty about new regulations has continued and even it can be claimed that it has increased in the new era. In this article, four of these incompatibilities and Increasing penalties include the new and frequent criminalizations, anonymity in choosing a standard fatwa for depenalizied legislation, supplementary punitiveness and Also, testing- regulating legislation has been criticized and evaluated and amendments are proposed.

Legislation is one of the most important issues and strategic issues in the overall management of all political systems, including the Islamic Republic system. Obviously, legislation in each country is based on the foundations and fundamental values ​​and orientation elements that are rooted primarily in the thinking of the leaders and the constitution of the country.
Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to explain the key elements (goals, doctrines and general policies) of our country's legislative system based on the discourse of Velayat-e faqih (Imam Khomeini and Supreme Leader). The research method used was descriptive-analytical and information analysis with qualitative content analysis method by collecting information in a library of statistical society including all available documents containing Imam Khomeini's and Supreme Leader's guidance and trials. .The results of the research show the most important directional components of the research as follows:

The expansion of the Islamic law, the establishment and expansion of justice in society, the preservation and continuation of the values ​​of the revolution, humanization and the preservation and development of social norms and norms and moral virtues, the provision of basic rights and legitimate demands of the people, the presentation of a new model of Islam-based legislation Peaceful Mohammad (PBUH) to the world.

The rule of law of God, the rule of law based on the Islamic law of pure Mohammadi (PBUH), adherence to the principle of Velayat-e faqih, religious democracy, universal justice, dignity and perfection of man, adherence to the constitution, the importance of moral virtues, Human knowledge and expert opinions.

Paying special attention to the principles of pure Mohammadi's Islam (PBUH), relying on the idea of ​​the Velayat-e faqih and supporting it in the formulation of laws, the conformity of ordinary laws with the constitution and its optimal implementation, prioritizing the interests of the revolution and the system and people, observance The features of good law, reliance on word unity and national cohesion and the continuation of the revolution, legislation with a self-control approach and value to human virtues, the importance of continuous and effective monitoring of the implementation of the law.

China is motorizing rapidly, with associated urban road development and extensive construction of motorways. Speeding accounts for about 10% of fatalities, which represents a large decrease from a peak of 17.2% in 2004. Speeding has been addressed at a national level through the introduction of laws and procedural requirements in 2004, in provinces either across all road types or on rural and urban roads. Typically, documentation of speed enforcement programmes has taken place when new technology (i.e. speed cameras) is introduced, and it is likely that many programmes have not been documented or widely reported. In particular, the national legislation of 2004 and its implementation were associated with a large reduction in fatalities attributed to speeding. In Guangdong Province, after using speed detection equipment, motorway fatalities due to speeding in 2005 decreased by 32.5% comparing with 2004. In Beijing, the number of traffic monitoring units which were used to photograph illegal traffic activities such as traffic light violations, speeding and using bus lanes illegally increased to 1958 by April 1, 2009, and in the future such automated enforcement will become the main means of enforcement, expected to account for 60% of all traffic enforcement in Beijing. This paper provides a brief overview of the speeding enforcement programmes in China which have been documented and their successes.