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Tourism services are one of the most vital industries on world economy, and at the same time, they are very prone to crisis. Important unexpected events that affect tourism may include external conditions such as natural disasters, epidemic diseases, terrorist attacks, financial crises, as well as internal events such as family crises. In addition, incidents such as political, economic, social and technological issues can disrupt the performance of tourism-related organizations and require the response of regional tourism organizations and local authorities in order to minimize damage of tourism destinations. A wide range of tourism services such as accommodation, transportation, reception, tour guide, and many others are affected by various crises. therfore, crisis management in tourism, both at the level of the organization and at the level of tourism destinations, is a big challenge. Tourism is inherently vulnerable to countless crises, from epidemics to terrorist attacks, and can significantly affect its performance and reputation. The occurrence of various crises in tourism activity is inevitable and can occur in form of natural and human hazards in tourism community and endanger the safety of tourists. Therefore, the research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the factors that create emergency (critical) conditions in tourism tours.

According to the number of existing accommodation facilities and the number of tourists, hotels must compete with each other to attract as many tourists as possible. Increasing competition, diversity in customers' tastes and needs, and the emergence of new technologies have required hotels to provide distinctive services and experiences to attract and retain their customers, because loyal customers ultimately have a positive effect on hotel performance. One of the factors that can create value for hotel customers is paying attention to social responsibility. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social responsibility of hotels on customer loyalty based on the mediating role of brand image, commitment and customer satisfaction. The statistical sample is the guests of 4 and 5 star hotels in Tehran, who were sampled as available. Structural equation model has been used to measure the relationship between variables. The results of the research showed that the social responsibility of hotels has a positive effect on the variables of brand image, commitment, satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, by addressing social responsibilities through improving the brand image and customer commitment and satisfaction, hotels can cause Loyalty and repeat their stay in the hotel and improve their performance.

With the increasing development of technologies and communication methods, the use of digital marketing to advertise and promote services and products has become very important. One of the industries that benefit from these methods is the medical tourism industry. Also, considering the ever-increasing growth of technology and the widespread use of the Internet in different societies, the use of artificial intelligence and related technologies is very important. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the effective factors on digital marketing in medical tourism with an emphasis on artificial intelligence (case study: Tehran). This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research included 53 medical tourists from Tehran, who were selected to participate in building the model. For this purpose, the conceptual framework of the specific model and the data were analyzed using tools and techniques of fuzzy cognitive mapping and social network analysis. The results showed that several factors are involved in digital marketing in medical tourism with an emphasis on artificial intelligence (case study: Tehran city), including site optimization and branding factors in search engines, marketing targeting, better evaluation of marketing campaigns and better feedback from Audiences were the most important in order; Because they were more central.

The current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the dimensions of fascination for the tourism destination brand. In terms of its purpose, the current research was developmental-applied, and in terms of the data collection method, it is considered part of descriptive research. The statistical population of this research is considered to be all foreign tourists who visited Tehran, who are at least 18 years old, and who have visited the tourist attractions of this city. The necessary data were collected through 2 researcher-made questionnaires of 57 questions and 50 questions from two samples of 220 and 210 people selected by sampling method from the unlimited and accessible population. SPSS and smart-PLS software were used to perform exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, for the assessment of validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability, the index AVE, the Fornell-Larcker index, Cronbach's alpha, and composite reliability was used. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results identified 9 dimensions for fascination with the destination brand and were prioritized based on Shannon's entropy method. Considering the weights obtained from Shannon's entropy, it was found that dimension of Attractiveness has the highest weight and importance, and the dimensions of Richness, Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance, Mystique, Friendliness, Uniqueness and Fitness are in the next priority. Furthermore, the research findings indicated that among the sources of information utilized by respondents for planning their trips to Tehran, the most popular information source has been tourism websites, the second most popular source of information has been brochures and advertisements, and the third source has been travel agencies

Crises, including the Corona crisis, can have profound effects on societies and cause a loss of public trust. Therefore, it is very important to plan and implement appropriate strategies to restore the image of the destination and increase the trust of the organization using social media. Yazd is one of the provinces that may face various crises due to different climatic conditions. In such a situation, organizations need to present their information and actions to the public by using social media to increase people's trust. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors influencing the recovery of the destination image and the organization's trust in social media after the crisis in Yazd province. Descriptive research is a survey. The statistical sample of the research included 65 tourists from Yazd province, who were selected and interviewed non-randomly. Data and scenarios were analyzed using fuzzy cognitive mapping technique and the research model was designed using social network analysis. In this regard, several factors are involved, among which the factors emphasizing the importance of passenger safety and security, continuous and clear information regarding changes in passenger plans, and accurate and up-to-date information about the crisis situation were respectively the most important; Because they were more central. Emphasizing the importance of these three factors can have a significant impact on improving communication and creating a sense of trust among travelers through social media after the crisis and restoring the image of the destination from the perspective of travelers.

With the development of technology, e-tourism attracted the attention of many tourists. The goal of this study was to design an e-tourism model based on the business model canvas. The current research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory. The samples were selected by purposive sampling method. After the interview, the data was analyzed with MAXQDA software. Research findings indicated that the e-tourism model included causal conditions, underlying conditions, intervening factors, strategies. The creation of the electronic tourism system is a logical consequence of the digitization of all processes of the value chain of the travel and tourism industry. Smart or electronic tourism is actually a new idea of serving tourists and as a new and new approach, it causes a better promotion of the position of tourism and business by providing the required requirements. Based on the findings of this research and the importance of the e-tourism approach, it is recommended to the managers and officials of the country's tourism organizations to develop and strengthen new technologies in the country with scientific and coherent plans. Equipping facilities and using new technologies is a way to expand e-tourism.

Public organizations should have a high institutional capacity to perform their tasks successfully and correctly. Institutional capacity helps them improve their current system's power in performing their tasks. To propose the framework of institutional capacity in public organizations, the present study investigates the supply of the basic goods of wheat as one of the most significant tasks of the government. The related upstream documents were coded with the thematic analysis strategy, and 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts. The results revealed that the institutional capacity framework in providing the basic goods of wheat includes five levels of organizational capacity, a network of organizations, inter-organizational partnership mechanisms, an institutional context, and an environmental context. Each of them has elements that play a role in achieving the goal of providing the basic goods of wheat. Also, the presented institutional capacity framework can be generally used for other public organizations to achieve their goals sustainably while making optimal use of existing resources by having a comprehensive and systematic look at other elements outside the institution.

Because of the non-linear fluctuations of the stock price, it is challenging to predict. Therefore, it is important to identify the characteristics that can be used to predict market behavior. Both traditional and modern methods are very important for these features. Among these features, we can mention the feelings and emotions of consumers. In this research, the effect of consumer sentiment factor in predicting market fluctuations has been investigated. For this purpose, the S&P500 index has been considered for forecasting first without considering the characteristics of consumer sentiments using BiLSTM deep neural network and then by combining the UMCSENT consumer sentiment factor. The experiments and results of this research show that the use of consumers' feelings and emotions increases the accuracy of forecasting the S&P500 index.

Marine insurance is one of the most important branches of insurance playing a crucial role in managing the risks associated with maritime operations. This type of insurance includes hull insurance, liability insurance, marine cargo insurance, and offshore energy insurance, each covering different aspects of maritime risks. Since maritime activities are constantly exposed to hazards such as adverse weather conditions, marine accidents, cargo damage, and other factors, the precise evaluation of risk profiles related to these types of insurance becomes highly significant. Such assessments not only improve safety and reduce potential losses but also enable insurance companies to make more accurate and informed decisions in risk management, thereby designing more effective strategies to address these risks. In response to this need, the present study aims to identify, analyze, and prioritize risk indicators in marine insurance and provide a systematic and scientific framework for better risk management.

In the first stage, key risk indicators were identified through a systematic review of the literature. This stage involved examining scientific articles, industry reports, and credible sources to extract indicators that directly or indirectly affect the risk profile. In the next step, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method was employed to analyze the relationships among the indicators. This method is one of the advanced techniques for analyzing causal relationships among factors, enabling the identification of influencing and influenced indicators. Following this, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used to determine the weight and importance of each indicator. This method, utilizing the insights of experts and specialists in the insurance and maritime industries, provided an accurate prioritization of the indicators and determined their impact on the risk profile.

The results of this study revealed that indicators such as vessel technical specifications, cargo type and packaging, weather conditions, and human resource management are among the key factors influencing the risk profile of marine insurance. Analyses using the DEMATEL method showed that factors related to operational management and human resources have the greatest causal impact on other indicators. These factors were identified as key indicators within the risk structure, emphasizing the importance of focusing on them when developing management strategies. Moreover, the analyses indicated that indicators related to the technical features of the vessel and cargo, such as the vessel's age, cargo type, and packaging methods, play a significant role in increasing or decreasing risks.

The hybrid ANP-DEMATEL approach utilized in this study provides a comprehensive and practical framework for evaluating and managing the risk profiles of marine insurance. This framework not only offers an appropriate tool for risk analysis but also helps insurance companies design more effective risk management strategies. Applying this approach can lead to reduced potential losses and optimized risk management processes in the insurance industry. Furthermore, the results of this study can serve as a foundation for future research on developing innovative risk management tools and enhancing the capabilities of marine insurance. The study also demonstrates that adopting a systematic and scientific approach to risk management can improve decision-making and enhance the reliability of insurance processes.

In today's world, insurance is one of the most important economic sectors in society, which, in addition to facilitating international relations, plays a tremendous role in preventing the realization of risk and providing peace of mind for various activities. All companies tend to focus on increasing their operational efficiency and effectiveness and implement various information devices to maximize their performance and goals. Operational audit is also a regular and methodical process of evaluating the economic effectiveness  and efficiency  of the organization's operations and reporting the evaluation results along with practical suggestions to competent persons to improve operations, but despite the legal requirement to implement operational audit according to Article 218 of the 5th National Development Program Law, operational audit is carried out. In practice, it has faced problems in institutions and companies.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach, which was first collected by reviewing the literature and then distributed among forty experts in the field of insurance and auditing through a questionnaire. Ranking was done by TOPSIS Fuzzy.

The results show the approval of all dimensions, components and indicators identified with a threshold limit of 0.5.

 It was proved that in the efficiency component, the net indices of issued premiums, the claim collection period and the loss ratio have taken the first to third rankings. Also, in the effectiveness component, the indicators of customers’ satisfaction, the investment profit of the company's portfolio share from the total market portfolio have the first to third rankings, in the economic efficiency component, the indicators of the ratio of operational, administrative and general expenses to operating income, the total price (the total price of the insurance policy) to sales and the loss ratio (the ratio of the damage paid to the insurance premium received during the same period) have occupied the first to third rankings and finally, in the environmental component, the use of electronic technology in the services of the insurance industry is the only identified indicator. Finally, it was determined that in the field of insurance, operational audit indicators at the general level (4 components: efficiency, effectiveness, economic and environmental efficiency), respectively, the indicators of the ratio of operational, administrative and general expenses to operating income, net premiums issued, the use of electronic technology in the services of the insurance industry, and the collection period of claims are ranked first to fourth, respectively.

Occurrence of road crash and its negative socio-economic consequences are one of the main concerns in the crisis manegment of road safety.The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial pattern of road accidents in the cities of Mazandaran province. In this context, Kernel density estimation was used to analyze the spatial pattern observed in the number of accidents, injury and death related to road crashes in the period of 2020-2021 collected by by the relief and resecue stations of Red Cresent Society of Mazandaran province. Results of statistical analysis indicate that the number of accidents, injury and death have increased from 2020 to 2021 with with the number of 71%, 68% and 53% respectively. Analyzing the seasonal distribution of road accidents show that summer with 2845 and the spring with 1752 had the most and least number of accidents. Also, Friday and Thursday had 28% more accidents than Saturday and Sunday in the cities of mazandaran in years of 2020-2021. The results of Kernel density estimation indicate that the spatial pattern of accident density has been formed in Chalus with density of 4.03 and in cities of Babolsar, Fereydunkenar, Savadkuh and Behshahr with density of 2.15. Also, the spatial pattern of injury density shaped in Chalus city with the amount of 59.36, and spatial pattern of death density has been found in Chalus and Amol with density of 0.03, and in the cities of Tonekabon, Behshahr, Nur, Nowshahr and Savadkuh with the density amount of 0.02. The location of Mazandaran province along with different types of touristic attractions, the availability of mountainous transportation networks connecting the capital to the North, and also increased traffic volume and congestions in the roads after lifting the Corona pandemic restrictions can play important role in increasing the likelihood of road accidents. The results of this research can be used for road safety planning and improving the emergency rescue services in the cities of Mazandaran province.

In today's economy, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially those offering advanced technology products and services, strive to seize opportunities in the international market. As their primary clientele consists are businesses and grapple with domestic demand challenges, identifying effective B2B marketing strategies from knowledge-based companies can serve as a blueprint for other firms, helping to mitigate their risks. The aim of this study is to develop a model for B2B marketing strategies suitable for SMEs operating in various industries and locations by analyzing the successful strategies employed by knowledge-based companies in the international market, without being constrained to a specific industry or region. To gather research data, semi-structured exploratory interviews were conducted with managers from 27 knowledge-based companies, utilizing a storytelling approach. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis, and the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method was employed to compare the current and desired states of B2B marketing strategies within the knowledge-based business ecosystem. Ultimately, 25 strategies were identified and categorized into five groups based on their objectives and processes: Insight Generation (Market Research), Awareness Building (Digital Marketing and Brand Awareness), Skill Enhancement (Negotiation and Bargaining), Synergy (Collaboration and Networking), and Trust Building (Value Creation and Competitive Advantage). The findings also reveal that strategies such as “offering customized proposals,” “providing rapid and integrated after-sales services,” and “utilizing AI tools in market research” are highly important but currently underperforming among small and medium-sized knowledge-based companies. It is recommended that businesses focus on establishing international collaboration networks with other companies and research institutions. For instance, knowledge-based companies in the biotechnology sector can collaborate with universities and research centers in target countries on green and sustainable technology projects to showcase and present their capabilities and capacities. Furthermore, the Vice Presidency for Science and Technology and the Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade can play a pivotal role in promoting these companies’ products and services in global markets by organizing joint international exhibitions where Iranian knowledge-based companies can demonstrate their capabilities.

Railway tracks are among the most critical and costly components of any railroad. Optimal and timely maintenance allocation ensures system reliability and effective resource utilization. This article presents a mathematical model designed for condition-based preventive maintenance of railway tracks. The objective is to minimize total maintenance costs while maintaining system availability and reliability. The cost function considers maintenance and renewal expenses, track possession costs, and unplanned failure costs during the planning horizon. The network is divided into segments, with the standard deviation of the longitudinal level calculated as the track quality index. Prediction and recovery models are developed to assess variations in the track quality index over the planning period. Preventive operations, including inspections, tamping, and ballast replacement, are assigned to track segments based on the allowable index limits and other constraints. The expected number of random failures is estimated using the non-homogeneous Poisson process, and preventive operations aim to reduce the incidence of such failures.

Given the complexity and non-linearity of the mathematical model, a meta-heuristic method based on a genetic algorithm was developed in MATLAB software. Initial random solutions were generated using a heuristic method. As a case study, input parameters were collected and modeled for one kilometer of railway in the Arak region. The efficiency of the proposed genetic algorithm was then compared with the results obtained using GAMS software.

For the case study, the mathematical model was solved for various problem dimensions using both methods. When GAMS software was able to achieve the optimal solution, both methods produced identical results. When GAMS could only report a feasible solution, the genetic algorithm outperformed it. For higher dimensions where GAMS provided a solution, the genetic algorithm produced results with objective function values that were 40% better.

The planning of preventive maintenance operations for railway tracks during the project period is achieved through solving the proposed mathematical model. This allocation is based on the quality index of the tracks and considers the reducing effect of preventive operations on the expected number of random failures, ensuring the required minimum availability and reliability of the system. The variability of the model's input parameters allows for consideration of influencing heterogeneous factors based on the tracks, traffic, and environment, enabling adaptation to different conditions or the implementation of various strategies. Additionally, the proposed genetic algorithm can efficiently solve different dimensions of problem instances.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the variables (self-confidence, communication, anxiety, social benefits, social good, attitude towards education and people's preparation) on the behavioral intention of tourism students towards the use of artificial intelligence.

The current research is classified as a descriptive survey research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of its research method, and the statistical population is tourism students across the country. Statistical analyzes were also performed using spss and Amos software, and the regression method was also used in the hypothesis path analysis test, and it also displays the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis.

The results of the research showed that all the factors and variables of the research have a positive and significant effect on the behavioral intention, except the perceived usefulness, which hypothesis was rejected, and the result showed us that the variables have an important and significant effect on the behavioral intention of the people. And by controlling these variables in the education system of the country, especially tourism, a suitable platform for optimal education can be provided.

The purpose of this research is to present a paradigmatic model of financial performance in the banking industry with a focus on supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The present study is applied in terms of its objective and qualitative in terms of its method. The target population consisted of experts familiar with the research topic, including university professors in the fields of banking and entrepreneurship, as well as senior managers from Bank Mellat. The sampling was done theoretically, and interviews were conducted with 12 experts until saturation was achieved. The research approach was grounded theory, which involved open, axial, and selective coding through interviews with the experts. Data were collected through expert interviews. To assess the validity of the research, the methods of review during coding and examination by another informed individual were used to ensure the accuracy of the coding. In this study, the test-retest reliability method was employed to determine the reliability coefficient. Based on the research findings, it was observed that the financial performance of the banking industry in supporting small and medium-sized enterprises comprised 142 open codes, 18 categorical codes, and 6 final axial codes, including six main components: causal conditions (financing), central phenomenon (financial support), intervening condition (financial policy), contextual condition (infrastructure), strategies (financial strategies), and outcomes (sustainable growth). The presented paradigmatic model indicates that effective banking support for SMEs can contribute to the growth and sustainability of these businesses.

The purpose of the current research is to identify and rank the components of ethics-based human resource management at Payam Noor University. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of data type with an exploratory approach. The identified factors and components were measured by experts' opinions and based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) model, the factors were analyzed and combined and finally prioritized. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the study included 15 experts and managers with expertise in human resource management who were selected non-probably and judgmentally and the required information was collected from them using the Delphi method. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) model was used to analyze the data and finally the components were confirmed in the form of 6 components and 37 indicators. Based on the findings, these components include: equality and development, self-efficacy and self-control, technical-specialized factors, professional perfection, stakeholder interests, and competitive content production. The results show that human resource management, using ethical approaches, can guide employee attitudes and behaviors and optimally perform its tasks and goals in a competitive world.

The purpose of this research is to design an interpretive structural model for internal Intelligent marketing, focusing on an intra-organizational approach in businesses that implement smart technologies in their operational processes.

The research employs a mixed-method approach with a qualitative, exploratory design. It is categorized as applied research due to its practical relevance for businesses. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data, while Andrewsage's (1977) Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method was utilized to identify the relationships between variables, classify indicators based on the interpretive paradigm, and develop the model. The research sample included executive managers from furniture manufacturing businesses in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, all of whom use internet-based technologies to digitize their organizational processes. A total of 21 managers were interviewed, selected through snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached.

The findings of the study reveal that factors related to internal intelligent marketing were categorized into six hierarchical levels. At the first level is internal intelligent marketing itself, followed by smart marketing campaigns at the second level. The third level includes digital talent management and digital skills development platforms. The fourth level consists of an online performance evaluation platform, predictive employee analytics, and an online training platform. The fifth level includes online monitoring systems, digital knowledge bases, digital learning networks, and online information systems. Finally, the sixth level encompasses digital technology infrastructure, online social networks, government regulations, and the organization's digital culture.

The results indicate that intelligent marketing campaigns, digital learning networks, digital knowledge bases, and online information systems are critical components in the target area. In the affected area, digital culture, online social networks, digital technology infrastructure, and government laws and regulations play significant roles. The impact zone includes the online performance evaluation platform, digital skills development platform, digital talent management platform, and online monitoring systems. Additionally, the analysis shows that the digital culture factor had the highest influence score (rij = 2982), while the intelligent marketing campaign platform had the greatest impact score (rji = 1677). These findings provide valuable insights for businesses looking to enhance their internal intelligent marketing.

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This research examines how the intelligence of certain entrepreneurs allows them to effectively navigate crisis situations and even seize entrepreneurial opportunities in such markets. The Covid-19 crisis, wars in the West Asian region, terrorist groups and international sanctions have created complex conditions for Iranian entrepreneurs. crisis can be a suitable field for studying entrepreneurial learning. Here we want to study the entrepreneurial learning process in crisis conditions and describe and explain this process as much as possible.

This study is a qualitative research conducted using a multiple case study method of eleven founders of knowledge-based businesses in Iran who had gone through various crises, but were successful not only in the Iranian market but also expanded their services in international markets.

The findings of this research indicate the importance of learning from the experience of past crises to manage current and future crises. Also, entrepreneurs go to trial and error and develop new products in crisis situations where old and reliable solutions don't work and communicate with customers to evaluate their ideas.Studying and learning from other people's experiences is also a topic that has been very little discussed in the literature. The entrepreneurial learning literature seems to direct entrepreneurs to personal experience to learn any subject, while the study of entrepreneurs rejects this.Finally, regarding the consequences of learning in crisis, this study shows that learning from the internal network can lead to exploitative and explorative learning at the same time, but external networks can only lead to explorative learning.This research expands previous results regarding the outcomes of entrepreneurial learning and presents a new perspective on the learning process in crisis situations.The main streams of literature in the field of entrepreneurial learning have paid very little attention to the learning process, especially in certain situations such as crisis situations. Understanding this issue can help us how businesses can overcome crisis conditions. On the other hand, crisis is a suitable field for the entrepreneurial learning process to be investigated more clearly.

By combining interactive elements and immersive narratives, interactive storytelling offers a powerful tool for engaging target audiences and creating an unforgettable experience that allows brands to break free from the limitations of traditional marketing and connect with their audiences on a deeper level. This approach transforms passive observers into active participants, creating a more memorable and impactful experience. This research aimed to identify and analyze the antecedents and consequences of interactive storytelling in digital marketing. This research is exploratory in terms of its applied purpose and in terms of its data collection method, in which digital business managers and marketing and e-commerce professors were selected as samples. The present study is mixed research with an exploratory approach, in which in the qualitative part, qualitative data collected using the opinions of 19 experts were analyzed using MaxQDA software and content analysis and coding methods. Then, in the quantitative part, the data was provided to the same sample in the form of a paired comparison questionnaire and analyzed using the fuzzy cognitive map method. The results showed that among the antecedents of interactive storytelling in digital marketing, immersion has the highest capacity for impact and persuasive story has the highest capacity for impact. Also, among the consequences of interactive storytelling in digital marketing, awareness of customer interests has the highest capacity for impact and personalization has the highest capacity for impact.

Entrepreneurship is a strategic lever for economic development and nurturing entrepreneurs is a prerequisite for the economic growth and development of societies. Recently, hybrid entrepreneurs have attracted the attention of researchers due to their high probability of success in their businesses. The main objective of the present study was to identify nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs in the higher education system among faculty members. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach base on Grounded Theory with Glaser's strategy. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tool. In order to collect data, 17 faculty members who are entrepreneurs and business owners were interviewed using purposive sampling. To examine the robustness of the study, four criteria including validity, transferability, reliability, and acceptability were also used. Data analysis was conducted in two stages: actual coding and theoretical coding. The results indicated the emergence of 90 codes and the identification of 13 concepts from the interviews, which were identified in the form of 5 main categories including "legal challenges", "cultural weaknesses", "structural-institutional weaknesses", "economic-environmental challenges", and "career barriers" were identified as obstacles to nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs in the higher education system.