جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "sale" در نشریات گروه "مدیریت"

There is a difference in the technology development model between developing and developed countries. In developing countries, it commences with learning the technology from innovations takes place in developed ones. Thus, the driving engine of technology development in late countries is learning the technology instead of providing innovation; in the way that the core of activities, organizations and communications are all concentrating on learning. The combination of virtual and real world has created a concept named as Industry 4.0. Nowadays, the application of Industry 4.0 in different scopes is expanding; applying it there requires setting a roadmap. This research aims to propose a learning-based roadmap for the application of industry 4.0 (especially the Internet of Things) in the sale and distribution of healthcare products. Here, there has been used the learning-based roadmapping method, the process of which is explained in eight steps. Two groups of a distinct expert panel including the business industry and technology industry contributed to this research; the Delphi method has been used to guarantee the convergence. The paper’s result can be used as a pattern for deployment in other related fields and secondly guidance in the industry to estimate required funds in the sale and distribution of health care products.

Different firms resort to a variety of proceedings and strategies to resist agaisn recession and achieve their expected goals which include many aspects of designing or implementing strategies. The recession is a situation in which demand for goods and services decreases. In such a case, companies need to adopt strategies in different areas, especially marketing and sales, to survive in order to adapt to the conditions of the recession. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify appropriate marketing and sales strategies that companies have implement during economic downturns and have been able to survive.

The present research is a mixed-method study in terms of approach. The qualitative aspect of the study was conducted using theme analysis and the quantitative aspect was carried out as a survey questionnaire. Statistical population of the research in qualitative stage includes 5 top executives of companies active in FMCG industry as well as 5 experienced univesity professors (University of Tehran and Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran) with the expertise in marketing. Sampling method in qualitative stage was a combination of snowball sampling and targeted judgment sampling and sampling in the quantitative stage was based on convenience. All strategic actions related to marketing (product, price, place, promotion) during the economic recession have been identified using existing knowledge and interviews with industry and academia experts and then a questionnaire was distributed among 18 companies (companies active in the production of fast moving consumer goods goods (FMCG)) to identify their changes in sales and marketing strategies during the recession.

The results showed that the biggest changes have occured in the variables of “discounts” and “flexibility in customer reimbursement” respectively, while “comparing prices to that of rivals” was the least factor. In addition, the most significant changes regsarding place were observerd in “the management and monitoring of distribution channels” and “monitoring distributors” respectively, while “distribution baswed on market needs” was ranked the last. Regarding promotion section, the most significant changes are related to “the advertisement on social networks” and the provision of “discounts to distributors”, respectively, while “radio and television advertisement” includes the least changes. Finally, regarding the product area, the biggest change were observed in “the cost of providing raw materials” and “improving the production technology”, while “packaging” and “product volume” were among the least changes observed.

Changes in some of actions in the majority of companies are the same and can be considered as general marketing and sales strategies during the recession, such as “the presentation and diversification of discounts”, “the distribution based on market demand”, “the increase of advertising budget and promotion” and “improvement of production technology”. Some of the actions in different companies have changed differently, such as “comparing products prices to that of the rivals”, “inventory”, “outsourcing of distribution activities”, “advertising in radio and television” and “the provision of new products related to current products”. Besides, people will not be able to purchase in recession which forces the companies to reduce the size, volume, and weight of their product packaging in order to reduce the prices of the products. The companies will also postpone the presentation of new products in recession in order to be able to survive in the market.

After the conclusion of sale contract, whenever we desire to perform the contract perfectly we have to deliver the intact goods which is in conformity whit the contract and receive the contractual consideration in recognition of it. In some cases the performance of the contract is done incompletely by the seller. In that case he delivers goods which is not in conformity to the contract and its conditions. In the convention on international sale of goods (Vienna-1980), this kind of delivery is measured as breach of breach of contract, and by virtue of (Art. 46, part. 3), the buyer with some conditions can request goods repair from the seller, if the breach is not fundamental. In Islamic law, the buyer can terminate the contract or reduce the price (Arsh) in such cases and so is Iranian law (Art. 422 of civil code). But by taking into consideration of some Islamic jurisconsults and lawyers opinions and by reference to some Arts of statute, it is possible to grant the right of defect removed to the buyer.