جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مطالعه تطبیقی » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

In accordance with the progress of the tourism industry in the world, it is necessary to discuss the legal issues related to the tourism industry, especially the issue of civil responsibility. The purpose of this article is research on the challenges of the civil responsibility of tourist guides and the technical director of the tourism services office and a comparative study with French law. The working method in this article was descriptive, analytical and comparative. The method of data collection in this article was a library and the data collection tool was data collection and translation. The comparative method was also used to analyze the data. In the French tourism law, civil responsibility is placed on the shoulders of the tourist service office, and by focusing on the contract between the tourist and the service office, the responsibility of paying any kind of damage caused by the non-fulfillment of the contract is placed on the tourist service office. In France, the tourist guide is not directly responsible for the damage caused to the traveler, and there is no technical manager position as prescribed in Iran, and the technical responsibilities are with the tourism service office. In Iranian law, there is a possibility of establishing the civil responsibility for damage to the tourist on the responsibility of the technical manager and tourist guide, which is considered a legal challenge for these two professions. The result of this research is that the establishment of civil responsibility on the responsibility of the technical manager and tourism guide is one of the legal obstacles to creating value in the supply chain of tourism services. The most important proposal of this research is to remove the position of technical manager and transfer the legal responsibilities of this position to the tourism service office, as well as legislation regarding the direct responsibility of the service office to the tourist and the lack of responsibility of the tourist guide to the tourist, and as a result, creating value in the supply chain of tourism services.

Iran is one of the major producer and consumer of tea, this product has played a crucial role in the livelihoods of the Northern region and has a special place in Iranian and household consumption basket. The aim of the current research is to identify the reasons for consuming Iranian and foreign tea from the consumers' point of view using a holistic marketing approach and a comparative study of the reasons for consuming these two types of tea. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was exploratory and mixed type and the result is appliedIn the first stage of the research, using a qualitative approach (content analysis), using theoretical and targeted sampling, the opinions of the statistical community of the research, including Iranian and foreign tea consumers, were received through 29 in-depth interviews that the analysis of the data led to the identification of six and eight concepts respectively as reasons for consuming Iranian and foreign tea. In the second stage of the research, the opinions of 15 experts and experts were collected using theoretical sampling and through a questionnaire, and using the structural-interpretive modeling approach, conceptual models of the reasons for domestic and foreign tea consumption were drawn, and solutions for better marketing of Iranian tea were suggested. The results showed that the concepts of safety, health and medical properties and advertising and marketing on the part of domestic and foreign tea consumption are key reasons.

An appropriate and efficient structure is the first and most important factor in achieving objectives in all systems, including the cooperative sector. The aim of this research was to propose a structure for the country’s cooperative sector based on the study of the structure of successful countries in the field of cooperation with a comparative approach.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a mixed method. To identify the dimensions and components of the existing structure of Iran’s cooperative sector, a qualitative content analysis method was used, semi-structured interviews were conducted with university experts and managers in the field of cooperation. To understand the structure of the cooperative sector of successful countries, the structure of the cooperative sector in five countries, India, Malaysia, France, Kenya, and Turkey, was studied, and then the similarities and structural differences of the selected countries with Iran were enumerated using a comparative study method. Finally, using the Delphi method, the consensus of experts, a proposed structure for Iran’s cooperative sector based on a comparative study was proposed.

In the proposed structure, efforts were made to eliminate redundant procedures and reduce bureaucracy, eliminate similar and repetitive tasks, eliminate overlapping and parallel tasks, lack of complexity and lack of concentration, in addition to considering the characteristics of simplicity and agility and reducing government intervention in the cooperative sector, establish a logical connection between the constituent parts and present an appropriate structure.

In order to coherence and coordination of all devices and aligning activities with objectives and policies and monitoring their proper implementation, the formation of the National Cooperative Council with the secretariat of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor, and Social Welfare was proposed.

one of the high-level needs of human beings is the need for respect and status. Achieving status and receiving respect from others has a significant impact on individuals' motivational and performance aspects, and from an organizational perspective, it is one of the dimensions of employee job satisfaction, prestige, or social prestige, and its weakness leads to a decrease in job satisfaction and other organizational problems. This study was conducted provide a model for promoting the social prestige of the police in the Islamic Republic of Iran. in this study grounded theory, was used to achieve research goals. 17 experts were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, and the results were analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin's (2008) coding method. the results of the interviews also indicated 10 main categories, 109 subcategories, and 43 primary categories. The main categories included protecting the police, desirable media representation, enhancing efficiency in reducing crimes and ensuring security, motivation and employee welfare, equipment and modernization, professionalism, leadership in the social realm, social acceptability, job satisfaction, and elevated social prestige. The central concept derived from this study was professionalism. Finally, a schematic model for promoting the social prestige of the police in the Islamic Republic of Iran was obtained. The results of this study show that police social prestige is the result of the interaction of many components and variables, and it is not possible to achieve it in a vacuum or through a single-factor approach. This study showed that besides changing the culture and service delivery approach of the organization, attention should be paid to the mutual social interactions of the police and media representation. Ultimately, attention to the families of police personnel is another important issue that completes the puzzle.

Knowing the sports programs of other countries can be a great help in planning police sports. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of identifying and analyzing public sports programs and police championships of the Islamic Republic of Iran in comparison with selected countries.

The method of the current research is descriptive-analytical, which according to the nature and type of the study, which is a comparative study, was carried out in four stages of description, interpretation, comparison and comparison using the George Brady model. The selected countries in the current research, in addition to the Islamic Republic of Iran, The 10 countries were England, Canada, Holland, America, Australia, Germany, Italy, China and South Korea.

In the section of public sports programs (in terms of the most important sports, bodybuilding, shooting, athletics, cycling and swimming, in terms of the most important activities, providing sports facilities near police headquarters, the necessity of individual and group exercise, scoring and recording the sports performance of police officers and employees), and in the section of championship sports programs (in terms of the most important activities, holding sports competitions at regional, district, city and national levels, membership in international organizations to participate in sports competitions, hosting events international sport related to the police) received the most points.

Public sports programs and police championships of the Islamic Republic of Iran need a fundamental revision in most parts. By doing this process, it is possible to double the effectiveness and efficiency of public sports programs and the championship of the Islamic Republic of Iran Police.

Laws and regulations are among the most important executive and monitoring tools that help governments fulfill their role in setting tourism development policies, and assessing, controlling, and regulating the relations among tourism stakeholders. Therefore, this study sought to examine the structure and titles of tourism laws in China, France, Malaysia, and Turkey and compare them with the relevant laws and regulations exercised in Iran to identify the status of the key issues in the respective hierarchical system of those countries' laws and regulations. To this end, the study followed the comparative law methodology to analyze the content of the laws and regulations mentioned above using a text-based approach. According to the findings of the study, many of the issues that are turned into law in the countries investigated in the current study occupy a lower position in the hierarchy of Iran’s Tourism Laws and Regulations System, being referred to in terms of either by-laws or executive instructions. Moreover, some issues have not been addressed at any level. Therefore, it can be argued that compared to the countries studied in this research, Iran’s tourism sector does not enjoy a proper status in Iran’s legal system. In other words, the current laws and regulations enforced in Iran lack many key tourism-related issues that could help regulate the relations between various relevant stakeholders, prevent unnecessary interventions by different bodies and organizations, reduce the number of lawsuits among the suppliers of tourism services and tourists, or help coordinate the relevant actors in achieving the intended goals. Therefore, the tourism sector needs a centralized, transparent, and comprehensive law.

The nature of the religious and ideological foundations of each political unit is necessary and essential to understand the military thought of them; in this way, knowledge of the military thought of divine religions is very important. Since more than half of the world's people follow the two religions of Islam and Christianity, their military thought is particularly important. Therefore, this study aims to compare the purpose of war and defense in the military thought of Islam and Christianity and define the common points and their differences. The question of the research is “what are the commonality and difference points of the Islam and Christianity in purpose of war and defense in the military thought? This applied-developmental study was conducted with comparative method and using the analytical-descriptive approach. The data were run via MAXQDA software. Findings reveal that the main points of commonality are: confrontation, fight and destruction of disbelief, expansion of religion, achievement of peace and spreading justice. The main points of difference imply that Christianity considers the compulsion to obey and support the religion against non-Christian nations as a reason to justify war, while in Islam defensive jihad is to preserve the religion, and the spread of Islam by war is not allowed to other divine religions. It is concluded that the military thought of Islam and Christianity do not have much difference regarding the purpose of war and defense, and what can be seen on the surface is the difference in the views of their followers

Corruption is a phenomenon that has existed for a long time in various forms. One of the cases where the possibility of corruption is high is the joint projects of the private and public sectors. Therefore, states try to take measures to deal with it by using different and effective approaches and mechanisms. The main goal of the research is to developing a framework for improving administrative integrity in public-private Partnerships, which has investigated the issue by turning to the comparative approach. The current research is qualitative in terms of its basic purpose and in terms of the nature of the data, and the research method used in that qualitative method is "thick description". Using the 9 steps, the researcher has attempted to calculate the key approaches and identify the main factors and components, according to the findings of the research, 11 main components in relation to the framework for improving administrative integrity in public-private Partnerships were identified. The results of the current research show that the formation of a specialized coalition, the use of information technology and management information systems, creating conditions for monitoring and public Partnerships; And finally, the formation of a specialized steering committee can be effective in the fight against administrative corruption in joint projects of the private and public sectors.

In order to achieve the desired standardization in the field of artificial intelligence and its accurate evaluation and to build trust in the processes and systems based on artificial intelligence, it is necessary to review the standards developed in this regard at the international and national level.Due to the wide and important applications of artificial intelligence, today artificial intelligence standardization is on the agenda of most standardization organizations.the purpose of this research is comparative study of organization and international institutions for standardization of artificial intelligence , the european telecommunications standards institute , the international telecommunication union and also the national institutions and institutions such as the german standardization institute , england and denmark as valid and pioneering organizations in the field of artificial intelligence . the results indicate that due to the high importance of artificial intelligence and the importance of countries to it , the international organization for standardization has devoted its activities to standards related to artificial intelligence .the results indicate that due to the high importance of artificial intelligence and the importance of countries to it , the international organization for standardization has devoted its activities to standards related to artificial intelligence .Also, the survey of artificial intelligence standardization organizations shows that among the eight main areas of artificial intelligence, the highest number of standard document compilations has been done in the field of artificial intelligence concepts and the lowest number of standard document compilations has been done in the field of natural language processing. The results of this article can create a new insight for future forecasting and prioritizing the importance of artificial intelligence areas for managers and significantly contribute to the process of artificial intelligence standardization.

Each country has a different model of media governance based on its political structure. In the early days of radio and television, these media were typically controlled by the state due to high production and distribution costs. Private actors were limited to a few capitalists in each country. However, media technological convergence has changed the landscape, allowing new and small players to enter the industry at a low cost. Even strict regulations have become ineffective against user-oriented content production sites such as YouTube. Therefore, studying different countries' media governance models and experiences, regardless of their press systems, can help in developing new models for other countries.
This research employed a comparative research approach. Data collection was conducted using the documentary method. Based on a media governance framework, this study examined the inclusive audiovisual governance models of three countries: Russia in Eurasia, Turkey in the Middle East, and South Korea in East Asia. These countries were selected due to their development efforts in the field of media, especially audiovisual media. The main components of this framework were the governance mode, institutions, geographic level of policymaking, stakeholders, regulatory mechanisms, and policymaking results. This framework is advantageous as it considers the country's political system and governance within the framework.
The findings indicate that most countries traditionally employed a top-down governance model in this field but have recently started shifting towards participatory governance models. The economic system plays a crucial role in the media governance model, and considering the costs involved in the media industry and the decrease in government control, the market has assumed a key role. It is important to note that just as the political system can threaten media pluralism, the market can also undermine it. Governments have recognized the convergence of media and have established formal regulatory institutions to ensure effective governance in this context. The political power of countries, both internally and externally, influences the role of the government in media governance. Countries like Russia, with significant internal and external political power, minimize the likelihood of transnational interventions in media governance. However, governments like Turkey, which seek membership in organizations like the European Union, must adhere to transnational regulations. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that in today's global society, the absence of transnational interventions is no longer feasible. Additionally, the analysis of these countries reveals that governments are hesitant to delegate media regulation authority to their federal sub-communities, considering it a matter of national jurisdiction.
The comparative study highlights the importance of considering the regional level and a centralized regulatory system in the framework for media governance and audiovisual governance differences. Furthermore, the stakeholders of the governance framework should include the market, users, and social and cultural systems. Based on the experiences of other countries, regulatory convergence is beneficial for Iran, and a shift towards co-regulation and self-regulation is recommended.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a multi-level human capital framework of faculty members using a comparative approach. This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and nature, which was conducted based on the qualitative research paradigm by the method of qualitative content analysis of obvious messages with an inductive approach. The statistical population included the recruitment advertisements of faculty members of prestigious foreign universities, among which, according to three criteria: 1) the universities are recognized in the world as top universities, 2) the proximity and affinity of the universities in terms of the structure of the system Higher education with Iran's higher education system, and 3) Adequacy of information in the advertisements on the official websites of the universities according to the objectives of the research, 9 top universities in the world and 4 regional universities were selected as research samples. .The data, including the common and different aspects of human capital competencies and qualifications of faculty members, were extracted from selected documents using the inductive content analysis method and comparative approach, analyzed and categorized. The result included 79 criteria and 4 main constructs of "cognitive and metacognitive competencies, emotional and cultural competencies, teaching and research competencies, and managerial and executive competencies" of the faculty members' human capital, which under the phenomenon of human capital plays a role Individual, group and organizational characteristics of faculty members were categorized and based on that, a multi-level comparative framework of human capital of faculty members was presented. The result of the present research can be a suitable scientific and technical tool for planning the human capital of faculty members in the higher education system.

This research is seeking to conduct a comparative study in the schools pioneering in the entrepreneurship field in the European Union countries so as to develop a model for entrepreneurship education in Iranian schools based on the Kleyn’s curriculum model. The data sources in this investigation, were based on the TES (www.tesguide.eu) data, an entity founded by the European Union and is now operating as one of the leading innovation centers for offering entrepreneurship programs in schools. The research method is qualitative based on a comparative study which includes four stages for practical purposes. The findings indicate that the objective pursued by schools is to teach entrepreneurship and further enhance the level of entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and attitudes among the school children. Entrepreneurship will be presented in the curricula of schools in the form of theoretical training and  practical application and will also be typically planned for the launch of business ventures and implementation of entrepreneurship projects.  The partnership and support of volunteers in the entrepreneurial activities will be facilitated by families, entrepreneurs, agents of businesses, rganizations, universities and charitable foundations. The timing for delivery of entrepreneurship education program is normal classes, entrepreneurship classes and for extracurricular activities will be scheduled for one or more hours in the school curriculum. The entrepreneurship education programs will be analyzed and evaluated in various methods such as the level of a student's success in the management of their companies reports on the program progress of projects and level of their skills development.

In this work, we identify the most effective financing methods in the higher education department of Qom University.

For this purpose, comparative studies were conducted on the financing patterns of the world's top universities to identify and benefit from their experiences. Then, using library studies and related research, the background studies was reviewed. After that, during an interview with experts and officials of Qom University, financial options were examined. Apperantly, by sifting financing options using the Binem test, Shannon entropy technique, and finally prioritizing financing options using the Kodas method; An appropriate proposal was presented to improve the financing method of Qom University. 

  Based on these studies, it was observed that the main methods used by the world's top universities to finance themselves come from four main sources: government grants, student payments, investment income and the provision and sale of services and products, and grants and endowments.

Accordingly, the priorities of the proposed financial options in the field of education are to increase the attraction of non-Iranian tuition-paying students; In the field of research, attracting industry and community research projects by faculty members; In the field of facilities and physical spaces, the university uses the capacities of the meeting halls and amphitheaters of the university; In the field of donations and endowments, expansion and diversification of university endowment assets; And in the area of ​​budgeting and planning, the maximum use of legal capacity was set out in the budget notes.

There are various systems for ranking universities at the national and international levels which measure universities by different indicators and show their strengths and weaknesses compared to other universities. But the ranking system of the country's universities, which is based on national and international conditions, is more important than ever. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to design a model for a comparative study and ranking of universities in the country. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is quantitative-qualitative in terms of type. The study population consists of experienced people involved in the development planning of universities in the country. To determine the sample size, the theoretical impregnation method was used. In this research, first, the necessary information for theoretical discussions was collected through deep study and review of related documents including the published scientific resources,  Then, using the content analysis method, criteria and indicators of university assessment were collected, and finally, the task of determining criteria weights and indicators was done by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method based on expert opinions. Finally, the model was presented to evaluate and rank the universities of Iran. According to the results of this research, seven criteria and 33 concepts were obtained, which, in the end, according to the weights criteria the ranks were rated. The following rankings are related to the quality of research, international credit, social and cultural credibility, the degree of innovation and financial efficiency, the rate of training of experts, and facilities.

One of the most important responsibilities of any government is to ensure that the basic food requirements of the population and the requirements of critical service sectors to the key materials and products are met during crises. In developed countries of Europe, North America and Oceania, three main approaches exist for this purpose. The first approach is maintaining emergency reserves of important food and non-food commodities or products. In the two other approaches, no such reserves are maintained. In the second approach, in critical conditions government relies on coordination among authorities and local authorities, or it may directly acquire the required goods from the market and compensates later. Finally, the third approach is to rely on free market mechanisms and taking actions only if necessary. Since Iran maintains strategic reserves for staple foods, medicine and medial equipment's, this study is focused on examining the experiences of the developed countries that have adopted similar approaches. In this regard, the storage and management mechanisms of emergency reserves in Finland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovenia and United States are studied and analyzed, and then policy recommendations are devised for improving the relevant policies in Iran.

The purpose of this study was a comparative study of command styles in the police of the United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia, Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The research method is comparatively case-based. For this purpose, it focused only on the studies of the last 10 years. For this reason, several researches were extracted by reviewing the websites of the studied countries. After studying them and eliminating irrelevant or less relevant items, 38 researches (articles, dissertations or research projects) were selected and became the basis of qualitative comparative study.

Based on research conducted in the police of the studied countries, the results showed that transformational leadership styles, integrated (transformational and exchange), active leadership and role modeling, ethical leadership, participatory leadership (relationship oriented) and situational leadership with many positive organizational consequences Were in a relationship; While leadership styles of non-intervention (passive / avoidance) and authoritarianism were associated with increasing negative consequences in the organization.

Based on the total results, firstly, transformational leadership style and secondly, integrated leadership style (transformational leadership style and exchange with each other) had the most research support in terms of leading to positive.

Public stockpiling of staple foods is used as a tool in food security policies. Stockpiling of agricultural products for strategic purposes such as dealing with food shortages during emergencies, controlling food markets and stabilizing the prices, is prevalent in Asian country and other developing economies. For this reason, public stockpiling is called as an Asian phenomenon. Reserves of staple foods in Iran are maintained, because of country's large area and population, climatic threats, economic fluctuations and sanctions. This paper aims to investigate the structures and mechanisms for maintaining and managing the strategic reserves of agricultural products in eight selected Asian countries, and to propose policy recommendations for Iran, based on benchmarking of Asian experiences and recommendations of international organizations.

nowadays, marketers use content marketing in social networks in order to motivate customers to purchase their customers. in this regard, the need to study the content marketing strategies of brands has increased. life insurance is one of the most important products used by marketers in order to market and sell them in different parts of the world. however, the content marketing of life insurance in iran is not so popular. accordingly, the present study comparative study and comparison of content marketing influence through social networks and traditional marketing has focused on increasing customers ' tendency to purchase life insurance. also, one of the type of intervention is نیمه‌تجربی. the statistical population of the study is life insurance customers in iran and estimate the sample size that were selected from the insurance and savings insurance companies of iranian insurance companies was determined by 95 percent, sample fall of 20 percent and the effect of content marketing methods on increasing sales in the study of other industries, 40 people were tested and controlled in two groups. the results of the study revealed that although both traditional marketing and content marketing methods generally lead to an increase in the desire to buy insurance in life insurance, the increase in the willingness to buy content marketing audiences is significantly higher than the other. also, the results show a significant effect of the use of pertinent messages on the content marketing of life insurance

The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the Covid-19 crisis management methods in selected countries in order to reach to the causes of the existing differences. Having collected the necessary information through library and internet methods in the field of crisis management in the selected countries, the researchers investigated the practice of managers, employees and the people through content analysis and found out the differences in crisis management. Then, they compared the dimensions of crisis management differences and analyzed the causes of differences in crisis management by comparative study. Findings revealed that at least two different methods were applied to control crisis management of Covid-19.  The first method was crisis management by discrimination and favoring patients over one another. The second, however, contained sacrifice (without discrimination). This type of differences in Covid-19 crisis management methods were observed in the selected countries of Iran and America, some of which are presented in the article. The results revealed that in the first wave of the Corona virus attack, Iran acted faster in controlling the crisis by using Jihadi management. Then, the foundations of this method were analyzed. The study suggested the use of Jihadi management method for global controlling of the Covid-19.