جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عثمانی » در نشریات گروه « میان رشته ای »

Among the figures of Iran's contemporary history, Amir Kabir is considered one of the great architects of Iran's reform project, who, by carrying out practical political, economic and social reforms, laid the foundation for modernity in Iran. However, his untimely murder dealt a terrible blow to the changing body of Iran. However, his actions and reforms left an undeniable impact on the process of reforming Iran in the following periods, so that many of the reformed and modern statesmen of the Nasser era, who pushed forward the trend of Iranian modernization in the field of thought and practice, were among the successors of Amir Kabir. Examining the intellectual foundations and model of Amir Kabir's reforms during his presidency is the main issue of this article.

Africa, the birthplace and fall of the long life Hafsi ds dynasty on Earth, has been of geopolitical and geoeconomic importance. The rotation of power in there is associated with the rise and fall of history. The ancient period was the turning point of power in Rome and Iran, and in the Middle Ages was the place of movement of several Islamic states, including the rise and fall of the Hafsids state, which is important in many ways. The modern era is the scene of conflict between empires and now superpowers. The name of this region is tied to the Hafsids government, a key embankment of the western Mediterranean for Islamic power, because it marked the last stage of Islamic civilization. The main hypothesis of the research is that the main causes of the long-standing Hafsids state are the war of the powers that be, which sought to establish an empire, along with the lack of popular solidarity, Other sub-factors of decay are arranged in a set of internal causes and external causes. Gradually, the combination of these causes together provided the grounds for the fall of the Hafsiads state . External causes go back to the power vacuum in the Western Mediterranean and the loss of the strategic Strait of Tariq. Marinds state in 869 AH, and the fall of Granada in 898 AH lost their power to penetrate the strait. Another external reason is the beginning and intensification of competition between the Ottoman government and European governments in the Western Mediterranean, The Ottoman caliph and government, which ruled the western Mediterranean, established a naval base off the coast of Ifriqyah to protect its interests in the Mediterranean, capturing important ports such as Tunisia in 857 AH and Algeria in 920 AH. Following the eventual collapse of Andalusia, the three great empires of Portugal and Spain were formed, competing with the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean. The Christians started many movements on the western Mediterranean coasts and occupied Tripoli and Bijaya in 914 and 915 AH. The rivalry between the Turks and the Christians for the conquest of the coastal cities intensified. The emergence of a new sovereignty on the world map coincided with the discovery of the Americas at the beginning of the tenth century, Among the internal causes of instability in the internal sovereignty of the Hafsids government are the weakness of the kings who ruled the four Hafsids king from 893 AH to 941 AH until the first occupation of Tunisia by the Ottoman general Khair al-Din Bar Barusa. Pervasive diseases are among the internal causes that have plagued all of the Mediterranean, especially Ifriqyah . The last period of the Hafsids rule was accompanied by widespread plagues between the years 827 AH and 900 AH, and a wave of death, famine, and general famine, and toppled the Hafsids government. King Osman Hafsi died in the year 900 AH due to the plague. One of the important internal causes is the Arab anarchist factor, After the rule of Uthman, Hafsids king intensified and his successor, Abu Abdullah Hassan ibn Muhammad, was justified by a widespread Arab revolt in 932 AH. Among the economic reasons is the involvement of the Hafsids government in domestic and foreign trade and back-breaking taxes, In those days, the Hafsids caliphate was caught in a whirlwind of internal sedition and foreign aggression by European states and their affiliated pirates. In particular, Hassan's invitation to the Christians sparked a wave of differences between the Hafsi elders and the people, who, with the support of Sufids leaders, raised the banner of war and resistance against the Christians. On the other hand, Ahmed, the son of Hassan, the governor of Anaabah city , occupied Tunisia because of his father's opposition to his cooperation with the Christians, and arrested Hassan and beheaded him at the request of a large group of people who wanted him executed. The tendency to convert to Christianity and to turn away from the beliefs of the monotheists and the greed of the Christians to punish the Hafsian government are the grounds for the fall. In short, the betrayal of the Moroccan force, which was as big as the conspiracy of the Christians and the Jews, should not be ignored in the fall of Hafsids, Ahmed suffered from the Arab uprising, which was still looting and destruction, and he did not do anything with an empty treasury. Eventually, the power vacuum in Tunisia led to the Ottoman Assyrian government's efforts to occupy Tunisia. The present study rewrites the author's research on the Hafsids government and the causes of their collapse. The differences were eye-opening from each other, but the two alternately beat Tunisia and became so weak that it fell into the hands of the Ottomans.