جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تخصص » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Sāheb Jawāher (r.a) regarding the "commandment" of treatment, based on the forms of the "therapist", formed three categories: "specialization", "non-specialization" and "reliance on normal experiences in treatment" and based on some traditions, he has deemed the later form permissible. Considering the importance of the issue and preparing the ground of misuse of this point of view, the present article evaluated it with the analytical descriptive method and the library information collection and showed that such treatment is an example of risk taking, the first rule of Sharia and rationality, on the forbiddingness and ugliness of taking risks.Due to the weakness of the document or the incompleteness of the proofs' indication, his documentation cannot bring the issue out of the rule; In addition, according to numerous evidences, specialization in medicine is necessary. Therefore, the opinion of the Ṣāḥeb Jawāher (r.a) is not acceptable, at least the absoluteness of his words cannot be validated and any treatment and medicine with simple experience cannot be prescribed. This research considered his claim specific to the past period and with current medical achievements, it came to the conclusion that self-medication with high-risk treatments or harmful chemical drugs is absolutely not allowed today; In serious diseases, it is not allowed to be limited to home remedies and superficial drugs, but one should act based on modern medical knowledge. However, in non-serious diseases, there is no problem with traditional treatments and harmless herbal medicines, and the later case can be an example of the claim of sāheb Jawāher (r.a)

Nowadays, we have to rely on experts in many theoretical and practical matters. We consider them reliable and rely on them. To justify many of our beliefs, we have no other reason but the testimony of experts. Nonetheless, to trust the experts, it is necessary to recognize them and know their distinctive characteristics. In doing so, epistemologists proposed some definitions for experts and expertise. In this paper, First, we will explain the truth-based definition and then the justification-based definition and describe the criticisms of it. we show that the best definition is that S is an expert in domain D if and only if S has more understanding and ability than most people in domain D at his time. In the end At the end, we explain the five necessary conditions of belief, coherence, ability, efficiency and time.

Each profession has its own rules, limits, and restrictions, and for each profession, its boundaries and rules must be defined. Adherence to the standards, values, and limitations of each discipline can be defined as the professional ethics of that discipline. Due to the special position of the translator in the translation process, the present article has tried to express the ethics of the translator's profession and the prerequisites of the translation profession while using the descriptive-analytical method. Understanding the prerequisites and challenges and slips of the translation profession, as well as work experience in specific fields, makes the translator specialize in a field of translation techniques, and the process of finding expertise provides an important part of professional ethics in the field. Hussam al-Din Mustafa in his book "Basics and rules of the translation industry" has referred to the subject of professional ethics of translation and to various issues in this field, which is the basis of this article. The authors have come to the conclusion that: Familiarity with the culture of the source language, specialization in translation, familiarity with the technique of translation, context in translation, and translation process, are the most important prerequisites that a translator should consider, to be able to provide a more acceptable translation.

This article tries to analyze the definition of specialization in Chapter 8 of the Civil Service Management Law in the appointment of managerial positions and whether in this law, the definition of specialization refers to the use of specialized academic staff in that field with high academic degrees for managerial positions. Has such an issue in the law had an effect on the development of the country? In order to clarify the discussion of the definition of specialization in Chapter 8 of the Civil Service Management Law and its compliance with the appointments of managerial positions of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad General Offices since 1389, we have included in this article. For this purpose, 131 samples were selected by cluster random sampling from the community of managers, deputies and employees. A 35-item questionnaire was used as a collection tool; SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the findings. In a part of the research that has been collected by the method of using government documents in executive bodies, information has been collected.The results of the analysis of research hypotheses showed that 1) there is a significant relationship between the degree and the establishment of the competency system in managerial positions. 2) There is a significant relationship between the characteristics of records in the appointment of professional management and the establishment of meritocracy. The results of the present study, while highlighting the importance of expertise in establishing and institutionalizing the meritocracy system, is the most important.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Human capitaland socio-economic development from the perspective of university professors anddoctoral students of Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. The statisticalpopulation of the study was students on the one hand and professors specializing insocio-economic development on the other. The number of professors was 01 whowere selected using purposive sampling method with theoretical saturation. Thestatistical population of all PhD students in Sociology, Political Science andEconomics studying at the Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, who werestudying in the second semester of - , was a sample of students. Thevalidity of the questionnaire was assessed by the face validity and reliability of thedata using test and retest methods and Cronbach's alpha test. In the survey of datacollection tools, a questionnaire was made by the researcher and in the qualitativestudy of the interview, it was semi-structured. The hypotheses have been formulatedusing social capital theory. The findings of the survey indicate that there is a strongsignificant relationship between the components of Human capital and socioeconomicdevelopment. The results of the qualitative study showed that the causalconditions of accountability, rule of law, general consensus, transparency, efficiencyand effectiveness, equal rights and responsibility have been identified and thecentral phenomenon of a single product economy in the field of private sectoractivity, independence of people and media, role The government, the participationof the government and the people, the political and organizational capacity of thegovernment, the government and the provision of welfare and the bedrock of thegovernment have emerged. Expertise, elitism and innovation as interveningconditions and single-product economics lead to social trust, social cohesion, socialsupport and social participation, which are the consequences of such actions andreactions: welfare, social security, social justice and public education. According tothese findings, it can be said that in good governance, prioritizing credible measuresfor political accountability, freedom of purposeful and efficient judiciary, freedom ofinformation and effective performance of government organizations are essential inthe process of comprehensive development of the country.

Meritocracy is one of the important issues of administrative law that has not been considered much from a jurisprudential point of view. In this article, an attempt has been made to study this concept from a jurisprudential perspective and its impact on the Providing public services.

This is a descriptive-analytical article and the library method has been used to study the subject.

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Merit is a concept of administrative law that also has a moral aspect However It is emphasized by jurisprudential sources and from the jurisprudential point of view, there are two dimensions of expertise and commitment. From the point of view of verses and hadiths, positions and situations are a divine trust, and the worthy, meaning those who have commitment and expertise, can better take care of the divine trusts and get things done. In addition Verses, narrations, and the tradition of the infallibles, especially Imam Ali (as), the importance and necessity of meritocracy indicate. the appointment of pure and worthy people to the position of people's affairs by those great men, and expresses the importance and necessity of meritocracy shows.

From a jurisprudential point of view, meritocracy in providing good public services to citizens by creating efficiency, justice and a healthy administrative environment is effective. Merit also prevents corruption and promotes the fair distribution of public services in society.

Recently, the role of industrial structure on regional employment has attracted much attention. One of the branches of these studies, focusing on Jacobs (1960), suggests that more diversity of industrial structure leads to employment and protects the areas against the adverse effects of external shocks. Jacobs's hypothesis has been validated experimentally in many studies. These studies provide a positive relationship between regional economic diversification and employment growth. Following the increasing trend of studies related to economic diversity on employment growth, regional employment models have also been focused on considering spatial dependency. In terms of industry structure, the more diverse areas can be benefited from their externalities, while more diversity within a region improves technical innovations and their impacts. According to Iran's provinces' employment rate, we found a significant regional dispersion between different regions. Although regional employment growth has received more attention from scholars and policymakers than ever before, few empirical studies have been conducted on the relationship between R&D specialization and diversification and regional employment growth. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the spatial effects of R&D specialization and diversification on employment growth in the Iranian provinces from 2005 to 2015.

For this study, R&D specialization and diversification in Iran's provinces were first measured, and then the spatial effects of each of these variables on the employment growth of Iranian provinces were estimated using an econometric model. According to Chen& et al. (2015), the Gini index has been used to measure the degree of R&D specialization. Following Ocaner et al. (2018), total diversity is measured by total entropy and related and unrelated diversification.

Given that this study's spatial unit of choice is based on administrative boundaries rather than economic regions, it might be expected that spillovers would exist from the neighboring region. So a full Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) specified, which takes the form of the following: (1)The SDM allows for the observed value of neighboring region employment growth () and other regional characteristics of neighboring regions' employment () to impact a regions’ employment growth rate. The coefficient  shows the impact of employment growth in neighboring regions on the employment growth rate of a particular region or, in other words, the spatially lagged dependent variable. (Ocaner et al., 2018)According to Table 1, the results of the estimation of equation1 showed that employees in the sector of services and relevant or irrelevant specialization and diversification had a significant positive effect on employment growth so that the effect of specialization was more than that of irrelevant diversification and the effect of irrelevant diversification was greater than that of the relevant diversification.

 Conclusions and Suggestions:

The findings of this study supported the Jacobs hypothesis for the Iranian provinces. Also, there was a reverse U-shaped relation between economic specialization and employment growth, indicating that as R&D specialization increased, provincial employment growth increased, but the specialization led to a decrease in employment growth at higher levels. Therefore, as R&D specialization increased, productivity increased, and it was replaced by employment growth. So, the Marshall hypothesis was supported by a range of specialization. For more precise analysis, direct, indirect, and total effects have been calculated. The indirect effect measures the effect of changes in the region j on the dependent variable in region i, which i≠j. The direct effect measures a particular explanatory variable in region i on the dependent variable in region i. The calculation of direct and indirect effects showed that increasing R&D specialization in one region could affect employment growth of the same region; however, it had no significant effect on the adjacent regions' employment growth. Increasing the irrelevant diversification in each region also led to employment growth in the same region, but increasing the relevant diversification in the adjacent regions resulted in a decrease in the host region's employment growth.Increasing the average income of the adjacent regions decreases the host region's growth rate and leads to the host region's employment growth. Thus, the limited influence of entropy related to the growth of provincial employment indicates evidence of transmission mechanisms between regions. Indirect results indicate a significant spatial spillover, and the evidence from estimating direct effect indicates that geography is essential in terms of neighborhood zones. Therefore, in developing programs and policies of increasing employment, it is necessary to pay attention to the potentials of the region and the influence of neighboring areas. It is suggested to deploy industries with more diversity in provinces with lower employment rates. So, creating industrial clusters as a unit for all of the provinces is not a suitable policy. Also, increasing the specialization index by increasing R&D expenditures in areas with a high unemployment rate can increase employment. From this perspective, granting specific and increasing tax credits to the firms in exchange for R&D can be helpful in increasing the employment rate of the province.

The aim of this study was qualitative analysis of those factors affecting the development of personal brand of sport coaches in Iran using the grounded theory approach. The present study was applied in terms of objectives and the method of data collection was library-field. This study was qualitative that was carried out by the grounded theory method. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method in the first stage and snowball method in the second stage and continued until theoretical saturation. 18 subjects participated in the interview. In the present study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. After coding, 93 concepts, 25 categories and 6 dimensions were obtained that indicated "personality", "coach behavioral approach", "off-campus lifestyle", "promotion", "coach expertise, performance and skill" and "environmental factors" were the most important factors influencing the development of sport coaches’ personal brand in Iran. Coaches and managers in Iran can rely on these factors to lay the necessary groundwork for the development of sport coaches’ personal brand and help increase their income and reputation.

Negation of constriction rule (qā‘ida-yi naf-yi ḥaraj) is one of the indisputable and imtinānī (state or quality of being beholden) rules which, by ruling on the initial arguments, removes the obligation to perform difficult tasks. There is no doubt in the rule of ḥaraj over obligations, but no consensus has been reached on its relation to the basic arguments of prohibitions. Some jurists are seemingly declaring the rule of the above-mentioned provision on the arguments of prohibitions, according to which the obligated person can commit prohibitions based on constrictions (ḥaraj). This view will bring about unacceptable consequences in jurisprudence and is incompatible with morality. In this thesis, while stating the arguments of the proponents of this statement, its principles have been criticized and evaluated. Considering the non-application of the argument of no constriction (lā ḥaraj) to non-existent matters and also, taking into account the evidences of urgency, it seems that the arguments for prohibitions (muḥarramāt) are specifically beyond the scope of the mentioned rule. In case of doubt, the non-elimination of the arguments of prohibitions will be considered.

Taiwan has long been one of the most developed tigers in East of Asia and an economic and political model of development, and today it is one of the most developed industrial, economic and political regions in the Asia. The main purpose of the present study is to analyze the role of the Taiwanese government in managing and controlling the Coronavirus disease. Since the start of the epidemic, Taiwan has been one of the countries that have successfully managed to control the disease and it is admired by international audiences. Despite its proximity to mainland China and the city of Wuhan as the center of the virus outbreak, Taiwan, with its prudent management and transparent policy, has managed the crisis well without public quarantine. Accordingly, the main question of this research is what has been the most important factor in the success of Taiwan's experience in controlling and managing epidemic disease? In response to the research question, the paper, based on a descriptive method of analysis, emphasizes that democratic and transparent political governance in Taiwan, through the separation of the Politic sphere from the Policy area, controls and manages the Corona Pandemic Crisis without public quarantine.

The basic question of This article is what kind of problems or limitations are in the face of employment the efficient agents in different subject areas based on the second step of the Islamic Revolution statement? and how can reduce these limitations and preserve the discursive principles at the same time? To answer the question, using causal layer analysis methodology, efficient agent indexes in four levels of literal, contextual, discursive and metaphorical are analyzed with critical approach and by explaining the interconnected aberrations in layers, facilitator requirements at each level are extracted for the revolution second step.

Labor contract for intellectual property production is one of the most common contracts for getting investment and proficiency together. Today, investors try to sign a labor contract with employees in return for suitable consideration to finally appropriate the economic rights of produced intellectual property. In such contracts, the concept of term subordination of the employee to the employer has a particular meaning. In addition, it should be stated that in various situations, the consideration surrendered to the employee has by far less value than the benefits through which employer acquires. In this regard, under the statutes of many countries, paying fair remuneration to the employee acquired through exploitation and commercialization has become a necessary affair.

Today, consumers are undoubtedly surrounded by various types of advertisements. Companies have resorted to various ways to succeed and influence the minds of their target audiences. Approving products and services by celebrities as the endorsers to the community is one of the most effective and costly methods that companies have used to make their brands better known and reminded than ever before. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of celebrity endorsements in advertising on the image of advertised brand. In this research, seven aspects of the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements, including expertise, attractiveness, popularity, familiarity, appropriateness, similarity, and trustworthiness, were analyzed and evaluated as independent variables and their impacts on brand image as a dependent variable. In terms of purpose, this research is applied and with regard to data collection, it is considered descriptive-survey method which is of correlation type. The statistical population of the study consisted of all consumers of cosmetic products in Iran. Among this unlimited society, 385 individuals were selected online through social networks with available sampling method. The data was collected using questionnaire. In order to test the research hypothesis, modeling structural equations using Smart PLS software (partial least squares) has been used. The results of the study showed that the effect of some features of Celebrity Endorsements effectiveness, including attractiveness, popularity and similarity on the brand image were confirmed. But, some other features such as expertise, trustworthiness, familiarity and appropriateness, on brand image was not confirmed in this study.