جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فرستاده » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Based on Manichean Middle Iranian texts and with a textological approach, the present article tries to define the meaning and usage of some termini tecnichi in Manichean angelology, especially the words “angel” (frystg, fryštg) and “apostle, messenger” (frystg, fryštg). The use of a word for two meanings and/ or two concepts in the Manichaica was a result of the redefinition that each of the different Manichaean communities presented of the two concepts “angel” and “apostle, messenger”. The article shows that the Iranian term frys/štg has been redefined and expanded in meaning in Manichaean literature under the influence of Syriac writings; A redefinition that could create an angel from an apostle/ a messenger and a king from the angel. Here, we also examined the termini tecnichi Lord, God, Son of the God, and showed in what contexts these terms appear and what examples they refer to. Our study shows that all these were used not only for angels and historical characters (like Mani and Manichaean leaders and electi, as well as previous apostles), but also included at least one of Manichaean gods, i.e. “Third Messenger”.

Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries. Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role. The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period.

“Ambassador” has a special status in the absolute concept of intermediacy in the Great Book of Hakim-e Tous, Shahnameh of Firdausi. The article reviewed the matter of ambassadorship in allover Shahname and attempted to determine ambiguous and clear viewpoints using a descriptive-analytic method. It explored ambiguous stands i.e. hidden angles and neglected aspects of serious issue of ambassadorship and found new findings about the triple pillars (Sender, Ambassador, Receiver). The article highlighted less studied points regarding clear viewpoints of ambassadorship and showed that the ambassador is not always just a messenger; and since the great part of sender success depends on the selection of a competent ambassador, there were great emphasis on the moralities, and the sympathy of ambassador with the message itself and even his seeming beauty and organs’ symmetry. The findings showed that the status, position and authority limitations of ambassadors were not the same. In addition to routine duties, expert ambassadors had been delegated to make non-determined decision upon their own discretion and condition appropriateness. Ambassadors also applied punctilios based on common customs and personal skills to satisfy the needs of sender which are worth exploring. Reviewing all instances of ambassadors’ acceptance in Shahnameh of Firdausi showed that though there were some special habitudes for accepting the ambassador, the receiver were not forced to follow all habitudes and acceptance orders in all situations, but following orders and habitudes depended on variables like their friendship or hostility relations, the status of sender, the status of ambassador, the message content and so on, and regarding abovementioned issues, the receiver would select some method to encounter with ambassadors, which we will deal with in detail.