جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « م » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The first archaeological work in east of Fars, conducted by Sir A. Stein in 1934. However, an intensive survey, directed by De Miroschedji, was carried out in this region in 1971-72. Unfortunately, the materials of this survey were not studied in detail. So, the prehistoric cultures of the Fasa and Darab valleys remained unclear. To comprehend the prehistoric cultural developments of the east of Fars, the Miroscedji’s survey collections were studied first and completed with a stratigraphical excavation at Tappeh Vakilabad. The combination of the results of the survey and excavation provided an appropriate framework for the prehistoric cultures. These results affirmed that the prehistoric cultures of the east of Fars were entirely indigenous after the Bakun period to the beginning of the Kaftari era. The pottery styles of this era (Bakun-Kaftari), are introduced as Vakilabad, Zahak, Jouzjan, Roudbal, and Galyan. Furthermore, the settlement pattern analysis shows a reduction in the number of settlements in the Vakilabad period and more intensely in the second half of the fourth and first half of the third millennium BC. This pattern may indicate a shift in the subsistence economy of the large part of the society from agriculture to animal husbandry. The fourth and third millennium BC settlement patterns of the east of Fars are almost similar to KRB. However, in the second half of the fourth and first half of the third millennium BC, the KRB reached a complicated political and social developments, but the east of Fars became a peripheral region with the limited settled population.

Article (188) of the Islamic Penal Code (1392), testifies to the testimony as one of the arguments for proving the claim, but in note (2) of this article, the testimony on the testimony of a third party is not accepted. This note is in accordance with the famous fatwa of the Imamieh jurisprudents. The main reason for the popularity of the jurists is the consensus, adherence to the principle, the non-inclusion of traditions on the subject of testimony on the testimony, as well as a specific narrative in this regard. Contrary to this promise, however, a number of contemporary jurists believe that the acceptance of third-party testimony is justified. The group rejects all the well-known arguments in support of their claim and, in their view, refuse to offset the weakness of the particular cause document by fame; In this article, the authors examine the famous arguments and argue throughout the argument that even if one accepts the scientific theory of documentary weakness compensation by fame, the famous quote can still be accepted and promises to have some form of construction. The authors suggest that the inclusion of a single news authority argument may be a strong reason for accepting testimony over subordinate testimony. It is worth noting that this theory has a wide application in the context of the affirmative action, especially in cases such as the special endowment that, after the initial abortive death and the endowment reaches the end, there is no way to prove the endowment other than the testimony of subordinate testimony.

Jurisprudential texts have frequently referred the two principles of correctness and corruption in transactions without clarifying the scope and application of these two principles in a disciplined and lucid manner. This ambiguity has led to confusion of the framework and functions of Articles 10 and 223 Civil Code in legal texts. The principle of correctness in topical misgivings could be prioritized to the principle of corruption but one cab bot resort to the principle
of correctness to exclude the principle of corruption. As the transactions in ruling doubts are custom-oriented, for excluding the corruption principle, one can investigate the opposing reasons to the general and absolute indications of transactions, for instance, the principle of fulfilling the contracts is resortable and the correctness of the transaction is proved through the afore-mentioned verbs reasons. Clearly, given the legitimacy and legality of a contract is proven, it is binding with reference to the article 10 of civil code. Such legitimacy is proven if the reasons are investigated and no opposing reasons are proven referring to a specific, general, or absolute reason, albeit it rests on intellectual’s conduct and the peoples’ intention to legitimize it is not sufficient. The present paper is to sate, analyze, and criticize legal and jurisprudential texts to determine the scope of these two principles of correctness and corruption. Consequently, the exact avenues of the articles 10 and 223 of civil code are determined.

In today's world, the release of many heavy metals into the environment and their entry into the food chain has contaminated and the natural base of the mines and natural deposits of these metals has played a more important role in environmental pollution. It seems that in the prehistoric period (5th millennium BC) in the Kurdistan region, this type of contamination base has caused severe contamination in some products of prehistoric inhabitants. Geological surveys in the Kurdistan region have shown that high density of metal ions contaminate surface and groundwater and directly affect aquifers. This has caused of pollution and collapsed of environmental of the inhabitants of the fifth millennium. The archaeological excavations of Chehl Amiran Mound belonged to the 5th millennium BC in Kurdistan had done in 3 seasons, one of the achievements of excavations in Chehl Amiran Mound was the discovery of many animal bones in this habitat site, that were studied. The time of the establishment of this habitat based on Thermoluminescence tests goes back around 5,500 BC, which lasted until 1500 BC and then the site collapsed.In the chel amiran Habitat site, a large number of bone samples from various animals were found, from these samples, 21 bones belonging to different animals from the 5th millennium BC were tested. Also, a number of bone samples from contemporary cattle and sheep from the region were collected and they were evaluated for the comparison. It should be noted that these livestock had been fed freely from the vegetation grown in the same region. Samples were transferred to the laboratory independently after collection. The measurement of lead and cadmium values ​​of samples versus the standard was carried out by the Varian spectra AA220 atomic absorption (Australian fabrication). Recovery rate for each element was calculated by using the chemical Sample Reference LUTS-1 (NRCC) and was used to measure the elements separately. By using the standard solutions for each element the device was calibrated. The wavelengths were 217.0 nm and 228.8 nm, respectively, for readings the lead and cadmium. The findings of this study indicate that livestock in the chel amiran region were exposed to severe contamination with lead. The results of the samples of contemporary animals which living in the study area also confirmed that the contamination remains in the region. Therefore, the study of water, soil and plant resources of the excavated area is necessary to identify the origin of this contamination. In fact, it can be admitted that the main reason for this collapse is the presence of gypsum and copper deposits and possibly the presence of heavy and toxic metals in the ecosystem of the region. The poor soil of the region, and Proportional high elevation of the sea and the relative coldness of the climate, compare to other areas around, as well as the weakness of the pastures, are among the reasons for the unsteadiness of habitats during the prehistory time of the region. The area due to metal deposits does not have agricultural capability and the majority of livelihoods of residents based on livestock. It seems that one of the reasons for the collapse of the chel amiran habitat was the penetration of heavy metals and metals into the soil of the area, which has caused the soil to be poor, and damaged and had got the possibility of extensive agriculture. Therefore, after 1500 BC, the chelamiran habitat has collapsed forever and never even until present time been able to live in it. Therefore, with the assumption that despite the environmental stability and the gradual warming of the air and human access to domestication, Why, after the peak of the population of the Talvar Valley in the 5th millennium BC, suddenly the number of settlements was reduced and until the historical and Islamic periods never returning to the previous level, is a basic issue for a better understanding of the situation in this area. Thus, the destruction of the environment of the region by humans due to its double pressure could have caused such an occurrence .The present study was conducted to evaluate the levels of lead, arsenic and cadmium found in animal bones found in Talwar Dam in Bijar Township and compare it with contemporary samples obtained from domestic animals slaughtered in the same area, which seems that, environmental pollution has caused of population collapse in the Talvar Valley of Kurdistan Province.

The area of Shahr-e Sukhteh is one of the widest and most important settlements of the Bronze Age in Iran which played a significant role in enhancing the cultural interactions, commercial exchanges, and regional relationships in 3000 BC. The conducted archeological excavations at this site have yielded several artifacts such as ceramic and stonewares; seals and their impressions; decorative beads; cloth; jewelry; metal objects; mud, ceramic, and stone figures; wooden and wicker objects, and weaving tools. A careful study of the recovered objects and their comparison with those recovered at other contemporary ancient sites clearly demonstrates that this city had some direct or indirect cultural relationships with its neighboring regions from Indus Valley to Mesopotamia and from Persian Gulf regions to Central Asia. The present study was conducted to explore the extent of such cultural relationships in order to discover the process of cultural trends ofthat time through examining some of the recovered samples of this site and comparing them with some items found in other sites in the proximity of Shahr-e Sukhte in the same period. The findings of this study indicate that this settlement had established most of its cultural interactions and relationships with its northern (Baluchestan and Sistan) and western neighbors. As a permanent base, Shahr-e Sukhteh functioned as the center of different interactions with its neighbors in the east (Indus Valley, Baluchestan, and Helmand Valley), south (Turkmenistan), and the west (Iran and Mesopotamia). It also mediated in the process of importing Lapis Lazuli from Badakhshan and then exporting it to the West and Mesopotamian regions.

Different injuries could be the result of a single blow or various ones. Assuming such blows are contagious or non-contagious, no more than four assumptions would be conceivable. 1) None of the injuries are contagious. 2) All of the injuries are contagious and lead to a new crime. 3) Some of the injuries are contagious and could end in a more severe injury. 4) Some of the injuries are contagious and could end in the injured death. In line with jurisprudential principles and regarding the issue of blood money, the legislator has ruled to multiplicity of ransoms (article 538 of the Islamic Penal Code) and the interference of ransoms (on the clause B of article 538 of the Islamic Penal Code). Likewise, to enact the law for determining the method of the blood money in the assumed above-mentioned third and fourth assumptions has been stipulated in the continuation of clause B, article 539 as: " If death or amputation or any more severe injury are due to the contagion of some kind of injuries, the ransom of contagious injuries interfere with the whole body full ransom, or member ransom, or greater injury while the ransom for non-contagious injuries are calculated separately and thereupon the ruling is issued". Although, regarding the third assumption, the legislator's ruling is in accordance with jurisprudential principles, the legislator's law-making are criticized severely regarding the fourth assumption.  Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper is to investigate the issues regarding the fourth assumption based on separation of single blow and multiple ones, either successive or no-successive. The researchers prove that contrary to the related article, if some injuries are contagious and the inured dies, the whole body full ransom is merely required to be paid and there is no obligation to calculate non-contagious injuries, unless the blows are knocked repeatedly and in some intervals.

The crescent-shaped guard daggers are known in Iran from the middle of the 2nd millennium to the first centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. They first appeared in the mid-2nd millennium and have mostly been discovered from Elamite sites in the Khuzestan Plain. Their presence continued through the last quarter of the 2nd millennium and expanded over a wide geographical area, from north and northwest of the Iranian Plateau to the south of the Persian Gulf. By the first centuries of the 1st millennium, the geographical extent of the daggers was again limited, this time chiefly to northwest Iran.The guard on these daggers alternate between a functional and non-functional attribute through time. In the first phase, it had a functional role that changed to a decorative one in the second phase, and with the gradual development of iron blade in the third phase, the guard transformed back to its functional trait.By looking at the crescent-shaped guard as a technological style that reflects both technological changes and cultural traditions, this article attempts to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of the daggers, and to examine social aspects of the style such as imitation, communication and social boundaries.

In exploration of Al-Untash-Napirisha (The Site known as Chogha Zanbil) tubular glass rods were found, in which so far there has not been any comprehensive research about them in form of an investigational article and only constituent elements of a few pieces which had been entered the Corning Museum of Glass in New York where they were analised and determined. In the excavation done by Roland de Mecquenem and Michaleon, between 1935-1939 AD and 1946 AD in this site, many tubular glass rods had been discovered which weight almost 100 kg. In the description of these findings, it was assumed that they were long glass beads with length of 20 to 28 cm. in dark blue and white or amber that in some of them bronze rods remained. Although these tubular glass were found in the entrances of buildings so-called North-eastern, they could not understand what they were being used for .Along with these tubular glass rods, copper sheet had also been found which were identified as part of these doors. After World War II, between 1951 to 1962,the continuation of excavations done by a French group in Ziggurat by Roman Ghirshman, fragment wooden doors had been discovered that in some of them,there were bronze rods. In most of the temples in the holy site, which included a square area in the center of the city, these kinds of tubular glass were found. In the temple of mother-goddess Pinikir, the first temple of the eastern group of the holy site, these tubular glasses were inserted in the wooden double doors. The wooden double doors of the Ada and Shala temple were the second and the temple of Shimut and Belt-ali were the third of this group, which also were decorated with these tubular glass. The temple of Nepratep, which included four small temples wereisolated from the rest. Each of these small temples had a wooden double door in length of 2.2mwhich were gateways. These tubular glass rods were inserted in wooden double doors of some temples and Chogha Zanbil ziggurat. These tubular glass rods were made from translucent glass and most of them are in dark bluish purple colour, which a wide strip of white glass was twisted around each of them. In this article after a brief introduction about king Al-Untash-Napirisha, a broad explanation was presented about how the mentioned tubular glass rods were found and the samples are currently being held in some of the museumes around the world. With development of human knowledge today and the engineering science applied to archeology, a discipline referred to as archaeometry has been formed The results of the analysing a single sample kept in storages of Susa Castle by conducting fluorescence x-ray method in laboratory of faculty of science in Tarbiat Modarres University, in comparison with the results of this same analysis on four samples that had been done in Corning Museum of Glass is being reflect. Manganese oxide is the oldest element in glass compounds, which in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Elam in the middle of second millennium B.C. was used to make glass by adding four other elements, magnesium, potassium, antimony and lead oxides to silica (in form of sand), the common batch of glass. The high manganese batch produce blue and purple to black colour glass, reversely reducing amount of manganese decolourized glass products. Chemical analysis of many samples of revealed dates and sites of founded objects approve the presence of mentioned oxides with almost the same amount. The examination of these tubular glass rods samples show that in their making also these elements were used.

Attention to the Architecture of the second and first millennium B.C. in Guilan, province is the subject of the many recent field works and studies, provided information on the situation of the residents of Gilan in this period. In this paper, we try to make a brief introduction about settlement sites such as Pilla Qale, Kaluraz in Roudbar and Sardkhoonipesht in Talish areas. We introduce the characteristics of the architectural remains found from new excavated sites in Guilan, including Oskulak in Roudbar, Kafarestan of Dailaman and Liarsangbon complex in Amlash which are belonged to the second and first millennium B.C. According to comparative studies on pottery and relative chronology presented, these three sites have had evidences of permanent and semi-permanent architecture from the mid second millennium to the late first millennium B.C. The most important properties of settlements and architectural structures of these sites in the second and first millennium B.C. were included as: building with or sometimes without foundation, using stone and sometimes mud in the construction of walls, ordering wall with or sometimes without mud mortar, the rectangular living spaces with fastening at the angles but far from proportionality geometric, making platforms for establishing the settlements, flooring with trampling or burning method in order to prevent moisture penetration, using wooden beams as columns or roof covering and fitting thermal structures in the interior of residential spaces.

At the end of World War I, some major changes occurred in the political, economic, and social perspectives of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf in Iran. The present paper examines such changes and portrays a new image of these coasts. Russia’s withdrawalfrom the First World War due to the 1917 Revolution, Germany’s defeat, and annihilation of the Ottoman Empire resulted in England’s rising as the supreme power in the region. Immediately after witnessing the scene free of its rivals, the British government decided to sign a treaty, known as the 1919 agreement, in order to gain control of the administrative, financial, and military affairs of Iran. However, this agreement failed due to massiveopposition from both the Iranian Parliament and foreign countries. Shortly before the end of the War, in order not to lag behind the victorious countries, Iran decided to participate in peace negotiations by dispatching a group of delegates to The Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Nevertheless, the efforts of the delegation were not successful and, despite their presence in the Conference, they could not participate in the negotiations. On the other hand, in the Persian Gulf region and its coasts, the repercussions of war showed themselves in the form of economic recession, the emigration of a great number of the tradesmen and businessmen of the northern coasts to the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, and the shortage of food. Such devastating conditions, alongside oil extraction, led to a number of fundamental changes in the social and economic centers of Persian Gulf coasts.

In the Holocene, there has been a sudden and severe climate change that has affected the process of cultural evolution, subsistence system, demographic change, and the pattern of the distribution of human settlements. Palaeoclimatological studies show that in the second half of the 7th millennium BC, during a cold and dry climatic event, with a peak of about 6200 BC, the settlement conditions, in particular in some parts of the Northern hemisphere, were significantly disturbed. After this period, the air temperature rose sharply and replaced the warm and dry climate from the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. From the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC, gradually, the amount of humidity increased and the air temperature decreased, so that from the beginning of the second half of the 6th millennium BC, more favorable climate conditions were created for agricultural activities. The early evidence of the human settlements in the North of Central Iran region mainly belongs to the beginning of the sixth millennium BC. Due to the lack of architectural evidence from the first half of the 6th millennium BC in this region, human societies were probably semi-sedentary. From about 5400 BC, sedentary-farmer settlements with architecture were established and gradually their number increased. In the early 5th millennium BC, a warm and dry climatic change caused the interregnum/collapse of the settlements in the region. Therefore, the time of the genesis and prosperity of the early settlements in the North of Central Iran was related to the climatic conditions and occurred in an appropriate climate period between two dry periods.

Archaeological excavations Tepe Gheshlagh have been helpful in understanding Chalcolithic sites in the high region separating the East Central Zagros and the Southern Lake Urmia Basin. Though cultural interface between the two regions was alluded to in the earlier publications, nothing was known of the existence of intermediate sites between them. Tepe Gheshlagh is a site at the center of Talvar valley that as a natural corridor serves to bring the concerned regions into closer contact, and its archaeological data will contribute to reconstruction of interactions of the regions in the Chalcolithic period. The Tepe Gheshlagh is one of the few settlements of the ancient villagers in the Talvar valley of the Bijar City, dating back to the fifth millennium BC (Ancient, Middle, and Late Chalcolithic period) which according to the Thermoluminescence tests it has been settlement form 5500 BC to 3600 BC without any interruption. Performing three seasons of archaeological excavations in this site provides us valuable information about the cultural and archaeological conditions of the region. This site have around one hectare, and during the settlement is formed ancient deposit more than 14 meters.

The legislator in Article 282 of the Islamic Penal Code, which was approved in 2003, has enacted that: "the penalty for Moharebeh (the war against Allah) is one of the four following punishments". a. Execution b. crucifixion c. the cutting of the right hand and the left foot d. exile from the land. Then, in Article 283 of the same law, according to one of the two jurisprudential perspectives (Takheer view; which is the freedom to choose one punishment over others) in this view has stated: "The choice in each of the four aforementioned cases in Article 282 is at the discretion of the judge". The judge, in accordance with Article 283, has the absolute power to choose any of the punishments provided in Article 282 for the Mohareb. the legislation of article 283 based on the delegation of absolute power for choosing the punishment to the judge, not only is not the most acceptable jurisprudential view in this regard, but also It has faced serious criticisms such as having conflict with philosophy of legislation for divine punishments and not observing the principle " the proportionality of crime and punishment". It also prevents the unification of the judicial precedent. In contrast to the " Takheer view ", there is another jurisprudential view, called "Tartib (choosing one of the punishments in order)", which, not only it has an index of "the principle of perceived justice in the order view", but it does not have the criticisms in the " Takheer view ". Finally, the current paper calls it necessary to observe the order in punishment, based on the descriptive-analytic method of evaluating reasons and, therefore, it criticizes Article 283 and proposes to amend it.

The study of complex societies between prehistoric archaeologists is in the basins of attraction, these years. Approach to this issue with different attitudes has been led to variety of methods, classifications and terms stated in tens of articles, books and speeches. When archaeologist speak about sociocultural complexity usually rank societies on the scales of complexity. Power relation and political economy in complex societies have discussed the position of nobles, king or rulers and through these discussions are born consepts such as hiararchy and heterarchy.
Referring to predefined models, In Study of sociopolitical structure of archaic societies doesn’t allow researchers to see the differences between societies. Based on evidences that we will mention, Shahr-i Sokhta is one of those societies that in 3rd millennium BC, is different in form and organization from synchronic societies. In this article, we will pay our attention to evidences such as architecture, burials, administration artifacts and Settlement pattern influenced by sociopolitical structure in Shahr-i Sokhta, to understand what kind of power relation and sociopolitical structure belongs to this society and whether they were organized by a ruler or nobles.

There are different laws and rules governing the distribution of an estate among heirs in different religions. Respecting the followers of divine religions, the Iranian law recognizes their respective rules of inheritance. Problems can arise, however, when there are Muslim inheritors among the heirs of a non-Muslim Iranian adhering to one of these recognized religions. Under such circumstances, on the one hand, Article 881 (bis) of the Iranian Civil Code and the Islamic laws stipulate that regardless of the religion of the deceased, the Muslim heir disinherits the non-Muslim heirs and is, thus, the sole heir. On the other hand, there are Special Laws holding that the frame of reference for distribution of inheritance is the religion of the deceased. Therefore, whether the heirs are Muslim or not should have no effects on the division of the inheritance. The author analyzes the relations of the laws, and argues that Special Laws have primacy over Article 881 (bis) of the Iranian Civil Code.

According to the Shiite Jurists’ famous opinion, the punishment of the active partner of sodomy (livat) is death penalty and the conditions for ihsan have no effect on it. Some of jurists such as Ayatollah Khoei have differentiated between an active partner of sodomy who meets the conditions for ihsan and others. They believe that the punishment for sodomy shall be the death penalty for the active partner in cases where he meets the conditions for ihsan and he shall be sentenced to one hundred lashes if he dose not meet the conditions for ihsan and he has not committed livat by using force or coercion. The article 234 of the Islamic penal code approved in 2013 has accepted this opinion too. In this research, we have criticized action of legislator in two ways: first, narratives documented by Ayatollah Khoei are weak because jurists have avoided acting according to it. Second, we have demonstrated that legislator has neglected this principle in the other articles of the Islamic penal code and has done base on the famous principle