جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Lower » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The nobles were castrated boys who, from ancient times, with the expansion of the court structure and polygamy, were present inside castles. From the point of view of gender morphology, eunuchs can be classified into third sex that did not belong to men and women. In ancient Iran, from the kingdom of the Medes to the Sassanid era, there is evidence of the presence of nobility in the court of kings and within the aristocracy. However, the Achaemenid era is special in terms of the presence and functions of the eunuchs. The authors of this article, by using historiography of the lower classes analyze the role and function of this group in the Achaemenid state.  The study shows that the eunuchs (Khawajas), as a class, had special roles in the court of the Shah during the Achaemenid era, various roles including guardian of the castles and the shrines, serving the royal family, and were in charge of organizing military and administrative affairs. These Khawaja’s were involved in political disputes, groupings, and conflicts, and some influenced the general political life of the Achaemenid state.

The conventional interpretation of Parvin Etesami's poems is that she was, in terms of structure and content, attached to the previous poetic tradition and took step in the path of her predecessors; but her humanitarian attitude and her compassionate to the poor people and social concerns in general, for instance, are more highlighted in comparison to the ancestors and are rooted in Parvin's individual nature and her femininity. It has been tried, in present essay, to show that Parvin was synchronous with her past poetic tradition in terms of structure and form, but she has reflected, in terms of thought and poetic content, the voice of the contemporary liberal philosophers. Therefore, she pioneered many other poets, in modernization. One of the main development sources of such strong thoughts is the impact of Marx's ideas on her. Like any other poet, parvin has reflected to the events and ideas of her living period and has evolved her poetry in relation to them. It has been tried, in present essay, to show that Parvin might have both historically and socially been familiar to Marx's ideas, and her poems are full of Marxist concepts..

The goal of this research was to find relationship between introversion_ extroversion and locus of control with need for cognition among students as the members of online social networks (face book)
With the rise of online social networks the ways people communicate with each other has been drastically changed.
This research is based on correlational design and T tests. In order to investigate the relationship between introversion_ extroversion variable as well as locus of control (external- internal) in regard with need for cognition (lower- upper) abilities among Iranian university students as the members of online public networks (face book) and those who have not participated in these networks 366 students participated in this research and answered the James MC Croskey Introversion scale, Julian Rotter scale of locus control , and Cassioppo and Petty concepts of need for cognition.
The reason correlation as well as independent T test have been chosen as the statistical methodology of this research in order to investigate the correlation between the variables. Regarding the result arrived at in this research, there was a negative correlation between introversion- extroversion and the locus of control .However there was a positive correlation between introversion- extroversion and the need for lower cognition and a positive correlation between internal locus of control and need for upper cognition. There was no significant differences between the two groups
Results indicate that, the introversion is associated with internal locus of control and need for upper cognition. Also, this result hasn’t had any relevance to membership or non-membership in online social networks (face book).

Lower extremity stiffness is associated with variables such as the frequency and length of running steps, the amount of muscle force and power production. Previous studies showed contradictory findings regarding the relationship between lower extremities joints stiffness and start velocity. Sprint start can be highly affected by two key components of lower limb stiffness, namely, force and time. However, no research has yet investigated the effect of start velocity changes on lower–limb stiffness during sprint start. To test the effect of velocity changes on lower-limb stiffness during sprint start.
15 male members of track and field were selected for this study. Leg stiffness was calculated dividing peak ground reaction force by the leg length. Joint stiffness was also estimated dividing the muscle moment of force by joint angular displacement. Subjects performed a start with three different speeds.
From low to high start velocity, means of leg stiffness, knee stiffness and ankle stiffness increased by 67.53%, 41.9% and 39.03% respectively.
The findings show that lower-limb stiffness could be a key factor in changing runner's acceleration during sprint start.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 1-set and 3-set resistance training on muscular strength of upper-body and lower-body in untrained men. For this reason, 18 untrained college students of Guilan University participate in this study as subject. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the 1-set group (n=9), or the 3-set group (n=9). Subjects trained 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Training intensity was the same for both groups (8RM). At the beginning and the end of the study muscular strength was measured using one repetition maximum test (1RM) in two upper-body exercises (chest press and biceps curl) and two lower-body exercises (leg extension and leg curl). Data was analyzed using paired t-test for within group’s comparison, and unpaired t-test for between-groups comparison. After 8 weeks, muscular strength significantly increased in all of upper-body and lower-body exercises in both groups (P<0.05). The increase in muscular strength in the lower-body exercises was significantly higher in the 3-set group than 1-set group (P<0.05); while no significant difference observed between groups in upper-body exercises. The results demonstrate that 3-set resistance training is superior to 1-set resistance training with regard to strength gains in the lower-body muscles; while no difference exists between 1- and 3-set training with regard to strength gains in upper-body muscles in untrained men.