جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Online Platforms » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Fake news presents a complex regulatory challenge in the increasingly democratized and intermediated on-line information ecosystem. Inaccurate information is readily created by actors with varying goals, rapidly distributed by platforms motivated more by financial incentives than by journalistic norms or the public interest, and eagerly consumed by users who wish to reinforce existing beliefs. Yet even as awareness of the problem grew after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the meaning of the term “fake news” has become increasingly disputed and diffused. This Article first addresses that definitional challenge, offering a useful taxonomy that classifies species of fake news based on two variables: their creators’ motivation and intent to deceive. In particular, it differentiates four key categories of fake news: satire, hoax, propaganda, and trolling. This analytical framework can provide greater rigor to debates over the issue. Next, the Article identifies key structural problems that make each type of fake news difficult to address, albeit for different reasons. These include the ease with which authors can produce user generated content online and the financial stakes that platforms have in highlighting and disseminating that material. Authors often have a mixture of motives in creating content, making it less likely that a single solution will be effective. Consumers of fake news have limited incentives to invest in challenging or verifying its content, particularly when the material reinforces their existing beliefs and perspectives. Finally, fake news rarely appears alone: it is frequently mingled with more accurate stories, such that it becomes harder to categorically reject a source as irredeemably flawed. Then, the Article classifies existing and proposed interventions based upon the four regulatory modalities catalogued by Larry Lessig: law, architecture (code), social norms, and markets. It assesses the potential and shortcomings of extant solutions. Finally—and perhaps most importantly—the Article offers a set of model interventions, classified under the four regulatory modalities, that can reduce the harmful effects of fake news while protecting interests such as free expression, open debate, and cultural creativity. It closes by assessing these proposed interventions based upon data from the 2020 election cycle.

ObjectiveIn the era of social networks, it can be said that people are heavily influenced by the experiences shared by others and have the desire to share experiences that may be impactful for others in this environment (Dedeoğlu et al., 2020). Sharing travel experiences on social media platforms is highly popular (Kock et al., 2020; Oliveira et al., 2020). Tourists have a strong motivation to explore suggestions and opinions shared by others to reduce their own risks and uncertainties (Su, Cheng, et al., 2020), as travel activities cannot be physically demonstrated or pre-evaluated unless the individual personally experiences them (Su et al., 2019). The nature of travel activities allows individuals to transcend the boundaries of their everyday lives (Wong et al., 2019) and offers a significantly different experience from their daily routines (Filep & Laing, 2018; Xu & Zhang, 2021). Sharing travel experiences plays a crucial role in the tourism industry and has an undeniable impact (Kirilenko et al., 2021; Su, Tang, et al., 2020; Wong et al., 2019; Zauberman et al., 2009).Given that numerous explicit and implicit factors strongly influence tourists' motivation to use social networks during their travels, with Instagram being one of the most extensively utilized platforms for obtaining and sharing travel information and experiences (Boley et al., 2018; Daxböck et al., 2021), this domain still requires further research. Considering the potential of social networks in enhancing tourism, this study aims to establish an interdisciplinary connection between social psychology, motivational theories, and social networks in the context of tourism. Sharing experiences in the online space by tourists is one of the primary sources for acquiring valuable information about various travel destinations. Therefore, identifying the factors that influence tourists' behavior and inclination to share these experiences holds significant importance. By identifying these factors, it becomes feasible to plan strategies for reinforcing such behavior. Consequently, based on suggestions from previous researchers regarding the need for further studies in this field, as well as examining internationally published articles and library studies, the researcher has chosen this topic for their research. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to identify the influential factors on tourists' sharing of travel experiences in online environments.Research MethodologyThe present study employed a developmental-applied research design with a correlation-based approach. The data collection method was a descriptive survey, and the study was conducted over a specific time period. The target population consisted of individuals who had traveled to various parts of Iran in the past decade and expressed a willingness to share their travel experiences online. Convenience sampling was used, and a sample size of 206 individuals was determined using the Cochran formula. The questionnaire used in the study included 78 researcher-developed questions, examining the impact of 26 identified factors on the inclination to share travel experiences. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality assumption of the data, and nonparametric tests were employed for analysis due to the non-normal distribution of the variables. The structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, specifically the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, was used to test the research hypotheses. SEM is a powerful statistical tool for developing and validating frameworks, allowing for the examination of direct and indirect effects and model fit evaluation. SMART-PLS software facilitated the analysis and interpretation of the results.FindingsTo analyze the inferential findings of this study, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normality assumption of the data. The test indicated that the variables in this study did not follow a normal distribution, suggesting the use of nonparametric tests for analysis. The next step involved testing the research hypotheses using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach in the Smart PLS software. The SEM analysis facilitated the examination of the relationships between variables and provided both statistical and graphical results. In the SEM analysis, the model fit was evaluated through various indices, including Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, average variance extracted, and cross-loading. The validity of the measurement model was confirmed when these indices exceeded certain thresholds.The absolute T-values and path coefficients (beta) were examined to determine the significance and direction of the relationships between variables. T-values higher than 1.96 at a significance level of 0.05 indicated the confirmation of the hypotheses. Additionally, T-values of 2.58 and 3.64 at a significance level of 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, were also considered significant. Based on the data and the results, six factors, including gaining respect, openness to new experiences, suitable platforms for sharing, technological knowledge, perceived security, and the desire for positive feedback from other online users, significantly influenced the inclination to share travel experiences online. On the other hand, factors such as entertainment, self-expression, helping others, positive attitude towards sharing, high self-esteem, progress orientation, knowledge and awareness, friendship, gaining reputation, belief in content honesty, perceived ease, financial benefits, social interaction, and technological infrastructure did not have a significant impact on the inclination to share experiences online.Discussion & ConclusionTo examine the factors influencing experience sharing in the online space, 25 factors were identified from previous studies and investigated. The findings indicated that among these factors, gaining respect, openness to new experiences, suitable platforms for sharing, technological knowledge, perceived security, and the desire for positive feedback from other online users significantly influenced the inclination to share experiences online. The study confirmed six hypotheses, providing valuable insights for online businesses in the tourism and non-tourism sectors to better understand their audience's needs and tailor their content accordingly. It is suggested that further research should focus on foreign tourists visiting Iran, examining their inclination to share travel experiences on specific social media platforms to enhance their understanding of this field. The study was conducted with limitations such as reduced traveler willingness to travel due to various diseases, economic difficulties, and limited access to research resources due to high costs and internet restrictions.

The aim of this paper is to study the opinions and experiences of gig workers that are working in sharing economy sector in the Iranian platform ecosystem. In other words, the paper intends to analyze the promises and challenges of working for an online ride-hailing service-Snapp-in Iran. Platforms, that provide services to customers in terms of sharing economy, are developing increasingly. The platforms play a key role in the development of digitally-mediated entrepreneurship and result in some challenges. In urban transportation, we encounter some conflicts between traditional taxi drivers and platform businesses that lack updated regulations resulted in continuing conflicts. The author of the present paper has tried to discuss some promises and challenges for Snapp drives using critical analysis and interview method. The Findings showed that although working as a gig worker contains some promises as occupational flexibility and facilitating employment, but also occupational insecurity is the most important concern for its drivers. So, it is suggested that updating working regulations could lead to a “fairer sharing economy” based on local implications.

Objective of the paper is to study theoretical literature of platforms governance and presentation and subject categorization based on different approach to platform governance. In the paper, one used systematic review and thematic analysis as method for analysis of platforms policy literature. Therefore, the researcher searched all major scientific databases for related papers using some keywords; and for 2010-2020. In sum, one identified and analyzed 106 papers. Three main categories were identified regarding platform governance policies: Governance on Platforms, Governance in Platforms and Governance through Platforms. The Finding showed that self-governance is so far the main tool for governance of Platforms, but despite of complexity and rapid developments of techno-cultural features of Platforms, different government are able to establish some policies-for example, co governane-to govern platforms and recognition of global platforms.