جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « cooperative principle » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Academic classrooms and the lived experience of university professors have been a major concern for many academic, educational and training systems in Iran and elsewhere in the world.. The importance and necessity of addressing classroom space is a valuable realm that can provide a variety of challenges for education experts and managers. Therefore, in this essay, the book "A narrative of academic classrooms: The Lived Experience of University Professors" was attempted by Abbas Kazemi effort from the institute for Cultural and Social Studies published in 1396, Avoid any bias and focus on the descriptive-analytical look, so as to identify its strengths and weaknesses, make this work more attractive for future printing. First, his work and effort was introduced, and then the book was criticized in two aspects of form and content. At the end of the critique, the rational communication approach is considered as a communicative channel for the classroom with the argument that it can take a deeper look at the learning process. In the end, after concluding, suggestions are made to eliminate the shortcomings of the effect

Arthur Miller (1915-2005) is one of the great American playwrights whose plays directly reflect the sociopolitical issues of his day. Being affected by two World Wars and postwar American society, Miller’s characters search their identities in a society which, according to the writer, offers nothing to them. The landmark of Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman (1949) depicts the life of a typical American family including a father, Willy Loman, his wife, Linda, and their two sons, Happy and Biff. In Death of a Salesman (1949), the power relation can be found among different characters. In fact, each character represents a discourse of his/her society. Due to the importance of this dramatic work, it has been studied by many researchers since the day of its publication. Though works done to date include a vast majority, none of them is completely devoted to the objective analysis of the play based on the stylistic approaches. Thus conducting this research seems to be necessary and significant. Conversation analysis (CA) mostly concerns the language usage in a conversation. The key point in CA is the concept of turn in a turn-taking system in which participants have their rights to speak. This paper is organized based on the CA principles, mostly turn-taking and cooperative principles. In turn-taking, this study uses the model introduced by Mick Short (1996) with his sets of questions leading to the identification of power relation in dramatic dialogues. In cooperative principle, this study would take advantage of Grice’s model regarding maxims introduced by him. He formulates a set of four maxims known as quality, quantity, relation, and manner (Grice, 1975). In each conversation these maxims are required to be observed but there are many reasons for which these maxims are violated. These violated maxims lead to new implications of meaning in conversation exchanges. Grice categorizes the failure in cooperative principle as flouting, violating, infringing the maxims and opting out. This study aimed to manifest the power relation among characters of Death of a Salesman (1949). This has been conducted through focusing on a key passage of the play. The selected passage is an ideologically significant extract in which Willy and Howard, two characters from two different social classes, the employee and the employer, are talking. Employing CA, this study follows a systematic reinterpretation of the text to give a new insight into the power relationship between the interlocutors. Two subcategories of CA have been chosen. In the realm of discourse analysis, the focus of this study has been on turn-taking mechanism; an important subject in the realm of pragmatics; the focus is on cooperative principles. Since the study of the conversation between the two interlocutors has been done through counting the turns, the numbers of words used by each character, the number of the long and short turns, the number of violations of the maxims, the analyses of this part have been done quantitatively. In the other section, since the contextual factors and their influence and reflection on the conversations between characters have been addressed, the analyses have been done qualitatively and the results have been presented. In this excerpt Howard talks 10.4 words per turn and Willy talks 8.8 words per turn. Howard dominates Willy with his 406 words over Willy’s 257 words. Of all turns, 61.7 per cent is devoted to wire recorder. In the first 40 turns, Willy speaks only 95 words while Howard speaks far more, 290 words. Despite their master-servant relationship, Willy never addresses Howard with words which indicate their social distance. He just addresses Howard by his first name. From turn 42 to 68 Willy dominates Howard with his 162 words over Howard’s 116 words. In the selected extract, violated maxims are very significant. From the beginning of this extract interlocutors do not follow the maxims many times for different reasons. The analysis of the dialogues indicates that most of Howard’s failures to observe the maxims is unintentional but most Willy’s failures are intentional for his aim of talking indirectly. In this paper we have employed Conversation Analysis to examine the power relations embedded in the context which directly affected the linguistic behaviors of the interlocutors. Results indicated that although power is a social structure that may be under the influence of social status (employee/employer) and economic situation of characters, they are not the only determining factors. Power is influenced by other factors as well. In the excerpt, one of these factors was their close relationships, they have known each other for many years. Studies proved that in some parts of the play the conversation between Howard and Willy was directly influenced by the economic situation and it affected the power relations between them while in the other parts because of the close family relation and their intimacy, the power relations were not highlighted. This is the reason that the tragic ending of Willy Loman might be unpredictable for the readers.

Grice puts an end to the disputes between propositional logic and natural language by fully enclosing their respective fields. He employs logic to semantics and natural language to pragmatics. This article claims that with the substitutional interpretation of quantifier, we are in a better position to extend Grice’s idea to cover the predicate logic as well and resolve paradoxes of this field. Strictly speaking, by adding a fifth principle to Grice’s fourfold, this article is aimed to demonstrate how appropriateness of quantified statements in natural language is tied to their implicatures and how it has nothing to do with their truth values. That is, by distinguishing between semantical meaning of quantifier and pragmatical meaning, the author inclines to substitutional interpretation. Likewise, because of the fact that a quantifier is closely related to the proper name, we extend our claim about quantifiers to the field of proper names by drawing on the names that do not name.

The linguistic study of “Humor” has a rich and long history، and the systematic research on linguistic mechanisms of humor goes back to Raskin’s semantic theory of humor (1985). Besides the elements such as incongruity، ambiguity and exaggeration، flouting of Grice maxims (1975) of Cooperative Principle (CP) is one of the most reviewed techniques of producing humor، which has been the subject of various linguistics studies. In this research، we study the role of maxim flouting in producing so-called “pa-na-pa” (“so what” conversational style) jokes، which have been recently spread initially on the Internet and then in the society. We also depict the process in a three-part algorithm. This new generation of Iranian jokes is considerable not only because of their linguistic but also because of its sociolinguistics characteristics in which there is no trace of insulting language toward social and ethnic minorities that itself shows a paradigm shift in Iranian jokes.

This article aims to study an important principle in discourse analysis, which belongs to Paul Grice, the contemporary philosopher. He believes that in addition to giving and taking information during a conversation, people also show their cooperation with each other, and so he suggests the ‘cooperative principle’ which contains some principles of subtext. Since the cooperative principle is with regards to dialogue and conversation, it can be applied to plays. This article studies the cooperative principle in Top Girls by Caryl Churchill and through this study, it shows the political and feminist approaches in this play, because these approaches are shown through language. The goal of this article is to show how Churchill was or was not successful in showing her ideological beliefs through language and cooperative principle in particular. Through this study, it will be shown how linguistics and its principles, strengthen the dramatic effects and help the dramatist to show his/her ideology.

Verbal and linguistic communications among human beings do not occur merely as a sequence of single phrases and sentences. These linguistic items are, at least somehow, cooperative attempts in which each of the participants in a dialogue identifies a goal or a set of goals or recognizes the agreed direction of talk. Such a goal or direction could be fixed from the very beginning or undergoes changes through the course of communication. Paul Grice introduces the Cooperative Principle with four general maxims as a guideline to implement an ideal conversation in terms of semantics and exchange. This principle, however, may not be observed constantly as its maxims could be violated noticeably in the course of a dialogue. Violation of Gricean maxims could allow for unwanted implicatures infringing the explicit meaning of the utterance. In this article, Grice Principle is examined in two separate, but similar news stories. Gricean Maxims which are known as Cooperative Maxims include maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance and maxim of manner. Full observance of these maxims would bear conclusive mutual communication at any talk.