جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « economic development » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

At present, economic activities destroy the environment by excessive use of resources and transferring the waste of production and consumption activities to the environment. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of environmental regulations on green productivity in Iran. For this purpose, while using the information related to capital, labor, gross domestic product, pollution and environmental regulations in 31 provinces during the period of 1400-1395 and using the "non-radial directional distance function", the effect of environmental regulations on green productivity, outputs and undesirable output would be evaluated. The research results indicate that environmental regulations promote green productivity in the provinces of Iran. In addition, environmental regulations have been less successful in controlling the undesirable outputs of economic activities. In addition, the results showed that the effect of GDP on green productivity is insignificant and the ratio of manufacturing added value  to GDP has a negative and significant effect on green productivity.

The aim of the current research is to identify the influencing variables on promoting the national brand in the automobile industry with an economic approach using the ground theory method. The current research was conducted using qualitative method (qualitative content analysis) and fuzzy Delphi analysis. Finally, using the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the factors extracted from the interviews with experts were analyzed and the final qualitative model was designed. Based on fuzzy Delphi analysis among the components: choosing the best technology transfer strategy in order to promote national branding in the automobile industry in line with economic development with the Cripps number (0.917), considering key economic factors in the country in order to promote branding National in the automotive industry with the Cripps number (0.903), according to experts, they have the highest amount of these components. In the end, 34 components and 88 indicators were confirmed, mostly causal factors or preconditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategies and consequences were identified

Tourism is a vital industry that has a significant impact on the economic development of many cities and countries around the world. Small-scale cities can also benefit from tourism by generating income, creating job opportunities and promoting cultural exchange. Despite having many tourist attractions, Izeh has not yet fully utilized its capacities for tourism development. The tourism industry of this city is relatively undeveloped and has not received much attention from the government or the private sector. The current research is applied in terms of nature based on the new methods of futurology, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The methods of data collection in this research are documentary-library and field. The statistical population of the research is 60 executive and academic experts of Izeh, who were selected using the Delphi technique and sampled by the snowball sampling method. MARCOS model was used to rank the variables in the four dimensions of tourism in Izeh. Based on the results obtained from 43 variables, investment, infrastructure, income, and employment factors have the greatest impact on the economic development of Izeh city. The degree of influence and influence of the variables, 11 influential variables, 16 variables are in the risk spectrum, 7 variables are in the influence spectrum and the rest of the variables have a low influence and influence degree. Finally, based on the effects of the variables, the direct and indirect relationships of the variables are categorized into 5 spectrums. Also, the ranking of each of the 43 research factors in the four dimensions of religious, natural, historical and cultural tourism in Izeh are different.

Currently, the composition of the world economy is drastically different than in the past. Today's sustainable development is based on innovation, creativity, and utilization of knowledge. Promoting entrepreneurship in countries, in addition to creating the ground for sustainable growth and development, can solve issues and challenges such as poverty, social and cultural disorder, unemployment among university graduates, and other widespread problems. In fact, entrepreneurship, in the sense of discovering and exploiting opportunities to create value in various economic, social, and cultural fields, is considered the basis of society's development. Entrepreneurship and innovation are considered as essential and influential factors in current societies and economic growth of countries. In order to understand the importance of this issue, the present research has investigated the relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of sustainable development. In this article, the role and position of entrepreneurship in economic growth and sustainable development is investigated and the entrepreneur is emphasized as the main driving force of the development of societies. These definitions have been reviewed considering the key concepts related to economic development and sustainable development. Then, according to the theoretical foundations, the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth and sustainable development is examined, and at the end, the article briefly examines key words and conclusions.

Tourism has a significant impact on increasing the amount of employment, economy and income, which has caused the attitude of the countries of the world towards its border to change and an important place in government policies. The purpose of this research is to identify the tourism potential of Meshkinshahr city with an emphasis on economic development. The research method is descriptive, analytical and comparative, in which the two models of Fiolet and Kubalikova are used to identify tourism potentials. Based on Fiolet model, the results showed that Meshkinshahr geotourism area with a total score of (10) has various capabilities for economic development. In Violet's model, among the geotourism indicators, the Meshkinshahr area has a high score (1) in the indicators of rarity, historical importance, and strengths, which has a great impact on the economic development of the Meshkinshahr area, and representativeness, literary importance, and accessibility have a lower score than It is evaluated according to other indicators that necessary measures should be taken for the development of the region. Also, the results of Kubalikova's model showed that Meshkinshahr area with the value (9.25) has the highest score among the areas with tourism potential. Therefore, the results showed that this increases income and economic prosperity and employment, and Meshkinshahr city has a nascent and growing economy, and the tourism industry is the best option for the economic growth and development of this city. Therefore, it is concluded that by evaluating and identifying geotourism potentials in the direction of the economic development of Meshkinshahr city, it will lead to the development of geotourism areas and attract tourists. Finally, it is suggested to use more models and items for the impact of tourism on the economy in future studies to evaluate the effects of tourism potentials in the economic development of Meshkinshahr geotourist area.

Today, the tourism industry as a profitable business and a branch of the global economy in the field of services is being considered and is developing, therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the set of factors influencing economic development and earning sustainable income with a tourism approach in the city of Shandiz. This research is exploratory, descriptive and analytical, from the point of view of the applied goal, from the perspective of qualitative and quantitative methods, and grounded theory and correlation test were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the present study includes specialists in the field of study (tourism, urban planning) and 30 people were determined based on targeted sampling. The results of grounded theory showed categories such as: (the role of the municipality in the sustainable development of Shandiz tourism, raising quality facilities, the existence of revenue generating platforms from the tourism capabilities of Shandiz city, strengthening decentralized urban management, developing specific plans for Shandiz tourism with the cooperation of the expert team and experts, adopting sustainable tourism strategies based on the defined goals), It was extracted from semantic units, and they were determined as a set of influential factors of economic development and earning sustainable incomes with a tourism approach in Shandiz city. In the following, the results of the correlation test showed; A significant and positive relationship was observed between the proposed categories and semantic units with correlation coefficients and a significance level smaller than 0.05, based on this, the categories and semantic units have conceptual generalizability.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will cause the exit of the private sector. which will lead to inefficient and non-optimal allocation of resources and as a result reduce economic efficiency. The government should intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to optimally allocate resources and create efficiency in the economy and balance in employment. What is the pathology of the government's interventions in economic policy-making according to the fourth and fifth plans of economic development? The findings of the research state; The absence of a long-term policy system and the political elite's lack of belief in a structured and targeted policy system has provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. Therefore, in this research, in order to explain the research hypothesis from the point of view of neoliberalism, we examine the development goals of the fourth and fifth economic development programs in order to show that the government's interventions in the economy have caused the development goals not to be realized. To collect data from field studies, sources library and internet have been used.

The study of human societies throughout history indicates that significant changes in societies are not random but occur under specific rules, which can lead towards either progress or decline. Understanding these rules helps in predicting future developments. Experience shows that societies generally move towards progress, although they may also undergo periods of decline. Development requires sustained and consistent structural and non-structural changes. Countries with stable economic growth and compatible structural changes can achieve development. Institutional conditions such as good governance, a strong private sector, a conducive business environment, and an effective social security system are essential for development. Iran is far from meeting these conditions and requires greater efforts to achieve development. This summary emphasizes the importance of accurately understanding the rules of social change and effectively utilizing them.

Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation operates as an international organization with the aim of promoting economic development and cooperation between countries in the global economy. The purpose of this article is to examine the principles and indicators of transparency in investment in the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

In the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization, transparency in investment and management of financial resources is very important. Transparency in the investment of the Development and Economic Cooperation Organization increases trust. When investors and countries have detailed information about the organization's projects and programs, the possibility of mistakes and errors in financial decisions is minimized and trust in the organization increases. In addition, transparency in the investment of the Organization for Development and Economic Cooperation attracts investment from countries and private companies. Investors prefer to invest in an environment where financial information and investments are provided transparently.

Transparency in investment helps to reduce corruption and misuse of financial resources. When financial information is fully disclosed, the possibility of financial violations and corruption is reduced and countries can direct financial resources to the exploitation of people and sustainable development.

The purpose of this study was to explain the effects of reverse migration on the economic, physical, and environmental development of the Mahale Anzal villages in Urmia County from 2017 to 2021. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was 944 households of returnees to the Mahale Anzal villages, of which 275 households were selected using the quota sampling method and randomly responded to the questionnaires. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.818 and analyzed using SPSS-V.28 and Lisrel-V.10 software. The research questionnaire had an acceptable validity of exploratory factor analysis (0.847) and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, physical development, and environmental development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration had a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), physical development (0.56), and environmental development (0.55) (P≤0.01). Additionally, reverse migration had an indirect and positive effect (0.34) on physical development and (0.28) on environmental development through economic development in the Mahale Anzal villages of Urmia County (P≤0.01). The authorities should strive to develop the economic conditions of the villages, which will lead to the improvement of living conditions, the strengthening and updating of rural housing, and consequently the physical and environmental development of the villages, thereby improving the living conditions in the villages for reverse migration.

Health and development are crucial indicators of societal progress, and addressing these issues is a priority for all societies. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explain and sociologically analyze the impact of media on health socialization and economic development among the citizens of Doroud. This research is applied in terms of its goal and descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population included the citizens of Doroud, with a sample size of 768 determined using Cochran's formula. The research tool was a questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were assessed. The findings of the research indicated a significant relationship between media institution performance, media content, and media consumption with the variable of health socialization. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between the variable of health socialization and economic development and its dimensions, including (per capita income, purchasing power parity, sustainable income, human development, poverty, and unemployment). It can be concluded that media, as one of the most important social fields, can improve the context for enhancing health and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to target health planning by responsible and related institutions in the media sector to involve various social classes in raising the cultural, social, and economic levels of urban households.

In this study, the threshold effects of the shadow economy on the relationship between financial depth, banking policies and macroeconomic fluctuations with socio-economic development during the time period of 1401-1370 and the application of the soft transfer threshold approach (STAR) were investigated. The results of the nonlinear part of the model show a positive relationship between the financial depth variable and the economic development index. Shadow economy variables, exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, government spending, liquidity growth and nominal interest rate have a negative relationship with the socio-economic development index. so that the mentioned variables lead to reduction in order; 95%, 95%, 50%, 45%, 7% and 40% of economic development. The main channel of influencing the financial depth is done by increasing the efficiency of investment and monetary policies. Therefore, the way of financial market liberalization, the weakness of financial system management and the lack of formation of coherent financial markets and the benefit of regulations in the country can be seen as the reasons for reducing the efficiency of investment through the non-optimal allocation of resources in the country. As a result, more attention and effort should be done in the country to develop and make financial markets more efficient and as a result allocate resources more efficiently and increase investment efficiency.

The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing economic factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture in Tabriz County.

The population of this study consists of producers and consumers of Tabriz County. The community of producers in the County is composed of 28 person. Due to their limited number, they were studied in full. In the consumer community, the sample size was estimated to be 384 person, but to achieve better results, 391 questionnaires were completed. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smart PLS software and one-sample t-tests and Friedman in SPSS software.

The results of the measurement model indicate that the loads of the observed agents with their hidden variables have significant values, and the observed agents have measured their hidden variables well. Also, there is a significant structural relationship between price perception, providing support facilities, product distribution, product preparation method, product price, product features, product quality, and willingness to pay. The obtained values of T, the average and the upper and lower limits of the factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture from the producers' point of view, had higher values than the standard set. The results of Friedman's test showed that the price of the product has the highest importance and the provision of support facilities has the lowest importance.

Comparing and examining the views of two producer and consumer groups shows that the economic dimension has had a major effect on the adoption of organic agriculture. Also, factors such as having high prices for products, costs and prices offered for a specific brand, an appropriate marketing system, etc. are among the factors that have affected the economic aspect of adopting organic agriculture.

The impact of COVID-19 on the way we live has been unprecedented. Travel and tourism were among the leading sectors to face a catastrophic downturn as national borders were closed to contain the outbreak. Precautionary measures were taken, and social distancing became a norm. Most people had to cancel or postpone their travel plans. The current crisis requires a strong preparation from the industry for a fresh start on health and resilience. The emergence of that deadly disease has led to huge financial losses and created global health and economic crises around the world. Epidemics have a negative effect on the behavior of tourists and their mental health. As a result, they abandon their planned tours for fear of catching the disease, as it seems impossible to avoid the transmission of the virus during the trip. Globally, travel and tourism make a significant contribution to job creation as well as socio-economic and cultural development worldwide. Now, according to the existing potentials and the drivers that can lead to re-upgrading the competitive advantage of travel and tourism after the COVID-19 era in our country, it is necessary to carry out necessary investigations so as to identify the forces affecting it and invest in them. This can again improve Iran's position. Therefore, this research seeks to identify and structure the factors affecting the success of agile marketing in turbulent conditions after COVID-19. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach in terms of data collection. It is also descriptive in terms of its purpose and is in the category of applied research. The statistical population of the research consisted of the professors and senior managers and active experts in the units related to the field of marketing in Yazd City. The selection of the participants in the present research was non-random and by targeted judgmental sampling. The respondents to the questionnaires of this research were 10 professors and senior managers and active experts in the units related to marketing and tourism, of which three professors were in Yazd University, four experts in the field of tourism and three in marketing. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. To design the items of the questionnaire, first, several internal and external articles related to the research topic were reviewed, and agile marketing factors were identified in each article. These surveys to find agile marketing factors were done until saturation was reached and no new factor was encountered. The questionnaire items on agile marketing factors were found from different articles. The data obtained from the research questionnaire were analyzed through the ISM technique. In the current research, the opinions of experts were used to check the validity of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a series of completely standard tables related to structural-interpretive modeling, so it had acceptable validity. According to the results of the research, thirteen factors are involved in agile marketing. The indicators of responsiveness, market-based organizational learning, group and regional sales development, marketing mix compatibility, and rapid change of marketing mix in pace with the change of market competitive conditions are among the most important factors affecting success. In many cities, regions and countries, tourism plays an important role as a strategic pillar of the economy's GDP. The tourism and leisure industry plays a vital role in economic activity and customer satisfaction, but now it has also become the most vulnerable member of the industry. The development of the tourism industry is of great importance, especially for developing countries that are faced with problems such as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange resources, and a single-product economy. In turbulent environments, industries constantly face challenges. Failure to quickly respond to these challenges may result in significant financial losses. Agile marketing is effective in the turbulent post-corona situation. The analysis of influence-dependency power showed that market-based organizational learning has the most influence and dependency power. Based on the findings of this research, in order to increase the success of agile marketing in post-corona unbalanced conditions, it is suggested to use agile marketing to discover opportunities and align the market trends so that they may not adopt ambiguous strategies against sudden changes. Agile marketing makes it possible to make changes to any part of the program without disrupting other parts. It is recommended that there should be very clear and explicit communication and the duties of each department should be specified. Also, by holding daily meetings, important departments in this industry should be aware of the work process. Priorities are taken into account, because it enables different departments to put on the right track, thereby increasing the sale of products and services and making the business prosperous. The agile method allows dividing the goals into different and independent and yet related parts, testing each part on a daily or weekly basis, and checking the results. If it does not work, another method should be adopted. This not only avoids the waste of time and big expenses but also, in a short time, determines the result of every decision and action. It is suggested that all the departments interact and choose the best solutions together. It is also recommended to be customer-oriented because agile marketing is customer-oriented and can always involve customers' opinions in the work process. By changing the customer's behavior, different departments can be quickly organized in line with the customer's satisfaction. And finally, agile marketing allows you to work on all the parts of a big project at the same time. Therefore, it is suggested to comprehensively investigate environmental imbalance with agile marketing

Unlike Iran’s idealist foreign policy during the first decade of the Islamic Revolution, there was a gradual shift in discourse after the establishment of the Reconstruction administration in 1989. This shift revealed a growing tendency to prioritize domestic goals over transnational objectives, often referred to in general terms as pragmatism. In the meantime, the security policy of the Islamic Republic underwent new innovations which were influenced by post-war domestic conditions and emerging regional and international developments, indicating some kind of intellectual capacity based on relative consensus among decision-makers. The working hypothesis posits that pragmatism of the Reconstruction administration (1989–1997) prioritized economic development as the cornerstone of its security policy, thus equating national security with national development. Recognizing its capabilities and limitations while upholding Islamic values, the Islamic state prioritized economic reform and sought to rebuild its relations with other nations, hence a shift towards a more realist approach in foreign policy. In this respect, the present article aimed to examine the security policymaking process and the initiatives undertaken to advance new security considerations—a distinctive experience closely associated with Hashemi Rafsanjani’s Reconstruction administration. The analysis concerned the factors contributing to the security policy of the Reconstruction administration (1989–1997), and its relationship with economic development as well as the overall foreign policy of the country. The study tried to answer the question as to what relationship existed between development and security in the security policymaking of the Reconstruction administration.

Literature Review:

In an article titled “A Shift in the National Security Approach of the Islamic Republic in the Second Decade of the Islamic Revolution,” Ardestani (2013) states that the most important orientation in Iran’s post-war foreign policy was alignment with the regional and international environment. In “Discursive Transformation of National Security Governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Khalili (2019) underscores that the putative discursive transformation, despite shaping the IRI’s distinctive governance approach, has led to a weakening consensus, polarization, and conflict both within society and within the structures and institutions of national security. In “The Impact of the Idea of Self-Reliance on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Dehshiri et al. (2022) focused on the reasons behind the IRI’s emphasis on self-reliance. They concluded that the realization of self-reliance and the subsequent national security—regardless of the government—is influenced by several factors, such as the national cohesion, strategic geopolitical position, historical–civilizational background, pursuit of political independence, mutual trust between people and rulers, and effective and constructive relations with regional and international actors. Another notable work is Iran’s Security Policy in the Post-Revolutionary Era (Byman, 2001). It delves into Iran’s security considerations during the 1990s, particularly during the establishment of the Reconstruction administration. Considering the related literature, the innovative aspect of the present study lies in its focus on security policy of the Reconstruction administration by relying on an analytical approach which is missing in the related literature.

The present research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. This kind of analysis involves summarizing and describing the main features of a dataset, aiming to provide information such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, and distribution without drawing inferences or making conclusions.

A key characteristic of governmental security policies, transformability reflects both the ongoing transformation of threat focal points in line with international and regional developments, and the flexibility and modernization embedded in the government’s security decision-making structure. Transformability actually represents the breadth and depth of intellectual capacity within the country’s management system. During the post-war period, what became prioritized as the emerging security orientation under the Reconstruction administration incorporated aspects of both features mentioned above. The governmental foreign and security policymaking process was grounded in relative consensus among decision-makers, acknowledging the perilous and challenging conditions in domestic, regional, and international arenas. During the first decade of the Islamic Revolution, this appraoch sought to balance the political, security, and economic indicators, which were influenced by political–economic, ideological, and cultural factors, as well as the performance of Iran’s revolutionary institutions. While adhering to the revolutionary principles to build a strong Iran and gain international recognition, Hashemi Rafsanjani’s pragmatism involved a concerted effort to end the political isolation imposed on Iran during the Iraq–Iran War, secure the national interests, and reconstruct the country by relying on political realism. This kind of realism, coupled with revolutionary idealism, emphasized a broader understanding of expediency and underscored the significant role of rationality in formulating and planning foreign and security policies. It also highlighted the importance of recognizing the relation between pragmatism and development in the context of Iran’s security policy. According to the research findings, pragmatism in security policymaking of the Reconstruction administration goes beyond a merely historical experience, indicating an intellectual capacity within the country’s macro-management system, which can effectively guide decision-makers in critical situations.

The experience of pragmatism coupled with development is not merely a recent phenomenon in the history of Iran; it actually offers valuable insights and lessons that can guide Iran in overcoming future challenges. Achieving these milestones hinges on revitalizing the intellectual capacity of the country’s management system, enriching it, and facilitating its orientation towards societal security decision-making.

Entrepreneurship, as a key driver of economic growth and development, contributes to an increase in Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income by creating new businesses, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting balanced regional development. This is particularly important for developing countries where poverty and unemployment are significant challenges. Consequently, this study explores the factors influencing the development of entrepreneurial home-based businesses in Ilam Province to understand the positive impacts of establishing such businesses. The present research employs an exploratory mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative study population includes all experts, while the quantitative population comprises the owners of entrepreneurial home businesses in Ilam Province. In the qualitative section, participants were selected using the snowball sampling method, reaching theoretical saturation with 12 participants. In the quantitative section, 120 owners of entrepreneurial home businesses were selected through a complete enumeration method. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews for the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire for the quantitative part. Data analysis in the qualitative section was conducted using thematic analysis and in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling. Based on the results, 57 indicators were identified within 15 sub-themes and 6 main themes, including marketing capabilities, competitive intelligence, government policy, entrepreneurial empowerment, strategic communications, and social acceptance. These were evaluated and ultimately confirmed in the quantitative section. It is recommended that policymakers, macro planners, and local officials develop and implement supportive and educational programs tailored to the identified indicators and themes for the owners of home businesses.

As an economic development means economic growth along with increasing production capacities including physical, human and social capacities, the purpose of the present research is to explain the economic development model of the tourism industry in Iran's free zones from a geographical point of view. through purposive sampling, the data of Chabahar Free Trade Zone Organization managers, tourism activists, tourism officials, local communities and tourists were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and applying the grounded theory approach, the economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones was designed from a geographical point of view. Findings of the research showed that the dimensions of the economic development model can be categorized into sixty-nine main categories such as the lack of a comprehensive data bank about tourism spots, lack of a strong tourism social media (website, blog, social network and...), lack of strong content production in the field of tourism, the existence of cost, process, and inter-unit problems related to tourism, etc. The conclusion of this qualitative research show the correct application of this model can improve the credibility of tourism institutions, increase the interactions between tourism institutions and tourists, improve the satisfaction of tourists and tourism staff, create a distinction in the quality of services and reputation of tourism institutions and increase the productivity of tourism institutions.

The dominant form of migration in developing countries, including Iran, is from the village to the city. However, during the past two decades, another pattern of migration, reverse migration, has occurred in rural areas in such a way that in the findings of the general population and housing census of 2012, the number of reverse migrants is higher than the rural-urban migration. In the whole city of Natanz, due to its location in the center of Isfahan province, the city of Isfahan has access to the markets of Isfahan, Badroud, Khaled Abad, Natanz, and Targhroud. On the other hand, the physical development of Isfahan and its economic and social relations have various characteristics. During the past years, reverse migration flow to urban and rural settlements has taken place in temporary and permanent forms. The general goal is to investigate and analyze the role of reverse migration in the economic development of villages in Natanz. From a practical point of view, the results of such research provide solutions to the country's managers to implement better planning to prevent migration and encourage migrants to return. Reverse migration is when people return to their first place (origin) after a long residence in another place (destination). In other interpretations and definitions, reverse migration is considered a reaction to creating attractiveness in rural areas, which emerges through the establishment of income in activities such as agriculture or animal husbandry, retirement, and sometimes due to the hardships of urban life; a process in which a person or persons, due to various reasons, return to their first place again from the place they have chosen as their new place.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The samples were based on Cochran's formula, and to complete the discussion, Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table was also used. Information was collected from 381 individuals across 24 villages through field surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Regarding gender, 84.78% of the sample was male, and 15.22% were female. Also, 94.75% were married, and 5.25% were single. The age group included 3.93% 20-30 years old, 17.85% 31-40 years old, 28.08% 41-50 years old, 27.30% 60-51 years old, 22.83% 61 years old. Out of the total sample, 2.62% are illiterate, 27.82% have a diploma, and 36.49% have a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or higher.One sample t-test was used to study the factors affecting reverse migration. In order to evaluate the dimensions of the factors affecting the migration from the city to the village, the items were first oriented and it was combined as an average; considering the 5-point Likert scale in the research items, the number 3 was chosen as the theoretical median to evaluate the importance of the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration from the society's point of view. This research has been studied at a confidence level of 95%. Given the frequency of variables used for leveling (47 variables in the first step) and the importance of evaluating more important variables and determining the weight and importance of each variable, the factor analysis method was used. In this research, the exploratory factor analysis method was used to summarize data and identify causes. In order to determine the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis, the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's statistic, which were significant at the 1% level, were used, so they were suitable for factor analysis. By benefiting from the factor analysis technique in the principal factor analysis method, 6 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and the variables for evaluating the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration were grouped in these factors based on the factorloading and after orthogonal factor rotation using the Varimax method. The 6 factors explained a total of 71.682% of the total variance related to the variables of factors affecting reverse migration.In this research, the basic theory is the theory of human capital, which was proposed by Larry Shasta. According to the theory of human capital, the return migration of people is formed in the hope of benefiting from more prosperity in the village. The result of the research shows that the reverse immigrants have been able to be effective in the economic sector in both capital and idea sectors. In fact, the innovation of this research can be that the economy is based on reverse migration, and if there is a correct plan and vision in the programs and among managers, it can cause the growth and development of villages.

Population relocation and migration is a sign of the continuity of human life, which has a history as old as humankind. People who consider the continuity of life, social and economic activities, and the field of effort limited and short for themselves in a geographical place start to migrate. Among the spatial-location features related to rural areas, "lack of welfare and civil services" has played a special role in the appearance of the driver of migration to the city. However, with the development of welfare-civil services and the increase in the income of the agricultural sector and belonging to the original birthplace, the return of immigrants to rural areas is provided. The results of this research are related to the research of Shaojun Chen and Wurong Liu (2020); urban repulsion factors and attraction factors play a role in the migration from the city to the countryside. It is associated with Stockdale's (2014) studies concerning urban repulsions, such as the inability to create jobs in cities and rural attractions, such as age and retirement. It is associated with the studies of Edival (2015) about urban repulsions such as lack of job security and rural attractions such as retirement. It is associated with the studies of Langroudi et al. (2012) in the field of rural attractions, such as obtaining more income, increasing relative welfare, and improving human dignity for migrants returning to rural areas. According to the studies of Afrakhteh et al. (2015), in economic and cultural-ethnic causes, the least impact on reverse migration from the city to the village is associated.

Policy-making is one of the important means of government intervention in various fields, including the economic field. Today, development has different dimensions and economic development is one of its most important dimensions. On the other hand, in modern economic discourses, knowledge-based economy has been mentioned. A term that was used for the first time by the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization and it refers to the use of knowledge and technology in economic activities. One of the methods of applying knowledge-based economy is the use of knowledge-based companies in the structure of the economic system. In Iran, in the past decade, knowledge-based companies have grown significantly, but these companies need various supports from the governing institutions to improve their performance. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the library method was used to collect the sources. The results of this research show that the implementation of the government's support policies for knowledge-based companies in the long term has significant effects on the knowledge-based economy. Also, the mentioned companies play an important role in realizing the economic independence and self-sufficiency of Article 43 of the Constitution. Despite the provision of some legal support for knowledge-based companies, there are still legal and executive challenges in reaching the desired point.

The purpose of this research is to present a model for the economic development of Less Developed Rurals of Mazandaran Province with the regional innovation system approach. In terms of purpose, this research was applied and in terms of the method of data collection according to the nature of the study, it was qualitative, descriptive, and survey type. The current research is a case study. The research community of Less Developed Rural of Mazandaran province is based on the list of less-developed areas in support matters in 2018. The researchers with the help of provincial trustee institutions such as Mazandaran Governorate updated the said list and expressed the challenges and solutions based on the foundation's data theory method based on the existing situation. In order to collect research data, while comprehensively reviewing the literature on rural development, regional innovation system, and framework related to a sustainable livelihood, through in-depth interviews with 43 scientific and experimental experts in the fields of rural development, the economy of deprived areas, regional innovation system and Also, more than 10 interviews and specialized meetings were held with provincial officials. The findings of the research show that strengthening the role and position of civil institutions in the governance process, using the capacity of cooperative companies by the local community, providing national and media awareness to attract Investment opportunities in the private sector, paying attention to the capacity of the innovation ecosystem, especially from the aspect of financing and modifying the cultivation pattern based on regional natural capabilities and regional capabilities, are among the most important solutions for the economic development of disadvantaged rural areas in Mazandaran province.