جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « inefficiency » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

In recent decades, explaining the adverse effects of imprisonment has been one of the most important concerns of lawyers, criminologists and other experts. This is not exclusive to theoretical and academic circles and has been reflected in the practical approach of many criminal justice systems to different extents and degrees. Despite what was said, imprisonment is still one of the most important punishments in different criminal policy systems, including in Iran's criminal policy. The aforementioned fact has revealed the need to address the inefficiency factors of this punishment more than ever; Based on this, the purpose of this article is to examine the question of what are the bases of the ineffectiveness of imprisonment in judicial criminal policy? This is a theoretical article and it has investigated the mentioned subject by using descriptive analytical method and in a library form. The findings indicate that at the level of judicial criminal policy, the directive-oriented and management-oriented approaches of the judicial system, the social background of judges, high workload and lack of sufficient expertise in them, as well as some of the orientations of the judicial procedure, should be among the most important factors of the inefficiency of imprisonment. enumerated

Lenient institutions, which encompass a wide range of exempting and mitigating provisions have a long history of playing a role in Iran’s criminal policy. The tendency towards these institutions in recent years due to the overcrowding of the criminal population and the difficulties of the prison administration has accelerated after the enactment of the Law of Commuting Sentences of Taʿzīr Imprisonment (2020) and a large number of crimes were subjected and included to these regulations with new developments that in the past did not include commutation or suspension or probation or electronic monitoring. Inflicting and imposing aggravating circumstances of punishment such as plurality and recidivism of the crime will not prevent resorting to lenient institutions. The increasement of these institutions and their diversity which sometimes conflict with each other and especially the conditions for having them based on general and subjective propositions have disrupted the coherence and efficiency of the criminal policy. In addition, most of the lenient institutions are optional and subjected to the discretion and opinions of judicial authorities and the confirmation and ascertainment of the mandatory cases are done by the judge. The lack of guiding principles for resorting to these institutions in practice has caused the diversity of perceptions of the law and adoption of different procedures and it has made their application unpredictable. Reducing the lenient institutions that are conflicting with or limiting them to a specific area of judicial process, eliminating ambiguous conditions and predicting objective and manageable propositions as well as limiting judicial discretions can affect the cohesion and effectiveness (efficiency) of the institutions of lenient.

Hypocrisy is a phenomenon that has been mentioned in religious teachings as well as its consequences at different levels. Hypocrisy also causes harmful damages at the property level. One of the irreparable consequences of this reprehensible trait is pessimism and distancing people from religion and Sharia. In the case of weakness and vacillation in the field of knowledge and vision, in order to gain power or maintain their position, they gradually find the attribute of hypocrisy. History also shows the fact that the hypocritical performance of some properties has caused irreparable damage. The basic approach in this essay is to investigate the hypocrisy of the society's properties in the religious government and its effect on the apostasy of the common people. This essay is in the position of investigating the problem that the disease of the society affected by this reprehensible phenomenon and their hypocritical behavior necessarily has a negative effect on the common people and causes them to be pessimistic and even distance themselves from religion. The properties of hypocrites have caused irreparable damage to the body of society throughout history. In the present era, after the realization of the Islamic government in the region and the end of the period of holy defense, the claimants of religion and service to the people gradually infiltrated the body of the system. By using religion and its symbols as a tool, in line with demagoguery, they gained the trust of the mass of people towards themselves. Their abnormal performance made the common people conflicted, caused people to unwisely follow religion. The main goal of this essay is to examine the inseparable link between the hypocrisy of society and the influence of their hypocritical actions in various fields, including politics and society management, on the religious beliefs of the masses of people and as a result their aversion to religion. The main question is: How does the political hypocrisy of society's properties cause the inefficiency of religion? The research method is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting information is mainly library.

Teachers' political-guild action during 2020s can be considered a grindstone and a new phase of teachers' political-guild action in contemporary history of Iran. This action is not only and typically differentiated with teachers' political-guild action over last decades, but, is also distinguished in respect of formality, stratification, comprehension, participation and continuity from other guilds' protest action such as labors, truckers, mines etc. The key point is that this action like any other guilds' action has faced some challenges when attempted to achieve its' professional and public aims. Thereby, this survey leads not only to recognizing challenges and obstacles of teachers' guild action but also recognizing and eradicating the challenges and obstacles of other guilds' action through a comparing study. Accordingly, the basic question is "which challenges of teachers' political-guild action has been the most important challenges during 2020s'? In response, this survey, which has conducted through library and semi-structured interview methods of data acquisition, has hypothesized that teachers have three inner challenges (interest conflict, association disability and the lack of cohered strategy) and three outer challenges (policy inefficiency, policy-makers' lack of optimism and international environment) regarding their political-guild action. By analyzing quantitative data (through average measurement and frequency percent) and qualitative data (through prominence technique), this survey has proved that the policy-making inefficiency and the disability of practical-theoretical strategy, respectively, have the most influence and international environment has the least influence among challenging parameters.

The present study aims at the jurisprudential challenges of waiting sukuk; Siri has been done in historical jurisprudential texts. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. The results showed that since bonds are based on interest-bearing loans, they are considered usury from the Islamic point of view and are forbidden; Therefore, in Islamic countries, these bonds can not be used for financing. To solve this problem, participation papers were first issued; But because these bonds are issued on the basis of a physical plan, and when companies have difficulty purchasing assets and providing liquidity, the bonds have no practical partnership, financial specialists designed new financial instruments. The same sukuk was created.The present study aims at the jurisprudential challenges of waiting sukuk; Siri has been done in historical jurisprudential texts. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. The results showed that since bonds are based on interest-bearing loans, they are considered usury from the Islamic point of view and are forbidden; Therefore, in Islamic countries, these bonds can not be used for financing. To solve this problem, participation papers were first issued; But because these bonds are issued on the basis of a physical plan, and when companies have difficulty purchasing assets and providing liquidity, the bonds have no practical partnership, financial specialists designed new financial instruments. The same sukuk was created.

Democracy is one of the most renown political systems and one of the most valuable assets of human being.However almost all democracies contain deficiencies which impairs their efficiency and can cause deviations in their path toward the optimum purpose.Such deficiencies can be seen in the path of any political system known as democracy and can in turn lead to vulnerabilities of such democracy or delegitimization thereof.It is such risks that necessitate the study of the reasons behind such vulnerabilities. However, considering the variety and differences existing among democracies, any research with a limited subject needs to be focused only on specific types of democracies.The present research addresses the question of identifying those deficiencies based on the hypothesis that such deficiencies can be categorized into two types of intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies.The research availing itself of analytical-descriptive methods with the support of library and internet resources indicates that the intrinsic deficiencies stem from the citizens who lack a tendency toward public actions, lack the sufficient knowledge and literacy and support those elected authorities who ignore and deviate from the public will and those bureaucrats who prefer their administrative interests to the public interest.As to the extrinsic deficiencies, one can refer to interference by certain stakeholders and deviating the decision making and decision building from the public will as well as the deciations in the public services expected from democracies. Therefore, improvement of democratic life in the framework of democracy through known methods can result in resolution of such deficiencies.

Lack of coordination between the establishment and efficiency of criminal laws and basic principles and regulations has deprived the criminal laws of the necessary efficiency and effectiveness and has led to rooting in efficiency criteria from a religious and customary point of view. It has been shown that disregarding these criteria and principles can be effective in criminal factors, especially social ones. Criteria, such as compliance with the principle of necessity and appropriateness, compliance with the reference laws, and attention to national norms and international norms, are among the cases that appear futile if ignored, and irregular rules are established without considering the mass of abandoned laws and non liquet. In some cases, despite a large number of laws, in some cases, it faces a signficant non liquet, which is examined in this paper using a descriptive-analytical method. This research includes representing the current status of criminal laws and providing some suggestions in establishing laws based on the effective factors in the occurrence of crime and existing criteria.

The decision-making process in today's world has many developments, which are greatly affected by uncertainty. As far as chaos theory has depicted organizations with great complexity and at the same time manageable. Financial engineering and integrated risk management has assumed the task of controlling risks and by providing new and strategic solutions, it has been able to create systematic methods for organizations and commercial companies, especially banks. Hierarchical analysis with field method is used in this study, so questionnaire is used in data collection. For this purpose, 31,425 people have university education from among the number of frontline and headquarters personnel of National Bank, of which 24,256 people have more than 10 years of experience. To determine the numerical value of the importance of each of the criteria, the expert judgment group of 386 people was deliberately selected from people with more than 10 years of experience and with a university degree based on Morgan's table. In this research, the authority of banking experts is used in all approaches. Based on the opinion of experts, by analyzing with the fuzzy Delphi method and hierarchical analysis, we come to the conclusion that the ratio of claims to facilities and liquidity to assets respectively show the inefficiency of branches. And profitability is accompanied by the reduction of banking risks.

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between the amount of use of social networks and organizational negligence. This research is a description of the type of correlational studies. The survey research method, questionnaire measurement tool and information gathering method is a combination of library and field method. The statistical population of the research is made up of employees of the headquarters of the Foundation of the Underprivileged of the Islamic Revolution who are employed in the main building of the foundation in 1401, which includes 270 people. In the field investigation, 159 people among these employees were selected and studied according to the Morgan table and using simple random sampling method. The employees in the sample completed two media consumption questionnaires and an organizational procrastination questionnaire in order to collect data. Data analysis was done through Spearman's correlation test and using SPSS. The validity of the research tool has been confirmed through face and content validity. Also, their reliability has been calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80. The results of the research show that the use of social networks is effective on organizational procrastination (the type of use of social networks is "positive" on employee procrastination, but the amount of use of social networks is "negative" on employee procrastination). Also, organizational procrastination components predict the use of social networks: A positive and significant relationship is observed between the use of social networks and the level of inefficiency of employees (a significant relationship is observed between the type of use of social networks and the level of inefficiency and mental anxiety of employees, but there is no significant relationship with the level of use of social networks).

The decline that began in Europe, especially from the 17th century, as the result of the Ottoman military invasion, soon affected the socio-economic system to be declined and the weakness of military forces. Some Ottoman bureaucrats and intellectuals took at last reformist approaches because of the interventions of western countries and their imposed competition. Certainly, to the modernists, the new models and methods experienced in modern European countries could change Ottoman Empire’s traditional system and make it towards development. The reforms, however, in the way happened in the empire and the subsequent The Tanzimat (reorganization) encountered so many obstacles whole implementation. So, the changes and reforms regarding military, administrative-bureaucratic, and economic issues failed to be effective. This concise paper explores The Tanzimat and its obstacles it faced.

In the field of efficiency and productivity of the banking system, various researches have been conducted and there are different models for investigating the inefficiency of banks. This variation in models is due to the nature of the concept of efficiency, especially its uncertain boundaries and because of the various conceptualizations of organizational efficiency. Some of the approaches to calculating inefficiency based on banks' objectives are: objective model, system model and inefficiency model. However, researches with a comprehensive view on the inefficiency of bank branches have not been found, in this research, all approaches have been used by experts in bank branches with education and experience. Because applying a single criterion is not suitable for bank branches and there is no single criterion that can provide all the activities of bank branches. Therefore, while identifying the criteria and indicators, they have been sipped with the opinion of banking experts. . This research, based on banking experts' opinions and analysis by fuzzy Delphi method and analytical hierarchy, concluded that the ratio of interest on deposits to the interest of branch payment facilities, assets of branches to income from facilities, deferred demands and past maturity to the total residue of branch facilities, ratio of funds ready to loan to total branch deposits, ratio of total undesirable claims to total branch facilities and liquidity ratio to total assets The branch shows the inefficiency of the branch in order And Melli Bank is looking for the same goals as conventional banks, which include profitability combined with reduced banking risks.

Despite more than a century since the beginning of partisanship in the country and the emphasis on public opinion and collective opinions, we still do not see the existence of parties in the true sense of the word in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the inefficiency of socio-political parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, using the thematic analysis method. This research was applied based on purpose and in terms of method, and quality, and had a descriptive approach. The thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data obtained from semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study included 14 knowledgeable people in the field of political sociology and political science as well as appropriate texts for extracting indicators and theoretical literature. In this study, to select the samples, the snowball approach was used and as a standard for the end of sampling, the theoretical saturation method was used. Themes were obtained using two sources of theoretical literature and semi-structured interview. The result of qualitative data analysis was the identification of 60 concept codes, 18 basic themes, and 2 organizing themes including "Social factors" and "Cultural factors" which were presented in the form of a model

In this study, it was found that the degree of the industry complexity is related to the industry inefficiency degree and in this way affects the comparative advantage. For this purpose, factory industry data from twelve countries, including six developed countries and six less developed countries for the period 2011 to 2018 were used. By using the panel data method and the fixed effects technique, the impact of industry complexity on the degree of inefficiency was estimated for a set of selected developed and less developed countries. To measure economic complexity to the separation of industry from the average economic complexity of goods in that industry which is on the Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity website was used. The data envelopment analysis method has been used to estimate the inefficiency degree index in each industry. The results of the research showed that the degree of inefficiency of the industry in developed countries increases with the increase of the complexity of the industry up to the threshold of 0.2 and then decreases. While in less developed countries, the inefficiency degree decreased with increasing industry complexity to the -0.69 threshold and then increased. In addition, the findings showed that less developed countries have a comparative advantage in industries with complexity in the range of -1.1 to 0.48. The comparative advantage in developed countries is in the range of 0.48 to 1.1. The final result is that less developed countries do not have the capacity to produce complex goods due to high inefficiency degrees.

Good governance follows a series of common and universal principles and procedures that do not depend on a specific geographical environment or time period, but a significant part of governance principles and procedures are always influenced by environmental considerations and depend on time conditions. And it is a special place. Based on this, efficient and desirable governance in a smaller scale like Tehran province requires the investigation of special and unique elements and components of this province. With this assumption, this article examines and analyzes the issues and challenges of local governance in Tehran province. For this purpose, first, by using open interviews with experts and executive officials of the province, issues and challenges are extracted, and then structural analysis of these issues and challenges is carried out using MicMac software. The results and findings indicate that the governance issues and challenges of Tehran province are caused by the four circles of "inefficiency", "dissatisfaction", "deprivation" and "insecurity", which are created by the government rather than the people playing a role in them, and therefore to solve them all, the rules of national and provincial governance should be amended by reducing the role of the government in economic, social, cultural and even political affairs.

Among the functions expected of the education system, it can be considered the most basic function, in addition to the socialization of the individual, and the transfer of knowledge, which is the main goal of education. However, Iran's educational system is facing weak and unacceptable results in this area (the results of the TIMSS and PIRLS international tests). The current research was conducted to provide a model for the education system's challenges in the knowledge transfer field.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of execution method. The statistical population of the research was teachers, parents of students and experts, and experts in the field of education in the year 1400, which examined the opinions and experienced perceptions of these key human elements and the most informed in the field of the education system. According to the principle of theoretical saturation, the sample was considered to be 23 people who were selected by quota sampling method. The data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, the validity of which was verified with the help of four experts and two research colleagues. Its reliability was obtained using Cohen's kappa coefficient method of 0.63. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis, including open, central, and selective coding in MAXQDA20 software.

The challenges related to the process of knowledge transfer (within the education system) were centered around the three main pillars of this process, i.e., the teacher, the student, and the context, in which a total of 12 components have been identified and extracted; which were: mental and behavioral problems of the teacher, weak skills of the teacher in teaching the students, weak cognitive, skill and performance of the teacher, mental and psychological problems of the student, inappropriate educational environment, lack of laboratory facilities and educational equipment, problems Educational content, deep-rooted problems in the primary level (as the basis and basis of education), the weakness of teaching while serving teachers, the lack of importance of the education system to creativity, the weakness of pre-service training for teachers, the weakness of the teacher evaluation system. Factors affecting inefficiency were also identified in the structural background of the education and the last five components and the environmental background outside the system with the two factors of teachers' legal and livelihood problems and the low social status of the teacher.

This research, which has analyzed the problem of inefficiency with a sociological perspective, has found a series of factors that ultimately lead to inefficiency in the field of knowledge transfer, among which all factors within the system are affected by The external environment is the education system, and it shows the need to pay attention to the macro structures of society and other sub-systems affecting this system (politics and economy) in order to solve the problem of knowledge transfer inefficiency.

The present study seeks to analyze the nature of expected sukuk in Islamic jurisprudence; It's its challenges and inefficiencies. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, it will examine the nature of the expected sukuk. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information in this research is a library. And is one of the most prominent tools of Islamic economic development in society, which is expanding rapidly and has faced many challenges in two areas of principles and regulations; This article addresses some of these challenges, including sharia restrictions; The conflict of fatwas in Islamic finance and the religious risk in the use of securities in the field of fundamentals and lack of supply, stock exchanges, lack of necessary standards, legal and regulatory challenges and the problem of ownership in Sukuk in the field of regulations are addressed.

Authoritarian political power, with the formation of the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly and the establishment of a legitimate system, became a law-bound power; the party was one of the necessary tools needed in the new political structure. For some reason, however, this revolution failed to achieve its ideals. This led reformists, especially the intellectuals of the Revival Party, to think of establishing a powerful government so that they could put their reformist thoughts and ideals into practice in the political, social, economic, and cultural spheres. The main question with the present article is why did not the party, which with the help of Reza Shah had won the majority of seats in the fifth parliament of the National Assembly, be able to implement its plans and finally become an inefficient party? The research hypothesis is that the founders and members of the Revival Party seem to have been from the ruling groups and the aristocratic class of society, and therefore the party leaders were unable to break out of their original circle and communicate with the masses. The research method of the article is a historical (posteriori) and the method of collecting documentary and library information has been used as a comparative study to describe and analyze the data. The fundamental finding of the present study is that “the factors of inefficiency and discontinuity of the Revival Party have been depending on two internal and external categories.”

The history of higher education in Iran goes back to the late thirteenth century AH. But the quantitative leap in higher education began in the early 1970s, and over the past three decades the number of university students and graduates, especially in the humanities, has steadily increased. These sciences, including political science, continue to face some serious weaknesses and disadvantages, albeit with a slight increase: the lack of localization of educational content, the discrepancy of the content of courses with new socio-political developments, the relevance of theories In the fields of education and research, westernization is not applicable to university education and some of these are among the damages of humanities in Iran. This research, using a qualitative (quantitative and qualitative) method, using statistical data and official documents, has provided pathologies for the evolution of the humanities and politics in the current situation. According to the results of the research, some of the essentials of change in the humanities, especially political science, include: applying humanities, rebuilding the place of the humanities in the educational system, policymaking, and creating material and spiritual incentives to move humanities professors toward the present. Native theories, reducing the gap between the values ​​of the political system, and the dominant approach to universities, and moving towards interdisciplinary studies tailored to the country's conditions and needs.

District 12, the birthplace and vital and historical core of Tehran, has undergone various changes during the new development, especially in the last six decades, one of which has been the expansion of specialized activities in the streets and axes adjacent to the main bazaar. With the decline and inefficiency of the region, especially in terms of residential function, it has been accompanied and accompanied. For this purpose and in completing the available data and information, a questionnaire with 27 items among 280 residents, businesses and experts of District 12 was completed and the data obtained in three dimensions "physical-environmental", economic-activity "and" social The results show that the physical-environmental dimension with 13 indicators and with a specific value of 10.620 has the highest share; the economic dimension with 7 indicators and the special value of 8.238 in the second place and the social dimension with 4 The reagent and the special value of 4.081 show the effects and consequences of specialized activities in the adjacent spaces in the third place.The alignment of the result of this research and some similar researches indicates that the accompaniment and conformity of creating and expanding directions with specialized commercial activities with The inefficiency and decline of residential functions in adjacent spaces and neighborhoods in the central part of the city is a general process, a phenomenon that has also occurred in the 12th district of Tehran.