جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « the crisis » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Authoritarian policies that prioritize state power often hinder the development of constructive international relationships, fueling tensions and reducing opportunities for cooperation. This is particularly evident in the Middle East, where countries in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins are deeply affected. The region's unique geopolitical and hydropolitical context makes it especially vulnerable to such conflicts. In recent years, relations between Iran, Turkiye, and Iraq have grown increasingly complex due to various factors, including dam construction, persistent droughts, and Turkiye's authoritarian policies. These elements have heightened sensitivities in their relations, compounding the challenges of their already tumultuous history.In such a complex environment, it becomes increasingly crucial to accurately understand and thoroughly analyze the ongoing regional processes. Additionally, forecasting future trends is critical for preventing international crises. A detailed examination of the impact of dam construction on the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, coupled with an assessment of the consequences of recurring droughts on the region's water resources, is essential. Analyzing the water policies of key regional players, particularly Turkiye, can also further enhance our understanding of the current situation and inform more effective responses.Furthermore, exploring how these policies affect relations between neighboring countries can provide valuable insights. Through such studies, it is possible to propose solutions that promote more effective cooperation in water resource management. This could involve sharing information, creating joint mechanisms for managing water resources, and developing collaborative projects focused on sustainable usage. Ultimately, prioritizing cooperation over competition and hostility can foster a more constructive environment for addressing regional challenges. Achieving this, however, requires a shift in attitudes and broader policies among regional countries, but it can safeguard the long-term interests of all parties involved.

Research methods generally fall into three categories: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed (a combination of both). This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to assess and interpret the current situation. In the descriptive phase, data is gathered through library research, while the analytical one applies a deductive method, utilizing Peter Haggett’s Hypothetica model and Ashok Swain model for data analysis. In the quantitative section, Food-Energy-Water (FEW) indicators are employed to demonstrate and derive key concepts.The research process involves gathering information, conducting a thorough analysis of the collected data, and identifying patterns based on the assumptions of the two models. The final step is to pinpoint and articulate the challenges that need to be addressed to enhance the current situation. To clearly and comprehensively present the research findings, diagramming software is used to infer and illustrate the conceptual model. This model visually represents the relations and connections among various research elements. This integrated approach enables a deep, multifaceted examination of the topic and leads to a well-rounded and actionable analysis.This mixed-method approach, which combines descriptive-analytical techniques with quantitative analysis using FEW indicators, offers a strong foundation for the study. It facilitates a thorough examination of the current situation while also enabling a data-driven analysis of trends and patterns. By integrating the Hypothetica and Swin models into the analytical process, the study gains a deeper interpretation of the data, revealing insights that might be overlooked when using a single methodological approach.By clearly mentioning the existing challenges, this research goes beyond merely describing the current state—it also lays the groundwork for potential solutions and improvements. This forward-thinking approach significantly enhances the study's practical relevance, making it valuable for policymakers and stakeholders alike. The comprehensive methodology, which seamlessly integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches and is further supported by visual modeling, allows for a detailed and nuanced exploration of the topic. As a result, the research not only provides valuable insights but also establishes a strong foundation for future studies and practical applications.

Authoritarian or power-centric policies focus on consolidating and expanding governmental authority, both within a nation and in its foreign relations. However, an excessive reliance on this approach can hinder constructive international engagement, often leading to tensions and even potential crises. The Middle East, particularly the Tigris and Euphrates river basins encompassing Iran, Turkiye, and Iraq, is especially vulnerable due to its unique geostrategic importance and the complex interplay of regional dynamics.The findings reveal that Turkiye's unilateral and authoritarian management of water resources - primarily through large-scale dam construction and hydropower projects designed to enhance agricultural development - has deepened regional disparities and heightened tensions. Iraq's geographical disadvantages, combined with its limited financial and technological resources, have left it ill-equipped to effectively counter Turkiye's actions. The advanced dam projects in Turkiye, along with similar initiatives in Iran, have severely affected Iraq's water resources, exacerbating water scarcity and contributing to environmental degradation.Turkiye's centralized and dominant approach to dam construction has worsened the region's water supply and demand imbalance. At the same time, internal conflicts and divergent water priorities between the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government hinder a cohesive response to regional water disputes, underscoring significant organizational weaknesses within Iraq.As Turkiye's influence expands, Iraq's vulnerabilities become increasingly evident, largely due to its central authority deficiencies and organizational weaknesses. Iraq faces significant consequences, including environmental degradation and threats to human life. However,Turkiye is also affected by its actions, such as diverting water from the Tigris and Euphrates, which disrupt Kurdish regions in Iraq and risk fueling unrest and instability.The Swain model demonstrates that population growth, driven by the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus, leads to resource depletion and heightened tensions. This growth further intensifies water scarcity and regional instability. As a result, population growth strategies centered around these components become increasingly costly and demand a fundamental reassessment by the countries involved.An analysis of the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) components shows that Turkiye holds a relatively stronger position compared to Iran and Iraq, though this advantage may not be sustainable in the long run. However, with its abundant water reserves and extensive dam infrastructure, Turkiye is not on the verge of a water crisis. Iran, although better off than Iraq in terms of water resources, still confronts considerable challenges. Iraq, in the most vulnerable position, faces severe threats to its water supply, underscoring the serious security and environmental implications for the country.

Active and close cooperation between Iraq and Iran in managing water resources is crucial. This partnership can foster the creation of joint programs and strategies for water management, helping to maintain a balanced approach to resource usage while easing regional tensions. Through such collaboration, both countries can improve water security in the region by addressing risks and ensuring that the water needs of affected communities are met effectively.At large, addressing barriers and challenges to sustainable and equitable water management in the region requires a multifaceted approach: 1) Strengthened regional cooperation; 2) Adoption of water-saving technologies; and 3) International interventions and mediation. By implementing these strategies collectively, the region can move toward more sustainable water management practices and reduce tensions in this geopolitically sensitive area.

Moral courage is necessary to observe moral behavior when dealing with moral challenges raised at the time of crisis. The purpose of this study is to present an interpretive structural model (ISM) of the antecedents of moral courage during crises among the staff of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. 

This is a descriptive-analytical survey. After reviewing the literature and identifying the antecedents of moral courage, a questionnaire with semi-closed questions was designed and distributed among 18 managers and expert from the university, who were selected using non-probability purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed in MATLAB software, version 9 and MICMAC software, version 2. 

Based on the findings, the antecedents included individual factors (self-esteem, personal values, moral model, personality type), managerial factors (leadership, criticism acceptance, honesty, leader-member exchange), organizational factors (organizational transparency, accountability, culture), and environmental factors (economic, cultural, political/legal). 

The results can help relevant authorities to plan and make appropriate decisions in this field.

This research has provided a model for analyzing policies to deal with the water crisis in Iran with regard to climate and population changes in a twenty-year horizon with a system dynamics approach. model was designed according to the hydrological cycle of water and the effective representation of the security of water resources in the country with Vansim software. Surface water sources, underground water, dam water and population are considered as accumulation variables of model. The required statistics were extracted from the Iranian Statistics Center, the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad for 2017-2037. Based on the research model, the state of water resources in the country shows a downward trend during the mentioned time horizon. various policies regarding dealing with the water crisis and its impact on the security of country's water resources were examined using the designed model. dimensions of the model were changed under 5 scenarios and its effect on the security of water resources was investigated. The investigated scenarios are in the two sectors of supply and demand management of water resources. These scenarios include climate change and reduction of renewable water, low water productivity in different sectors, population increase and water return from different sectors. These scenarios change the security of water resources according to their nature. At the end, the conceptual model of analysis of policies to deal with the water crisis is presented and practical suggestions were adopted by integrating water supply and demand management to deal with this crisis.

The Syrian crisis, involving armed conflicts by quasi-military groups and terrorist activities by organizations like ISIS, began in 2011, inflicting countless damages to the national resources and capital. According to the United Nations, over 5,440,000 Syrians were registered as refugees in various countries by December 2017. Considering the population of 21 million at the onset of the crisis in 2011, a considerable portion of the population migrated. Additionally, significant casualties and injuries have been inflicted on the human resources. Syria witnessed 1,949 terrorist incidents from 1970 to 2016, with approximately 1,800 occurring from 2001 to 2016, constituting 92% of all incidents. From 2011 to 2016, 95% of the casualties occurred from terrorist incidents in Syria. Damage to the national infrastructure (physical and economic) is another aspect of the harm inflicted, with an estimated $41 billion in damages to infrastructure in six major cities , according to the World Bank. Economists forecast a 6.3% growth in the tourism sector in 2018 compared to the gross domestic product growth. Given these factors, Syria needs reconstruction of its infrastructure and compensation for the damages caused by the domestic crisis. Therefore, comprehensive planning and the selection of tourism development strategies are considered a strategy for development and compensation for damages caused by years of war and a top priority for reviving the social and economic sectors of Syria. In this regard, the role of Damascus as the national capital, the center of political, economic, and legal decisions, is particularly important. Furthermore, government attention and protection during the crisis have minimized damage to the infrastructure of this city. Consequently, the higher security of this city compared to other regions causes a higher priority and cost for the presentation of the tourism development model with an emphasis on Damascus. The success of Damascus in promoting tourism development goals can serve as a model for other regions of Syria. In general, this research aims to identify concepts and principles to clarify the rapid and cost-effective development of Syria's tourism engine.

This research has an applied methodology and is among the qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. The statistical population consists of two groups, experts (economic activists and managers in the tourism management sector in Syria) and researchers (professors and students in the tourism field in Syria with a track record of publishing articles and books about tourism). A total of 30 in-depth interviews were conducted. Furthermore, MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data. Grounded theory serves as the theoretical framework for the research.

The tourism functions are at the primary level of the identified themes. These functions include 10 cases. The role of tourism in the national economy (pre-war), tourism and peace, expanding restaurant-dining functions, and the effects of tourism development on the economy are the most important factors. The second theme includes barriers to tourism development, including sub-codes such as infrastructural factors, human resources, political-security barriers, economic barriers, and neglect of tourism branding and marketing. Each code related to barriers to tourism development comprises multiple factors highlighted at various levels. The third theme includes the requirements for tourism development based on interviews. This theme includes three sub-codes: Comprehensive and coordinated tourism development planning, health expansion, pandemic control, infrastructure reconstruction by the government sector, international tourism, domestic tourism, focus on tourist hubs in Damascus, security expansion, tourism expansion, trust as the main premise of tourism development, capital provision through taxation, and tourism marketing and branding. The frequency of repetition of items for the codes is presented in the table below. The fourth theme of the interviews includes target markets. This theme consists of sub-codes such as Arab and Persian Gulf countries, Iranian-Shiite pilgrims, and traditional historical attractions preferred by Europeans. The scores of the first and second sub-codes are presented in the following table. The fifth theme of the interviews covers the types of tourism. These types include sub-codes such as the potential for ecotourism development, urban tourism, dark tourism, and spiritual-religious tourism. The following table describes these items and the number of repetitions for each item.

Six main themes, emphasized by experts and researchers are first identified: The functions of tourism, barriers to tourism development, requirements for tourism development, priorities of target markets, types of tourism, and tourism stakeholders. Each of these themes has been emphasized with various branches. The higher frequency of certain factors indicates their importance. In other words, the barriers to tourism development, with 91 repetitions, have been the most important aspect of Syria's tourism development. Following this theme, the requirements for tourism development with 53 repetitions, types of tourism with 31 repetitions, tourism functions with 19 repetitions, priorities of target markets with 11 repetitions, and tourism stakeholders with 6 repetitions have been highlighted. In general, codes such as "spiritual-religious tourism (not necessarily religious tourism)" with 9 repetitions, "weaknesses in advertising, narration, and branding" with 5 repetitions, "energy constraints in the tourism sector" with 5 repetitions, and "budget shortfall and reduction in government's tax revenue preventing tourism investment" with 4 repetitions have been the most emphasized factors by experts and researchers in the tourism sector in Syria.

One of the factors that can affect the stock price index of listed companies is the financial crisis. Some economists believe that the financial markets of developing countries such as Iran will not be affected by the financial crisis due to lack of integration or interaction with the world's financial markets. In fact, the most important mistake that these people made in their analysis is that the mechanism of financial market influence in two groups of countries that interact and integrate financially with each other and the other group with each other. The world's financial markets do not have the same, they consider the same. The present paper examines the impact of the Corona financial crisis on the stock price index of companies, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of analytical nature and is in the category of post-event research. The statistical population in this research is all the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization. The method used is descriptive-analytical, which in order to adapt economic theories to the realities of society, causal relationships between variables are examined using statistics and after matching with theories, using inferential statistics. And the panel econometric method is tested in Eviews software to reject or prove the presented hypotheses. According to the model estimation results, all three research hypotheses were accepted. Key Words: Inflation; Currency; Interest rates; financial crisis; Oil revenues

In determining the value of the company and financial performance, not only the quantity of profit but also the quality of profit should be paid special attention, because every activity that the company performs faces risks and crises, which in the first place requires identifying the impact of this risk. Crises affect the financial performance of the company, and managers accept different levels of risk in order to maintain their resources in the company. In this study, the effect of risky behavior and financial crisis on the quality of profits and financial performance has been investigated The statistical population of the present study is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2014 to 2018. The sample size according to the screening method and after removing Pet’s observations is equal to 116 companies. Has been used with fixed effects. The results of data analysis of companies using multivariate regression at 95% confidence level show that there is a significant positive relationship between risk-taking behavior on financial performance and profit quality. Gives that the financial crisis has a negative and significant impact on the relationship between earnings quality and financial performance.

crisis of Azerbaijan was an event that is very important to investigate. The beginning and the end of Azerbaijan's crisis can be discussed at three levels: individual level and emphasis on the actions of those such as Ja'far Pishevari and Ahmad Qavam, national level; The role of oppression of the first Pahlavi government to the people of Azerbaijan as the cause of the crisis and the approaches of national institutions (army, parliament and government) in ending it; And finally, the international level, where the role of the Allied leaders in World War II should be emphasized as an important factor in the beginning and end of the crisis.  In this regard, this article has tried to analyze this event in the framework of the international order and the confrontation of great powers. In this framework, the question that is investigated in this research is as follows: How can the similarities and differences between the behavior of the United States and UK in the Azerbaijan crisis be analyzed? This research emphasizes that considering that the Second World War is a time when the former hegemon gives its place to the new hegemon, within the framework of Wallerstein's World-systems theory and emphasizing the concept of hegemony, it is possible to compare the behavior pattern of the two great powers of the world in this event. In this framework, this article has investigated this important event with a comparative approach and through the collection of library data.

The cultural diversity of the city of London is the result of the clash of various cultures of immigrants to this land from all over the world and the hegemony of the dominant native culture, which confronts the immigrant and his family with serious crises. This research is a theoretical study done as library research and using an analytical-descriptive approach. In doing so, the role of cultures in constructing and re-constructing the identity of people in multicultural Britain in White Teeth (2000) and the effects caused by the crisis between diverse cultures and ethnicities have been investigated. In this article, Stuart Hall’s perspective of cultural studies, Chris Barker’s interpretations of the process of cultural pluralism, and its problems are used in the analysis of Zadie Smith’s White Teeth. Smith, in most of her works, deals with the problems of multiculturalism especially in London, which is often influenced by her personal experiences as a Jamaican-English immigrant. This research seeks to answer the fundamental questions: What is this crisis, in what areas has it occurred, and how has it challenged these cultural problems in London society? The answer to these questions is a useful help for ethno-cultural problems in multicultural societies. Smith has depicted the internal and external challenges of immigrants in the modernized world of the 21st century. A careful reading of Smith’s works, especially White Teeth, shows that this author touches on the most sensitive cultural issues, marks and challenges them.

The United Nations Security Council, as the pillar responsible for international peace and security, after more than a decade and until the beginning of 2023, has not yet managed to end the Syrian crisis or find a lasting solution to it, which has been on its agenda since 2011. In this regard, the performance of the Security Council has been clearly affected by internal and external factors; During this period, the Council, contrary to the existing organizational obstacles, including the conflict of interests of the permanent members, specifically on the one hand Russia and China and on the other hand the United States, England, France and other non-permanent members of the Council, has tried to use the means at its disposal, inter alia, issuing a resolution, to find a solution for this crisis. Nevertheless, the Council has not achieved comprehensive success in this regard. In this article, the main question is answered, why and how the Security Council failed to end this crisis due to the actions of its members? In order to answer this question, while examining the interests of the members of the Security Council in this crisis, the overlap and differences between these interests are evaluated.

The aim of this study is to design a model for effective crisis management in organizations through organizational learning among selected organizations in the Isfahan chamber of crisis management. This study is applied –regarding its purpose, correlative –descriptive – regarding its type, cross- sectional survey- regarding its time of data gathering and it pursues mixed methods (qualitative- quantitative)- regarding the nature of data and research approach. The study’s statistical population in qualitative part includes some organizations in Isfahan chamber of crisis management which were selected by purposive sampling. The statistical population consists of 153 expert people in crisis management were located in the Isfahan chamber of crisis management, who were selected based on snowball technique. In the qualitative part, the interviews were analyzed by thematic method. In the quantitative part, a researcher- made questionnaire was compiled by the results of the qualitative part and this questionnaire was used to collect respondent’s opinions. The content validity was confirmed by subject matter experts' opinions. The questionnaire’s reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Total Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.961. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the variables of the crisis phase and post-crisis phases was 0.700 and 0.856, respectively. To analyze the data from the quantitative part, the exploratory factor analysis approach using the principal component analysis (PCA) method has been used.

This paper aims to identify and evaluate the most important strategies and actions taken by Iranian university libraries during the COVID-19 epidemic crisis, in comparison with international examples.

This applied research employed an applied research approach, utilizing a descriptive-analytical survey method in two parts. Firstly, it analyzed the situation of Iranian university libraries across two dimensions: education and research, in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Secondly, it examined the role of these libraries in terms of social responsibility, comparing them with international examples. The research tools included a researcher-made checklist and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of both Iranian and international academic libraries. Therefore, 301 international academic libraries were surveyed, along with 33 accessible and responsive samples from Iranian academic libraries and world academic libraries (selected based on the Times Higher Education world ranking). 

The state of university libraries in Iran, in comparison with the most important university libraries in the world during this pandemic, revealed that the strategies and activities of Iranian university libraries lacked balanced and coordinated attention to both education and research. Furthermore, the strategies and activities of Iranian academic libraries were not synchronized with those of international academic libraries. 

Findings showed that the efforts of academic libraries worldwide in facing one of their most difficult challenges—the COVID-19 crisis—were significant. Additionally, the commitment towards social responsibility in these libraries was noteworthy, but the amount of attention paid to the activities of this aspect in Iran was low. The integration and connection between university libraries, educational and technological centers or units, and research and laboratory centers are the sole solution during similar events.

In Islamic financial markets, Sukuk is the most important Islamic financial securities. Sukuk is designed in a way that is compatible with Islamic laws. These characteristics of sukuk have made it an attractive source of capital for issuers outside the Islamic world who seek to access the liquidity provided by Islamic investors. The sukuk instrument is a partial ownership in an asset (lease sukuk) or property interests (benefit sukuk) or participation in a business or project (participation sukuk). Sukuk diversifies investors' portfolios and offers opportunities to invest in new assets, and on the other hand, issuers can benefit from additional liquidity resulting from growing demand among a large number of investors. Institutions and individuals benefit from Sharia compliant investment tools. The main goal of this research is the comparative analysis of the impact of sukuk market development on bank profitability in Islamic and conventional banks.

 In order to achieve the above goal, the information of 15 countries in the Persian Gulf was analyzed in the period from 2014 to 2021. To test the hypotheses of the research, the multivariate regression method was used using the combined data method.

The results of the research showed that the development of the sukuk market increases the profitability of Islamic banks. Also, the results showed that the development of sukuk market has no effect on the profitability of conventional banks. In addition, the results showed that the Covid-19 crisis does not moderate the impact of the development of the sukuk market on the profitability of Islamic and conventional banks.

In general, it can be said that with the development of the sukuk market, the private sector is increasingly interested in this market, and it is expected that this market will take a large part of the society's liquidity. Financial institutions will also be interested in this market. The sukuk instrument is a partial ownership in an asset (lease sukuk) or property interests (benefit sukuk) or participation in a business or project (participation sukuk). Sukuk diversifies investors' portfolios and offers opportunities to invest in new assets, on the other hand, issuers can benefit from the increased liquidity resulting from the growing demand among a large number of institutional investors. and individuals to benefit from Sharia compliant investment instruments. Therefore, many companies are currently waiting to enter this market due to the greater diversity of the sukuk market compared to traditional bank loans. Sukuk is a financial instrument that allows market participants to obtain a large amount of money and capital from investors, which is possible through the development of a diverse structure of sukuk. Also, according to the presented results, the development of the sukuk market has not played an effective role in the profitability of banks against economic shocks and crises. Therefore, due to the limitations of the research regarding the limited time period and the difficulty of accessing the information related to the variables, one should act cautiously in generalizing the results to the periods before and after the scope of this research.

Russia's military attack on Ukraine on February 24, 2022, affected, dramatically, the international system. The following change in the balance of power between the great powers, opportunities and threats has emerged for the Islamic Republic of Iran and has affected the country's relations with Russia. It seems that Iranian instrumental and academic elites have different viewpoints regarding the nature of these opportunities and threats and their effects on Tehran-Moscow relations. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the approach of Iran's (scientific and instrumental) elites towards the war between Russia and Ukraine and its effects on Tehran-Moscow relations. The current paper seeks to answer the question that from the viewpoint of Iranian elites, how the 2022 war in Ukraine has affected the relations between Iran and Russia? In order to investigate the perceptual process of Iranian elites regarding the developments in Ukraine and its impact on Iran's relations with Russia, a questionnaire has been adopted. The data collection method of this research is based on a field study and the data analysis method is "mixed method". The sample of this research consists of 24 instrumental and academic elites with qualifications in this field. The findings of the research indicate that from the point of view of the majority of Iranian elites, geopolitical requirements, common threats and sanctions have been an effective factor in bringing the positions of Iran and Russia closer to the developments in Ukraine. From the point of view of these elites, the relative improvement of relations between Iran and Russia was merely a reaction to international conditions.