جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازآفرینی » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

One of the most significant and complex social transformations in the world over the past half-century has been urbanization, which has led to changes in the physical and economic structure of cities and has increasingly highlighted the importance of revitalizing dilapidated and inefficient urban fabrics. Urban regeneration utilizes the existing potentials in dilapidated areas and the extensive participation of public and private institutions with the least possible budget to restore social life and economic prosperity to the urban fabric.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is based on library resources and questionnaires. The statistical population of this research includes experts and elites in the field of urban planning. To identify and formulate regeneration strategies for urban neighborhoods, the SWOT model was used. To rank the output strategies of the model, the QSPM model was used in the framework of internal and external position evaluation. After analyzing the information, a futures research questionnaire was prepared and after being answered by the experts, the Mactor software was used to identify the key actors and their roles in relation to the mentioned strategies.

The research findings showed six strategies in a defensive mode in order of priority. In the analysis of the behavior of key actors towards the mentioned strategies, the role of the municipality, including planning, institution building, financing and implementation, and quasi-governmental organizations with the most impact, of which the Astan Qods and the Oqaf have been the most key and influential actors in the various social, economic, cultural, political and spatial-physical fields. In the following, the level of insistence of the actors (their agreement) with the mentioned strategies in the field of neighborhood regeneration showed that the actors have the most insistence on strategies such as using the location of the neighborhood in terms of access and building prices to create new jobs and use of fallow and abandoned lands to respond to the neighborhood's shortages, especially green spaces. The least of which was the use of an educated, young, and specialized population of the neighborhood in planning and revitalizing the neighborhood and paying more attention to the permeability of the neighborhood through the organization of the street network. Also, according to the distance between the actors, which showed their level of convergence, it can be mentioned that the municipality, quasi-governmental organizations (Astan Qods, Oqaf, etc.) and the Urban Renewal and Development Organization have a significant convergence with each other.

With the cooperation and close communication between municipalities as the main axis of executive actions in urban management and quasi-governmental organizations, including the Astan Qods and the Oqaf, it is possible to witness the acceleration of the regeneration of inefficient and dilapidated urban fabrics. In addition, the insistence of the actors on the location of the Sarab neighborhood in Mashhad city in terms of access and building prices to create new jobs emphasizes the importance of the economic aspect in the actions of the actors about regeneration measures to achieve their ultimate goals alongside the use of existing potentials. In this regard, the convergence of the municipality, quasi-governmental organizations (Astan Qods, Oqaf, etc.) and the Urban Renewal and Development Organization indicate a relative consensus and greater overlap between them regarding the envisaged future for the strategies mentioned.

One of the new methods of intervention in old and inefficient neighborhoods is the approach of regeneration. In fact, re-creation is an attempt to revive, revive and regenerate the city, or in other words, to revive the tissues in the city, which were used for commercial and industrial purposes in the past. Now they are abandoned and unusable due to pollution and other problems, so they are not compatible with the society. Today, these lands are called brown and gray urban lands that have survived the development process. Through the control, redevelopment and regeneration of these lands, environmental pollution, problems and threats are reduced to a great extent and can attract and create new jobs, increase the quality and attractiveness of the localities, and also Creating a new urban space by maintaining the main spatial features (physical and functional). This research has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of evaluating brown and gray lands with the approach of urban regeneration. In data collection, library and field methods and a researcher-made questionnaire tool were used, and the hierarchical analysis technique (AHP) was used as the main basis of the research analytical model for ranking and valuing economic sub-indices social, physical and environmental have been used. The findings of the hierarchical analysis model on the prioritization of the dimensions affecting the regeneration of brown and gray lands, respectively, on the price of land with a relative weight (0.431), the need for housing with a relative weight (0.285), personal and social security with relative weight (0.384), social harms such as insecurity and delinquency with relative weight (0.217), the potential and capabilities of brown and gray lands with relative weight (0.352), facilities and infrastructure with weight relative (0.230), decrease in environmental quality and increase in pollution with relative weight (0.376), decrease in environmental health and increase in diseases with relative weight (0.329) means that after calculating the weight of the sub-criteria, the ratio of CR (Compatibility) was evaluated. The condition for accepting the work result is that the CR ratio is less than 0.1. It is worth mentioning that the CR ratio in this research was 0.16, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.08 for each index, which indicates the acceptability of the result.

Today, the world is more urban than ever. According to published reports, more than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and according to the United Nations, this number will increase to more than two-thirds by 2050. Urban growth has been accompanied by many problems that have endangered the quality of life of people living in cities. The issue of informal settlements is considered as one of the problems of "developing countries" that have created many problems in physical, cultural and economic dimensions of cities. So solving the problems of this sector is always one of the most important concerns. Therefore at national and local levels, the regeneration of informal settlements has always been one of the most important challenges for urban planners.
So far, several programs and measures have been taken to manage and organize such contexts. They are mainly focused on solving physical problems and have not resulted in significant results other than providing some urban infrastructure. According to statistics, about one third of Iranian urban population lives in these areas. In order to improve the quality of life and maintain human dignity in these tissues, private sector capital could be used through preparing executive plans with low investment risk. In this section, the development model is based on transportation (TOD) as one of the most evolved models of urban development with the optimal use of land around public transportation stations. This can be the basis for economic and social development in these settlements alongside physical reconstruction. In this study, feasibility and prioritization of using this model in the reconstruction of informal settlements located along the second BRT line of Hamadan city has been investigated using the ANP model. The results of network analysis model showed that transportation, urban planning and economic criteria were ranked first to third. Also, according to the indicators (TOD), two stations located within informal settlements, which have a higher density and mixture of users, have gained more points. Also, due to the transit role of the arterial axes of Hamedan, since it connects center and south of Iran to the three western provinces of the country and the traffic of vehicles from this axis, the stations that are closer to the city entrances can functionally take advantage of the TOD pattern.

Materials and research methods:

The present study is methodologically descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies. It is a library and field observation and practical in terms of purpose. Thus, with documentary and library studies, the literature and theoretical foundations of the research have been explained. With field observations, the necessary data and information have been collected in the study area.
In the present study, line three of high-speed bus system (BRT) city of Hamedan and the sphere of influence of these stations in an area with a radius of 800 meters of the station) constitute the research territory(Figure 2). In this regard, in the first part, the stations that are located in informal settlements are identified. Then according to the components of transport-oriented development, the location and prioritization of the optimal station is done to implement the transport development approach. The axis aims to recreate and reconstruct informal settlements using ANP network analysis as well as interpreting its results in the GIS spatial information system. First, according to the characteristics of the study area and reviewing the relevant literature, criteria and sub-criteria for spatial and physical regeneration of marginal textures and informal settlements were selected based on the development approach based on TOD transport. Then, questionnaires were designed to perform pairwise comparisons and were provided to 20 professors and urban planning experts to perform the necessary assessments. After collecting the questionnaires, the geometric mean of the answers was calculated and fed into Super Decisions software for analysis.

Discussion and Conclusion:

In this study, after reclassifying the layers, the weight obtained for each sub-criterion in the network analysis process in its respective spatial layer was multiplied using the Overlay Index method and the Raster Calculator tool. Finally, all layers of information were combined and a spatial and physical reconstruction map was created based on the development approach based on TOD transportation in Hamadan. Figure (6) shows the final output of the TOD transport-based development overlap map based on the network analysis model along the BRT line two of Hamedan. It shows that according to the transport-based development indicators, each of the stations has the ability to compress. These stations have a higher user mix and have more points. Also considering the transit performance of the arterial axes of Hamedan in connecting the center and south of the country to the three western provinces of the country and vehicle traffic from this axis, stations that are closer to the city entrances are more functional. They have a higher capability than other stations to benefit from the TOD model. On the other hand, according to the sub-criteria of transportation, including the use of public transportation and the ability to create a ride park, as well as economic criteria such as added value due to TOD implementation, the willingness of the private sector to invest increases. Similarly, sub-criteria of urban planning such as high density, affordable housing, development constraints, etc. indicate that stations located in informal settlements have better conditions than other stations to use development-based models based on transportation.

The aim of this study is to spatially and physically regenerate marginal tissues and informal settlements based on the development approach based on TOD transport in the city of Hamadan. The information and data of four indicators of economic, transportation and traffic, urban planning and cultural, social and demographics were selected, based on the study context. Then using the Dimatel questionnaire the relationship and influence of each of the elements of the decision with each other is determined. In the next step, using the Thomas L. Hourly Quantitative Questionnaire, all decision elements were compared in pairs according to the control criteria. Afterwards, by merging the opinions of experts using the Copeland technique and using the network analysis process (ANP) method and Super decisions software, the weight and importance of each decision element was determined. Finally, using the Calculator Raster tool, in the ArcMap software environment, the digitized layers of each criterion, were combined according to the specified weight of each, in order to create a development map based on TOD transportation in the city of Hamadan. The results obtained from the network analysis model showed that the proximity to the station was ranked first among the sub-criteria of transportation and traffic, mixed use and high density were ranked second and third among the urban planning indicators, respectively. Also, among the studied economic factors, the sub-criteria of income status of individuals received the highest score compared to other indicators. The sub-criteria of cultural and social status and literacy status of the cultural, social and demographic criteria had the least weight and importance among the elements of development based on TOD transport.
Findings of this study show that due to the transit role of arterial axes in Hamedan, compaction and user mixing indices have more points. Also due to the connection between the center and south of Iran to the three western provinces through Hamedan and vehicle traffic, the axis of stations that are closer to the city entrances have a higher functionality than other stations to use the TOD model. According to the results of this study, suggestions for development based on TOD transportation in the city of Hamadan are presented:1) Considering the necessity of adapting the land use and transportation system in determining the development pattern of the city, comprehensive and detailed plans of Hamedan city should be prepared at the same time and in accordance with the transportation planning plans.
2) Considering that most of the informal settlements in Hamedan are located along the three BRT lines of Hamedan, using the transportation-based development model can be a powerful tool to regenerate these settlements.
3) Considering the growing use of cars in cities, it is possible to help increase the efficiency of the transportation network by managing land use by using integrated public transportation systems.
4) Considering that one of the most important issues and problems of informal settlements is the problem of unemployment, by using the development model based on transportation, it is possible to help create job opportunities for the residents of these areas.
5) Instead of creating infrastructure to facilitate the movement of cars and encourage citizens to use private cars, public and non-motorized transportation can be developed, such as bicycle lanes.

In the past two decades, with the development and prioritization of sustainable urban regeneration patterns, new areas have entered the urban planning literature of the world. The rapid urbanization process has had an impact on the structure of cities, in particular, the housing system of the neighborhood in the center and the old texture of the city. Meanwhile, perhaps the most important problem is the decline in the collective spirit and social and cultural status of the old neighborhoods. The “Iran neighborhood” in Tehran and the 12th municipality district of Tehran has dominant commercial functions and valuable historical and cultural fabric. Meanwhile, problems such as physical exhaustion, imbalance among different urban utilities, the declining population of its old residents and the acceptance of a new population, have led to a decline in neighborhood dynamics and vitality. The conditions and characteristics of the “Iran Avenue” in the heart of Tehran are due to the centralized relationships and systems throughout the history of contemporary Iranian cities. Nevertheless, in spite of being located in Tehran's metropolitan area, in the past few decades, the “Iran neighborhood” has been subjected to declining spatial, economic, social, cultural and environmental values. Therefore, this research firstly identifies the causes and factors and then analyzes them through questionnaires. It deals with questions such as how urban regeneration plans influenced the promotion of socio-cultural status of the “Iran neighborhood” and the challenges and opportunities of urban regeneration at “Iran neighborhood”. The corresponding hypotheses of the research questions are as follows: a) the implementation of the urban regeneration plan has promoted the socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood; b) the strategic location of the Iran neighborhood is conservative, in the sense that along with the weaknesses, there are many future potentials for improvement of neighborhood status.

Method and Materials:

The research method is descriptive and analytical and in terms of purpose it is applied-development. Data and information are gathered in both field and library methods. In field surveys, questionnaire and observation has been used. In library studies, all the documents related to the subject matter of the research have been investigated. The data of the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software using T-test with two pairs of samples. Research indicators have been extracted from two social dimensions (sense of place, social capital, inclusiveness) and cultural (local identity, memorable experience, pride in place). The focus of this study is on the physical conditions of the residential and commercial district of Iran neighborhood in the 12th district of Tehran in relation to the cultural, social and economic bases of the families living in it. It compares the status quo with the ideal state of the model. The study of the causes and trends of degradation and exhaustion of old texture and important historical and cultural centers in the metropolises of Iran neighborhood is a necessity for planning and implementation of practical projects. Due to widespread changes in fabric, these urban centers have suffered from functional, socio-economic, biological and physical disadvantages which have diminished vitality, dynamism, and collective spirit. The purpose of this research has been to identify and analyze the causes and factors affecting the reduction of socio-cultural values ​​of historical neighborhoods, the evaluation of the effects of regeneration activities in the neighborhood and the provision of appropriate solutions for advancement of the social- cultural situation.

The socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before the regeneration is above average, but it cannot be considered quite desirable. The cultural status of the neighborhood has a mean score of 3.81 and its social status, has a mean score of 3.49. This indicates that the neighborhood has had a high status among residents prior to the implementation of regeneration projects. But among the following social indicators, the spatial sense of 4.16 and social capital with an average of 3 have earned the highest and lowest scores respectively. Respecting the cultural index, the spatial identity with a score of 4.18 is higher than average, indicating favorable conditions among the underlying cultural indicators. The lowest average is for the honor index to the place, with an average of 3.55. The contributing factors to the socio-cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before being regenerated can be analyzed in several issues, including the existence of a cultural identity deriving from the presence of politicians and prominent political figures; a uniform and traditional body structure which is a factor for promotion of social indicators, social capital, face-to-face interactions and communications. In the past, Iran neighborhood's streets largely had cultural-political functions that increased the pride of the place, the sense of belonging and even the survival of residents to reside there. The low population and sheltered residence due to the proudness of the neighborhood have been factors influencing its socio-cultural status.

Findings of the research show that the cultural status of the Iran neighborhood before and after the regeneration have no significant difference. However in some of the following indicators, there are slight differences in social and cultural status. According to field studies, regeneration has not been carried out in all parts of the neighborhood. For this reason, the difference in the implementation of programs, along with factors such as the lack of participation of citizens and stakeholders, it didn’t have a positive impact. It reduced social and cultural status in general. The results of previous applied or fundamental researches indicate the positive impact of regeneration on sustainable neighborhood indicators, but in this research, contrary to these results, the average of most sub-indices are not consistent with previous studies. The reason for this was also examined in SWAT model. The results of the SWAT model indicated major challenges, such as neglecting development actors in the design and implementation process of urban regeneration projects. The lack of urban regeneration plans, resulted in these programs being implemented in a cross-sectional and limited manner. A growing trend of demolition and renovating buildings, eliminated the identity and cultural values ​​of the neighborhood and independent identification of them. These are serious obstacles to sustainable neighborhood development. Multilateral cooperation between government, private sector and popular institutions in bringing in investment in regeneration projects can be one of the most important strategies to highlight the role of civil and private institutions, in addition to allocating appropriate funding.

Today, urban decay is a grave problem in metropolises. Despite the rules and regulations passed by the lawmakers to protect areas affected by the phenomenon, and in the face of all years-long regeneration, faults and flaws in the laws have hindered the perfect implementation of the desired objectives. Given the importance of the issue, urban renovation and reconstruction are the strategies adopted to resolve the problems of the urban fabric. A novel approach in tackling the problem, regeneration facilitates the social and economic revival as well as spatial restoration of the fabric. The aim of the present study is to identify and prioritize various aspects of regeneration of the urban decay for the purpose of legal planning.

The present study is classified as a basic research in terms of the objective, and qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct it. Grounded Theory was the approach selected for the qualitative part, while the documentary research was carried out using content analysis and meta synthesis. The research population is comprised of experts, scholars, and university professors in urban planning. Data were collected through documentary research, opinions, definitions, and in-depth open-ended interviews. A total of 35 individuals were interviewed for the purpose of this research. Qualitative data analysis, coding, and identifying the frequency of the codes extracted from interviews were done using NVivo. Then, the heirarchies were decided using AHP method and Expert Choice progra along with paired comparison questionarre. To this, Sirus Neighborhood in Tehran was selected as the case study according to the valuation of criteria based on the issues the neighborhood is faced with. Another reason for this choice was that it had been selected as the pilot location to carry out the regeneration objectives. Conclusions and

"Physical regeneration”, "social regeneration”, "environmental regeneration”, "urban managemnet regeneration”, and "economic regeneration” were extracted from the qualitative analysis as the legal components of resilience in the process of urban decay regeneration. Meanwhile, considering social complications and the influence of the community on the neighborhood indicated that establishing ties between the neighborhood in question and other neighborhoods of Tehran and their residents is the prerequisite to the realization of regeneration objectives in the historical area. Improving the social condition in the neighborhoods with greater sense of attachment can be materialized through the improvement of social indicators, increase in the quality of life and sense of satisfaction, preventing immigration, and eventually, providing better development platforms. Meanwhile, given the importance of urban management in urban development, a holistic, integrated, and inclusive approach which draws upon social and financial condition of the residents and preventing trivial actions in housing sector can help to achieve the regeneration objectives in the improvement of resilience.

The findings indicate that planning to improve social indicators must be the highest priority of lawmakers in order that the improvement in development platform can facilitate the realization of regeneration objectives.

Water supply is considered as water democracy. Sustainable water resources management has been manifested in response to growing pressures from population growth, socio-economic development, climate change, and ecological degradation. Despite the long history of water structure engineering in Iran, there is always a lack of sustainable water resources management framework, and recreation of hidden values ​​of historic hydraulic structures. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of the historic hydraulic structures of desert cities with water resources’sustainable management criteria and the importance of restoration, protection and recreation of this historical heritage. This is an inferential-comparative study. Information gathering tools were library studies, review of written literature, and documents. Study of the structure, performance and management system of the historical hydraulic structures of Yazd Desert City indicated that despite the weaknesses of traditional systems, these structures have been in great harmony with the sustainable management framework for water resources. Therefore, modeling and recreating the values ​​and systems governing the structure and functioning of these structures as the most fundamental factors in explaining the thought and practice of social and ecological life can provide the basis for sustainability in all its dimensions.

1. Introduction The present cities are so far from sustainability indicators and living standards. At present, no balance is observed between urban networks and natural patterns while urban networks are more dominant over ecological networks. The presence of nature in the city is considered as a vital environment to enhance the quality of biological, environmental, and landscape characteristics. The question of this study was that due to the dense and worn-out texture of some urban areas like District 3 in Isfahan where the designing a green infrastructure network is impossible due to the lack of spatial openness such as green spaces and urban spaces, what will be the solution for the current problems and future developments? Green infrastructure is a response to modern human need for sustainable development and can be regarded as an approach focusing on the protection of natural environments and their performance as well as the human need results in a comprehensive framework for environmental, social, and economic sustainability results. In this regard, regeneration is a strategy which reorganizes the economic, social, and environmental structures, leads to the restoration of environmental quality or ecological balance, and combines them within the framework of sustainable development goals. In this approach, considering landscape is similar to a vast mosaic, identification of the disturbances created in the natural process of the inherent natural patterns forming such mosaics, regeneration and design through for restoring the patterns, streams, corridors and green networks. The goal of designing the green infrastructure of many activities is based on ecosystem and human health. *AUTHOR: EMAIL: [email protected] In order to regenerate historical-natural landscapes, the current models in the field of green infrastructure planning were studied and reviewed and then in accordance with their criteria, the optimal natural-historical patch and corridors were selected. Then, the framework of strategic policies and actions in the areas of strengthening, protecting, improving and restoring the landscape was presented to enhance the quality of environmental life - landscape at the regional level after field observations in accordance with the criteria of quantitative and qualitative methods for urban green infrastructure matrix. 2. Materials and methods In this study, the combination of both quantitative and qualitative models was used with the regeneration of natural-historical landscape to increase the degree of reliability and efficiency. The studied area District 3 of Isfahan is located on the northeast part of central Isfahan in the old city of Isfahan. After examining the satellite images, the percentage of mass to space, the study of social-cultural problems, the amount of worn-out texture and its comparison with the standards and models of urban green infrastructure were used by examining the current potentials (including stream axis, etc.), this area was selected to regenerate the natural-historical landscapes and approach the naturalistic cities and sustainable development. Patch, corridor, matrix The structural elements of landscape are introduced as patch, corridor, and matrix based on Forman model. This model itself is part of AWOP model. patchs include urban parks, gardens, cemeteries, vacant lands, urban spaces, semi-private-public green spaces, etc., and corridors include rivers, canals, streams, linear parks, energy transfer paths, streets, etc. After analyzing the structural elements of landscape based on patch and corridor at the regional level, an appropriate pattern of green and open spaces network in an interconnected system at the regional level was presented. Natural- historical landscape regeneration In this method too, based on Forman model, the valuable natural- historical patchs of the region were selected for regeneration and simultaneously used in the design cycle of green continuous network. AWOP Model This model identifies the landscape elements and presents solutions after overlapping the extracted layers. Based on this model, the small patchs and corridors should be protected and then connected to larger patchs and corridors with ecological function to have a strong connection. This model is of a qualitative type and does not alone respond to the design of green infrastructure. For this reason, the patchs being selected in this method were determined with other quantitative and computational criteria through Gravity model. Then, the aforementioned layers were identified, extracted, and overlapped while the valuable patchs were highlighted and interconnected. Gravity Model Gravity model examines the ecological impact of patchs and corridors on each other based on the extent and distance between them and ultimately achieves the optimal matrix in terms of complexity, connection, and the ratio of manufacturer/user cost. After overlapping the layers in with the principles and criteria of AWOP model, the patchs and corridors were selected based on the criteria and at the same time the patchs which could be regenerated in the region and having common conditions with the model were selected. Finally, they were weighted and formulated based on the principles and criteria of Gravity model. The studied and measured items: 1. Weighing the selected non-historical patchs 2. Weighing the selected historical patchs 3. Studying the interaction of both non-historical patchs based on the extent of patchs and the distance between them 4. Studying the interaction of both historical patchs based on the extent of patchs and the distance between them 5. Valuing the selected natural- historical-traffical corridors based on ecological indicators 6. Weighing the scores of selected ecological corridors 3. Results Based on the physical, structural, functional, and other situations, several networks can be produced and evaluated in this model based on green network typology such as the combination of hierarchical and Beckman models. 4. Discussion and conclusion Cities have converted in such a way that the natural and historical layers at their surfaces have disappeared into dense urban masses. As a result, the city has suffered from lack of self-purification, climate change, and the spread of mental, physical and mental diseases. In this regard, the idea of the interconnected urban green infrastructure network is one of the raised strategies to achieve a balance between the natural and artificial environment in the city and the sustainable structure of the city. It should be noted that each of the above-mentioned methods (not only with a merely qualitative model and not merely a quantitative one) could not respond to the local needs of the region and urban management. Thus, by combining AWOP model and Gravity models, it is the best and most applicable model for responding to the research goals regenerating the past self-sustainable city. 5. Suggestions This method can also be generalized to other cities and towns with similar conditions to the sample under study such as worn-out, historical, natural textures, and so on. Based on the results, the large patch of Isfahan's Tabark Castle, which has been the oldest part of the city and the center of government in past times but has been neglected, at the same time the natural-historical landscape regeneration of the castle, that can work as the biggest ecological- landscape node in the central loop of hierarchical and Beckman patterns. Finally, some strategies can be presented separately for each zone in the framework of strategic actions in the domains of strengthening, preserving, improving, reparation and regenerating the natural and historical landscape.