جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زمین شناسی » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

Azadegan field is one of Iran's oil fields, which is located in an area of 1500 km2 in the southwest of Iran in the northern Dezful region. According to the geological survey of the region, in the anticlines excavated in Azadegan field after the Aghajari formation, the Gachsaran, Asmari, Pabdeh, Jahrom, Gurpi, Tabor, Sarvak and Fahlian formations, are placed in the usual geological sequence. At present, in the Azadegan oil field, production is carried out from four oil formations, including Kazhdami, Gadvan, Fahlian andSarvak, although the main reservoir of this field is the Sarvak formation and it is composed of carbonate rocks. On the other hand, permeability is the most important factor for accurate description and modeling of hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. Usually, the standard methods for determining permeability are core analysis and well testing. These methods are very expensive, also the wells of a field do not have a core. As a result, because well logs are usually available in all the wells of a field, it will be very important to provide a method or methods that can provide the petrophysical properties of the reservoir, including permeability, using well logs. Smart methods are new, low-cost and accurate methods that can indirectly estimate reservoir permeability in the shortest possible time using well drilling data. Therefore, by using different well logs and the method of adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), the permeability in Sarvak Formation, one of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in southwestern Iran, has been indirectly estimated. In order to use this intelligent method, the database was divided into two parts: training data (1754 data) and test data for evaluating the models (752 data). The results show the very appropriate performance of the intelligent method in permeability estimation. Therefore, the smart model can be used as a powerful, fast and accurate method for indirect estimation of permeability in reservoirs where permeability has not been measured through core.

Sagh mineral occurrence is located southeast of Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Khorasan Razavi province, and in the eastern part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan magmatic belt. The rock units of area are divided into two categories: intrusions (monzonite, monzodiorite, diorite, and syenite) in the southern half, and conglomerate in the northern half. One square kilometer of continuous mineralization may be observed as stockwork, while there are other locations where it has a linear trend and is supported by intrusive rocks. Primary minerals include specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sulfosalt, and secondary minerals include malachite, goethite, hematite, chalcosite, caveolite, and anglesite. The mineralization textures are vein-veinlet, disseminated, replacement, and cloform, mainly with a strong chloritic-silicified alteration. The average amount of copper is 0.8 with a maximum of more than 3%, the average amount of silver is 24.4 with a maximum of more than 113 ppm, and the average amount of gold is 44 with a maximum of 250 ppb. The average amount of lead is 761 ppm with a maximum of 0.4% and the average amount of zinc is 430 ppm with a maximum of 0.1%. The formation temperature of ore-forming fluid is between 159 and 328 °C and the salinity is between 7.2 and 16.7 wt.% equiv. NaCl. The mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters with low temperatures and salinity was the most important mechanism of mineral formation. Based on the evidence of tectonic setting, lithology, type of alteration, shape, and state of mineralization, and the presence of abundant specularity with copper, silver, and gold anomalies, probably the Sagh area is iron oxide Cu-Ag±Au type. 

The geological settings, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralizing fluid compositions vary among the deposits of “IOCG-type” (Hitzman et al., 1992; Sillitoe, 2003). However, they belong to a family of Cu ±Au deposits that include substantial hydrothermal alkali (Na/Ca/K) alteration and a lot of low-Ti iron oxide (magnetite and/or hematite). According to Williams et al. (2005), these deposits likewise exhibit strong structural constraints and a temporal but not a tight geographical relationship with igneous rocks. They formed in rift or subduction settings (Hitzman, 2002) from the Late Archean to the Pliocene (Groves et al., 2010).
Sagh mineral occurrence is located the southeast of Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Khorasan Razavi province, and in the eastern part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan magmatic belt (Fig.1). This belt has a high potential for iron oxide copper-gold type deposits and sometimes skarn and porphyry copper (Karimpour, 2004).
The purpose of this research is geological studies and determine the relationship of intrusions with mineralization, examine the total paragenesis sequence, geochemistry, fluid inclusions studies and finally determine the mineralization model, and the formation of mineral occurrences in the Sagh area, for the first time is done.

To investigate the lithology, alteration, and mineralization of the Sagh area, 61 samples were taken mainly from the intrusions. 32 samples for the thin section and 10 samples for the polished thin section and polished block were selected, prepared, and studied. Then, the geological and alteration-mineralization map with a scale of 1:5000 was prepared in Arc GIS software. Furthermore, for geochemical studies of mineralization zones and veins, 24 samples were taken and sent to the Zarazma laboratory for analysis. Analysis was done by the ICP-OES method. Furthermore, 11 samples were selected for gold analysis with Fire assay, and sent to Zarazma laboratory. Using a cooling and heating system made by Linkam Company, model THM 600, microthermometric tests and salinity determination were performed on 2 wafers of quartz minerals and 31 fluid inclusions at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

The rock units of the area are divided into two categories: subvolcanic and plutonic intrusions in the southern half and conglomerate units in the northern half. Intrusive rocks are composed of monzonite, monzodiorite, diorite and syenite. Mineralization can be seen in the form of stockwork in a wide and continuous zone with an area of about one square kilometer, but in some places, it has a linear trend (NE-SW and NW-SE trend) which is hosted by intrusive rocks. Primary minerals include specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sulfosalt, and secondary minerals include malachite, goethite, hematite, chalcosite, covellite, and anglesite. Vein-veinlet, disseminated, replacement, and cloform mineralization textures are seen, with a dominant chloritic-silicified alteration. The average concentration of copper is 0.8%, with a maximum concentration of more than 3%, silver is 24.4 ppm, with a maximum concentration of more than 113 ppm, and gold is 44 ppb, with a maximum concentration of more than 250 ppb, according to geochemical data. The average amount of lead is 761 ppm with a maximum of 0.4% and the average amount of zinc is 430 ppm with a maximum of 0.1%. Based on fluid inclusions studies, the formation temperature of ore-forming fluid is between 159 and 328 °C, and the salinity is between 7.2 and 16.7 wt.% equiv. NaCl.

Comparing the characteristics of Sagh prospect area with other copper-bearing deposits shows that this area is very similar to iron oxide copper-gold deposits. An empiric definition of IOCG deposits is summarized as having the following five characteristics (Williams et al., 2005): (1) copper, with or without gold, as economic metals, (2) hydrothermal ore styles and strong structural controls, (3) abundant magnetite and/or hematite, (4) Fe oxides with Fe/Ti ratios greater than those in most igneous rocks and bulk crust, and (5) no clear spatial associations with igneous intrusions as, for example, displayed by porphyry and skarn ore deposits.
Sillitoe (2003) proposed a close genetic relationship between IOCG deposits in northern Chile, and dioritic plutons. Mineralization in the Sagh area has a close relationship with monzonitic, monzodiorite, and diorite, which are similar to Kuh-e-Zar, Bahariyeh, Namaq, Fadiheh, Chenar, and other KKBMB deposits (Table 3).
The main alteration related to mineralization in the Sagh is propylitic-silicified, and its propylitic alteration is characterized by chlorite mineral. Extensive chlorite alteration in the Sagh area is similar to Monteverde deposit in Peru (Vila et al., 1998), Mont-del-Aigle in Canada (Simard et al., 2006), Kuh-e-Zar Tarbat Heydarieh (Karimpour et al., 2017), and other IOCG type deposits in the KKBMB belt (Almasi et al., 2015; Taghadosi and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2018; Najmi et al., 2023; Sahebi Khader et al., 2021; Behnamnia et al., 2023) and Qala Zari (Karimpour, 2005) in the Lut block, where the temperature and salinity of ore-fluid are lower than some IOCG type deposits in the world.
Based on the available evidence, the mineral occurrence of the Sagh includes 1) the presence of oxidant intrusions formed in the subduction zone in the KKBMB, 2) mineral paragenesis of specularity, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena, 3) structural control of mineralization, 4) copper, silver, gold, and lead geochemical anomaly, 5) chloritic-silicified alteration, which is very compatible with iron oxide copper-silver-gold systems. The location of this area in the KKBMB belt, which has great potential for IOCG deposits, and near other IOCG deposits that have many similarities (Almasi et al., 2015; Karimpour et al., 2017; Sahebi Khader et al., 2021; Najmi et al., 2023), is a confirmation of this claim.
Although monzonitic, monzodiorite, diorite, and syenitic intrusions are the host rock of mineralization and mineralization is controlled by structures and faults, this magmatism can be represented of source rock at deep. The mineral paragenesis of the Sagh and the abundance of specularity with sulphide minerals of copper, lead, and silver, which are associated with quartz and chlorite, show that mineralization generated from a high fO2, Fe-Si rich ore fluid.
The metal originated from an oxidan magmatism from deep, and moved up through faults, joints, and fractures. The mixing of magmatic ore solution with higher temperature and salinity with meteoric water with lower temperature and salinity has finally led to the deposition of sulfides, and the formation of mineralization. Temperature-salinity and alteration evidence show that we are currently in the upper parts of the system, and we need more information. The relevance of this magmatic belt in eastern Iran as a significant metallogenic zone for deposits of copper, gold, and silver is growing as more and more IOCG mineral occurrences are found there.

This study focuses on the flood the Sirch tourism area in the Kerman Province (SE Iran). This area is unique location in the margin of the Shahdad Area. This spectacular and natural area has been hated by abnormal drastic floods eventually every year. This study using 3D modeling and mapping based on the SRTM DEM and Landsat 8 images and compilation of morphology and geology to investigate the flood hazard in the studied area. The data set of this study have compiled and analyzed by GIS-AHP method. This study suggests that the main cause of the rapid and abnormal floods is the nature of the geological outcrops and the steep of the watershed. The flood hazard analysis also shows that the main Sirch village and tourism site locates in the most hazardous zone. The improvement of the plant cover and construction of flood breakers can control the flood hazard in this area.

Tehran is known as the most important political-economic and demographic center of Iran. The rock fall as a natural hazard has always caused a lot of damage in this City. Therfore, identifying the factors that are effective in the occurrence of this phenomenon is very important. In most cases, the danger caused by falling rocks cannot be avoided. Because the spatial and temporal variation of this phenomenon is very high. The main goal of the current research is to investigate the parameters involved in the rock fall in Tehran province.

The rock engineering system is an analytical method that prepares a model to studying the problem and analyzing its variables. The main tool of this method is the interaction matrix. This matrix makes the effect of all parameters on the system and the effect of the system on the parameters to be studied. Numerical and analytical models are only able to model a part of the interaction between different parameters, but this method is able to model a complete system. Due to the cause and effect nature of these interactions, the system has a dynamic state, which means that a change in a parameter can decrease the value of that parameter in a chain process. These changes occur until the system reaches equilibrium. In order to prepare a rock fall potential map, it is necessary to take help from 7 different layers, including the slope, relative relief, rainfall distribution, vegetation, seismicity, weathering and rock blocking. Therefore, first of all, the mentioned maps are classified separately. Then, it is necessary to prepare a map of rock fall potential by giving weight to each of the layers. In this research, the rock engineering system method was used to weight the above parameters.

In this study, the rock fall potential map was prepared by using 7 layers of information and weighting each one according to the rock engineering system. This map shows a well-defined relationship between mountainous areas and increased risk of rock falls. Also, in the location of the main faults, a significant increase in the hazard of rock fall can be seen. The increase in topographic slope can be considered effective in the changes in the hazard of rock falls. In general, since rock fall potential is prepared based on 7 data layers, each of these layers is effective in changing the hazard level. It should be noted that the role of faults has been properly considered in two ways, one in the amount of rock crushing or blocking and the other in earthquake acceleration. The location of landslides and slope instabilities was also compared with the hazard map of rock fall. Based on this, it was found that all these positions are located in areas with very high to high risk. This case confirms the accuracy of the present analysis to some extent. The results of this research are used to indicate areas at risk.

 Conclusion:

In most of the studies related to rock falls, the main goal is to reduce the risk of this phenomenon. To reduce the risk of rock fall, the dominant mechanism should be identified and then the risk of this phenomenon should be reduced by explaining the important factor with corrective measures. One of the methods used to reduce the rock fall hazard is to reduce the hazard elements in the rock fall area. Also, in many cases, it is not possible to reduce the risk elements and some protective structures, and corrective measures must be taken to protect the risk elements from falling blocks. For efficient facility design, some characteristics of the fallen blocks should be available to help designers make decisions about facility location and capacity.

In the present study, for the first time, a three-dimensional geological model of Asmari/Shahbazan reservoir (structural, petrophysical, porosity and water saturation model) of Balarud oil field using geophysical, petrographic and structural information by 6 wells of this field RMS software was created. Petrographic study on sample (well number 1) shows that the main lithology of Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir in this field is limestone, dolomite and dolomitic limestone. Combining the available data, it was found that the Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir in Balarud oily field can be divided into 5 zones, with Zone 2 being divided into 3 sub-zones. Assessment of the maps extracted from the models shows that the best reservoir zone in terms of petrophysical characteristics is in Asmari / Shahbazan reservoir zone 1. Using the study of lateral and longitudinal sections prepared by the RMS software, changes in the thickness of the zones and how to expand the reservoir zones of the study area were determined. Examination of the petrophysical model of Asmari reservoir shows that the East and Northeast areas of the reservoir have better hydrocarbon potential compared to other areas of the reservoir and the more the layers extend to the Northeast of the field, the better the reservoir quality. In volumetric calculations, the volume in place of hydrocarbons in normal conditions has been calculated 658226013 barrels. Of this amount, the highest volume of oil is allocated to zone number 1 of the reservoir.

This paper deals with the chlorite stones obtained from the latest archeological researches at the Konar Sandal site, Jiroft in order to determining the chemical and mineralogical composition and identifying their provenance. The chlorite objects are the most distinctive cultural material from the Jiroft civilization (generally dated back to the third millennium BC). These luxury items have been recognized as an indicator of the connections and interactions in southwest Asia during Bronze Age. Scholars of the ancient Near East have long recognized that the Iranian plateau was a source for these valuable materials. Although the soft green chlorite objects have been found in a wide range from the Indian subcontinent to northern Mesopotamia, these finds were produced in the Halil River Basin for local utilization rather than export. In this paper, some fragments of chlorite vessels recovered from the plundered graveyard of Konar Sandal South are chosen for archaeometric analyses. Also, some samples from newly found mines of the Faryab region (south of the Jiroft plain) have been analyzed for the provenance of the ancient objects of Konar Sandal.

Petrological and petrographical methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used to identify the mineralogical and geochemical structure of chlorites and the possible relationship of these materials with the chlorite mines in the Faryab region. Clustering of the results will be interpreted through statistical methods. Polarizd light microscope has been used inorder to characterize the fabrication and texture of the stones in both plane polarized and cross polarized light. For determining the crystalline phase constituents powder patterns of rocks were measured. The characterization of the crystalline phases of the rocks (QXRD), allows the classification of the samples by the different structures. X-ray flouresence has used for the determination of the bulk chemical composition of the rocks. The major, minor and trace elements measured as oxides, and the correlation between the main oxide constituents tend to allow a good classification of the archaeological samples to the stones from the mines. An ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) systems has used to undertake an analytical technique that can be used to measure elements at trace levels in some archaeological and stones from the mines.

Iconography, production, provenance, exchange and circulation of chlorite vessels have been topic of many researches in the recent decades. Philip Kohl has deeply studied these studies. Philip Kohl has conducted various studies based on physical and chemical analyses on carved and uncarved samples of chlorite from Tepe Yahya and from outcrops or source samples collected in the mountains immediately north and west of the site and from these vessels found on sites stretching from Mesopotamia into south-western Iran (Susa) and across the Iranian plateau. His studies demonstrated that most of the vessels carved in this distinctive style were indeed made of chlorite and not the related soft stone steatite to which they had been mistakenly attributed. Another archaeometric analysis on the resource of chlorite in the Jiroft region was done by Emami and his colleagues (2017) which resulted in identifying some ancient mines in the western mountains of the Jiroft region which were used by the craftsmen of Konar Sandal. The present research on the chlorite mines of the south of Jiroft region, particularly the Faryab region, introduced new mines which could be used by the craftsmen of the Jiroft civilization in the early Bronze Age. Interestingly, similarities in the mineralogical and geochemical composition of chlorites obtained from Konar Sandal South graveyard and Faryab mines introduce the Faryab mineralogical zone in the south of Kerman as one of the provenances this stone. It seems that further geo-archaeological investigations can identify more ancient mines and mineralogical zones of chlorite in the Kerman Province.

Investigated chlorite objects and stones were examined in order to find any relationship between Konar Sandal and rock samples from Sikhoran mine and Nazari mine in central Faryab orogeny (Mehrouiyeh). On the basis of chemical analysis and measurement of trace elements by XRF and ICP methods, as well as petrology and phase studies, it was determined that Faryab mine played a key role for fabrication of these chlorite stones in the third millennium. Analytical results have approved that the amount of major oxides e.g. MgO and FeO, as well as minor elements e.g. Ca, P, Ti, Sr, were to be an essential factor for clustering of the materials and their origin.The distinctive features of the quarried stone from Faryab district assumed in good potential correlation with the analyzed samples from south Konar Sandel Cemetery (especially in the M4 and M3 samples). The result is reliable with the results of XRD analysis and thin section petrography of the samples. XRD phase analysis of the rocks from the mines were assumed that the rocks mostly consist of clinochlore, tephrite, spinel and olivine, which have obviously approved the same phase composition within the samples of south Konar Sandal cemetery. Based on petrography, mineralogical and textural observations, the rocks of the region are mainly composed of magnesium-containing olivines, serpentine peridotites and sometimes opaque particles with spinel chemical composition, e.g., magnetite and chromspinel.The extension of producing and trade of chlorite from southeast to the Punjab valley of Pakistan can be expressed by means of excessive diversity regarding the condition of metamorphism (hydrothermal and proximity) of the chlorite rocks in the southeast of Iranian plateau. In this case, the rock feeding source for the production of chlorite stone artefacts and containers in Halil Rood area is much more diverse than what we know. However, since the Faryab mines are located in an area as cross-cultural bridge between the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, the importance of influential economic factors, trade and exchange of chlorite is among the most important case studies in the third millennium BC Iran.

Assessing and understanding the hydromorphological characteristics are necessary to understand the behavior of a river and its active processes. This is useful for understanding the erosion and sedimentation regime and changing the river path, for making correct engineering and human activities in the river's catchment area. The Gian River, with an average annual discharge of 2.3 m3/s, is one of the tributaries of the Gamasiab River in the Hamedan province. From a geological and hydrogeomorphological point of view, the Gian is a small river. It is fully compatible with the geological structures of the region. The calculation of the sinusoidal coefficient has shown that this river is a meandering river whose wavelength, the amplitude of the oscillation and the width of the meander belt are smaller in the mountainous area than in the plain area The gradient of the river bed is relatively low and it is classified as an erosion and sedimentation river in its different sections. The Gian River has a rocky bed in the mountainous part and an alluvial bed in the plain. The Gian River has a small catchment area, and, according to theGravelius' coefficient, its shape is almost elongated. The catchment elevation of the Gian River is between 1455 and 2700 with a weighted average of 1715.20 m.a.s.l. and its area decreases with the increase in the elevation. The concentration time of the catchment is 4.204 hours. The application of the data and results of the research can be very effective in land use planning, engineering and executive applications to predict river changes and protect engineering structures such as roads, bridges, coastal structures and railways, protect agricultural lands in the region and develop tourism.

Hararan deposit is located 110 km northeast of Baft city, Kerman province. This area is located on the Urmia-Dokhtar belt. The predominant lithology in the area of ​​Hararan copper deposit includes a collection of volcanic and igneous rocks with shallow infiltration massifs. One of the important features of this region is the intense volcanic activity and the formation of the volume of potassic, argillic, proplitic and siliceous alterations due to the influence of igneous masses into volcanic rocks, which is related to the Eocene. In the host rock of Hararan deposit, more mineralization can be detected in the form of veins, veinlets, under the control of open spaces of fractures and stockwork. The area has alleles of algal, potash, propolitic and silicification alteration. Mineralization in siliceous alteration zones may be associated with amounts of gold and the elements silver, arsenic, and antimony. Supergene processes are observed in potash and propylitic zones with outcrops of malachite, neocyte minerals and in argillic zone with jarocyte and goethite minerals. The data obtained from the study of quartz mineral fluid intermediates show that mineralization is formed in the temperature range of 110 to 410 ° C. The highest salinity rate was between 4 and 21% by weight equivalent of NaCl. Field evidence and microscopy of fluid intermediates in the quartz mineral of the Hararan deposit show that the ore-forming fluid is very similar to epitermal.

The natural emission of radon gas is an emerging phenomenon that modern lifestyles have turned into a potential danger to humans. It is a gas that has no physical properties that can be seen or understood by humans. Therefore, it is much more dangerous than other gaseous pollutants. This natural gas inside a building is determined by both the terrain on which it is built and the composition of its constructed materials. Today, the world's developed countries have prepared Radon atlases in their critical locations and big cities. As the second most important city in the country, the Mashhad, which is also considered one of the most touristic cities in Iran, is doubly important. In this study, first, the structural geology condition of the Mashhad in terms of Radon emission has been investigated, and then Radon has been measured. Using Arc GIS software, natural Radon emission zoning maps at urban and geological scales have been prepared. Also, a residential unit in one of the critical areas of natural Radon emission has been selected. A corrective method has been adopted to reduce Radon. The methods applied to the structure were able to significantly reduce radon gas by 27 to 50 percent. Given that natural radon emissions from subsurface rocks and fractures are present in all parts of the world. So identifying critical areas (with high radon emissions) can provide special control measures at the local and site scale buildings that reduce the risks of this natural gas.

Geophysical methods are applied approximately in all exploration steps as cheap and reliable ways, which reduce the risk of large investments in many cases (Telford et al., 1990). Similarly, using geophysical methods alongside geological studies increases the efficiency and interpretation of the results more accurately, and hence, can improve the possibility of exploration and feasibility of achieving to promising areas . Magnetometric and gravimetric methods are some of the oldest geophysical methods used for exploration of iron andchromite deposits. Correct interpretation of field magnetometric and gravimetric data integrated with other exploratory data can reduce the exploration cost and provide valuable information about the location, depth, and dimensions of the concealed iron ore deposits (Carlson and Ripley, 1997; Ganiya et al, 2012; Amobi Adebisi, 2018; Sampaio, 2021) . The gravimetric and magnetometric methods consider primitive exploratory tools for detecting minerals (Sott and Geo, 2014). The majority of chromite ore deposits have been discovered in the recent decade (Yaghoobpur, 2005). Gravimetric and electrical methods are the most important geophysical approaches used to explore chromite lenses in chromite ore deposits that are complex targets to explore due to the influence of tectonic conditions and their irregular shapes (Kogel et al.,2006). Although ophiolite rocks have a pretty high specific gravity, the density of chromite ores makes them recognizable from the host rock (Hornicka et al., 2020). Therefore, gravimetry is a common method to explore chromite resources (Aghajani, 2012; Moazam, et al., 2019; John, 1997). Kamkar Rouhani (2008) and Azad, et al. (1392) could detect the anomalies of chromite deposits in the Faryab mine area by processing the gravimetric data collected from the area.

To perform exploration operations in the Shovin mineralized area, first, the area was visited, and then, all data, reports, and maps of the area were collected, and by incorporating these two sources (field studies and previous documentation), a relatively adequate knowledge of the geological characteristics in the area was attained. These data were used to plan future exploration operation. In the second step, several operative groups with different aims were equipped to commence the exploratory operation in collaboration with the mapping group. Many activities such as field geological studies, geophysical surveys, and sampling of the favorable areas were carried out. In the third step, the data collected from various geological and geophysical studies were possessed, and the results were obtained. To conduct magnetometric surveys in the Shovin area, G856 model proton magnetometer with the sensitivity of 0.01 nT was applied to acquire magnetometric data at the points considered along 11 survey lines with 50 meters intervals passing all the suspicious ultramafic outcrops and faults in the study area. Using a theodolite instrument, the designed points have been marked on the ground. As a result, a survey network with the density of 25*50 or 50*50, depending on the proximity of ultramafic outcrops and the main faults was considered. Overall, total magnetic field measurements in 264 points were made and magnetic map of the area was obtained after performing all of the corrections on the magnetic data. Similarly, gravimetric surveys were conducted in the area, and totally, gravimetric surveys were made in 209 points with a grid of 20 meters by 20 meters along 11 survey lines in four days. For the gravimetric surveys, the Lacoste- Romberg device with the resolution of 0.01 mGal was used. After performing all corrections and calculations on the raw gravimetric data, the residual anomaly map was obtained. Finally, after processing and interpretation of the magnetometric and gravimetric data, and integration of the geophysical results with geological information, possible iron and chromite mineralized zones were recognized.

Shovin iron and chromite deposit is observed along with ultramafic and mafic rocks (harzburgite to gabbro) and the iron ore found in this deposit in the form of hematite, although magnetite can be scattered in the ultramafic rocks and or as a filling within the joints and cracks that is economically valuable . Magnetometric investigations in the area reveal that no accumulation of rich iron masses exists in the subsurface, and high magnetic intensities are the results of the presence of a dyke and ultramafic rocks . The residual gravity anomaly and modeling applied on the gravity data indicate the presence of a buried mass with a density of about 4.4 gr/cm3 that can indicate high possibility of the existence of a chromatic mass in the study area.

Bijvard prospect area is located in the northern part of Central Iran zone, Sabzevar zone, about 40 km north of Bardaskan. The rock units exposed in the area include Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks (andesite, basalt, graywacke and conglomerate) that syenogranite porphyry unit has intruded into them.  Mineralization has structural control, with N35E trending, and has altered the andesitic rock unit. Mineralization in this area has occurred in two parts: 1- Gold-bearing ores, that are mostly associated with silica and argillic alterations within gossan zone, which is surrounded by propylitic alteration 2- Manganese mineralization has occurred within gray wacke unit. Mineralogy is simple and primary minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite and braunite and secondary minerals include goethite, hematite, covellite, chalcocite, malachite and various Mn-bearing minerals. Quartz and clay minerals associated with minor calcite are the most important gangue minerals. The maximum value of gold is 1.4 ppm and the minimum value of gold is 0.01 ppm. In addition, the amount of copper is ranging between 88 ppm and 2.2%, arsenic is 21 to 100 ppm, and zinc is 162 to 495 ppm. Based on tectonic setting, host rock, structural control, type of alteration and the absence of high and low sulfide index minerals, Bijvard prospect area is probably an intermediate sulfidation epithermal type.

The geochemical characteristics of materials in the environment are related to the chemical properties of the sources. In other words, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil depends on the type and chemistry of the parent rocks, which has formed the soil through the weathering processes and has led to different concentration of heavy metals in the soils. In addition to the composition of the parent rocks, a variety of natural and man-made factors are effective in increasing element concentration in the environment which causes intense pollution. Therefore, in short, the earth has a direct impact on human health through the food chain (eating and drinking) and the inhalation of dust and gases. Thus, the main purpose of this study is investigation and monitoring the arsenic, antimony, lead and cadmium concentrations and plotting the map of pollution distribution in the agricultural soil of Bardsir catchment.

Position of sampling points is determined according to expert judgment based on previous research, topographic maps, geology, satellite images and field study. These were selected to obtain the suitable distribution and zoning map of the study area. Also, characteristics identify the effect of geology on the pollution of the study area. 105 samples of composed agricultural soils were collected by averaging method from less than 10 cm in depth to prevent the potential effect of anthropogenic pollutants. Samples were sieved with a 2 mm sieve and particles smaller than 200 mesh were sent to the laboratory for 4-element chemical analysis by ICP-MS method. Statistical analysis was performed to measure the concentration of heavy metals, index of geo-accumulation, degree of pollution, risk potential factor and ecological risk.

The results show that agricultural soils are polluted by arsenic and antimony (14% in terms of arsenic and 29.5% in terms of antimony), more than allowable levels in some parts of the study area. Statistical analysis also verified that only As and Sb show low to intense pollution while the contamination and risk of Cd and Pb are low. The As zoning map shows that the contaminated agricultural soils are located in the center and north (basin outlet) of the study area. This may be related to the irrigation with polluted river, which is located in the downstream of volcanic outcrops, or to the synergy of different polluted waters at the outlet of the area or flood irrigation. These can transfer the dissolved pollutants from upstream to agricultural land. The Sb concentration zoning shows that the agricultural soils with the highest pollution are located in the upstream and near outcrops including south, west, east, and center of the study area, which is due to the low solubility of antimony compared to arsenic.

The overall results indicate that the agricultural soil is polluted to arsenic and antimony in some areas. Evaluation of the origin of these elements showed that the pollution has mostly geogenic resources and is derived from alteration and Cenozoic volcanic outcrops while anthropogenic pollution showed a small contribution to pollution. The transport and re-precipitation of heavy metals is controlled by dissolution- precipitation and adsorption-desorption reactions, and its transporting is controlled by oxyhydroxides of these elements in the study area.

Antimony-Bandan Mining Area of ​​Niagara is located in the Central Iranian Zone and the boundary of the Lut Block and Tabas Block. The dominant lithology in the Antimony Band - Mining area is metamorphic limestones, slits, sandstones and much of the salt and alluvial sediment area. Mineralization of stibenite with galena, pyrite, iron oxide and hydroxide minerals, quartz, barite, and calcite with tissues such as vacuum fillers, veins, shear and dispersed in host rock of Antimony-Bandang Mining Mineral Range. Is. Mineralization has occurred in the Niemannian Antimony Mineral Range at the intervals of marbles from limestone and dolomite metamorphism. The results of quartz mineral microscopy studies indicate that the homogenization temperature of 150 to 265 ° C was detected, the melting temperature of the last ice crystal was -0.3 to -7.5 ° C, and The salinity level of 0.5 to 11 wt% NaCl has been calculated with frequency range of 2 to 3 wt% NaCl. According to statistical, microscopic, and thermometric evidence, the probable genesis of the Antimony-Bond Nangan mineral range is likely to be in the epithermal ore deposit.

Jajarm Plain in the province of North Khorasan is located, in terms of structural zoning, in the north of the central desert basin and in the south of the Alborz mountain range. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the evolutionary process of groundwater resources and hydrogeochemical characteristics of water resources of Jajarm plain. To achieve this goal, 20 water samples were taken from the plain wells and physical parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, and salinity were measured in situ using multimeter. In addition, the chemical properties of the surface water entering the plain were also evaluated. The hydrogeochemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory through induction plasma method, the statistical analysis and modeling were performed in Chemistry and AqQA software environment. According to the Piper chart, most of the groundwater in this plain was a part of the sodic and chloride type facies, and in some examples, the sodic facies and the sulfate type. Chemical analysis of water entering the aquifer of Jajarm plain showed that the sources of ions entering the plain of Jajarm were affected by the lithology of rocks and sediments that were exposed to weathering for a long time; hence, as the plain waters, due to the passage of the detrital evaporation formations of the third period (marl, salt gypsum, and marl limestone formation), have dissolved them and increased the ratio of Cl+ SO4> HCO. The results showed that the presence of rocks and minerals of carbonate (calcite), sulfate (gypsum) and silicate (tuff and detrital igneous rock) in the water passage has caused the scenarios of Ca>CO3 and Ca+Mg>CO3. Based on the calculations, it was found that the evolutionary trend of water samples in this plain, if not properly managed, will lead to the formation of SO₄>Mg ratio, which will probably lead to the formation of sodium carbonates and halites in the future, and also eventually rising EC and the emergence of saline in the Jajarm plain in the future.

Sangan iron mine with skarn type genesis is located in NE Iran (Khorasan Razavi Province), in the Central Iran zone and NE of Lut Block sub-zone. The Senjedak-III prospect area is one of the six eastern anomalies of Sangan iron mine that encompasses eastern terminal of Khaf- Kashmar- Bardaskan volcano-plutonic belt. The geology of this area consists of a series of igneous (dykes and intrusive bodies), metamorphic (skarn, slate and phyllite) and sedimentary rocks (sandstone, limestone and dolomite). The Senjedak complex is an exo-skarn and includes mineralization such as magnetite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, hematite, goethite, limonite and malachite. Sulfide mineralization is associated with retrograde skranification stage whereas oxides/hydroxides mineralization is in connection with fault zones. Ground magnetic surveys show three magnetic anomalies of A, B, and C in the area. The A and B abnormalities have deep origin and may be related to each other. Separation in these abnormalities is attributed to the activity of secondary faults. The C magnetic anomaly that is consistent with the magnetite outcrop in the eastern parts of the range is weaker and has no deep-seated origin. The results of this research can be used to continue exploratory operations at deep anomalies.

The Robaei Iron deposit is located in 96km south of Damghan. Host rocks of deposit are Late Cretaceous limestones (part I) and Eocene volcano- sedimentary rocks including sandy tuff (part II.( The alterations include chloritization, epidotization, argillation, silicification, carbonatization and hematitization. Minerals forming can be divided into three groups; iron minerals (hematite, magnetite, pyrite, pyrrotite goethite and limonite), copper- minerals (chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite and malachite) and gangue minerals (calcite, dolomite, quartz, garnet, epidote and chlorite). The structure and textures of ore minerals are massive, vein- veinlet, open space filling and disseminated. In part I, the metals grade of Fet is about 60%, Cu 0.7 % and Au 2.7 ppm and in the part II, the Fet are variables between 5.88 to 82.91% (average 31.2%), Cu between 275 to 20761 ppm and Au 0.89 ppm. Fluid inclusion studies were carried out on quartz mineral from the part II that homogenization temperature is frequency variables between 200 to 249°C with salinity of 2-4% wt. %NaCl. Based on the results of this investigation, part I has similarities with calcic skarn of low temperature and part II showed more similarities with iron oxide- copper- gold (IOCG) deposits.

The Torud-Chah Shirin volcanic-sedimentary arc, in the south of Kavir-e-Chah Jam depression (SE of Damghan), hosted many Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag and Au occurrences and deposits. Abgareh copper deposit is located in the northeastern part. Field and petrographic studies indicate that deposit area consist of andesite, basaltic andesite and basalt rocks and to a lesser extent crystal tuffs with a middle–upper Eocene age. The rocks are of high-K, calc-alkaline to shoshonitic in nature, and are formed in a magmatic arc setting in a subduction zone. According to the field observations and mineralogical studies, the mineralization in the region occurred in two stages: hypogene and supergene and weathering. Hypogen zone minerals are generally pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite, while chalcocite, covellite, malachite and chrysocolla are considered as the main minerals in the supergene zone. Fractures resulting from faults in the rocks of the region created a favorable location for the influence of hydrothermal solution and it is considered as the main controller of mineralization. Most of the textures observed in the mineralization include vein-veinlets, open space filling, radial, replacement and disseminated forms. Geochemical studies indicate that copper has the most relative correlation with silver. Since silver has not been found as an independent crystalline phase, therefore copper was replaced by silver in chalcopyrite and chalcocite. Compared with chondrite and primitive mantle normalizing diagrams, the studied rocks show significant enrichment with respect to LREE and LILE and depletion in HREE and HFSE and negative anomalies in Ti and Nb elements. Based on the relevant diagrams, differential crystallization of mantle rocks had the essential role in the evolution of the studied rocks which were probably derived from enriched mantle. Based on petrography, structural control of mineralization, alteration type and its extention and simple mineralogy, it can be concluded that mineralization at Abgareh district has characteristics of an individual mineralization system. This system is related to evolution of hydrothermal fluid mineralization resulted in vein-type Cu mineralization.

In massive mechanized tunneling projects, there is a need for extensive geological studies. These studies require sufficient knowledge of various fields of geology . In this research, the view of graduates of engineering geology, about educational and industrial experiences has been studied.This research is a descriptive survey. The research population consisted of all active engineers of geology in the country. By using simple random sampling, 50 people were selected. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, and data were interpreted using descriptive statistics.The results of the survey show that in many specialized courses and in undergraduate practical units, technological applications of topics in related industries have not been addressed. From the perspective of the population of the statistical community, the current curriculum needs to be reviewed and new lessons need to be developed. The results show that a small part of the students' practical units in applied spaces are performed. According to people, in the field of postgraduate studies, a significant proportion of theses have a theoretical and fundamental aspect. On the other hand, there is no research collaboration in interdisciplinary research between geological colleges and engineering faculties (electronics, mechanics, etc.). .The results show that, in the current situation, the revision of educational topics and the wider activity of geological associations can enhance the potential of geology graduates in industrial jobs. Therefore, in this paper, with a brief overview of the conditions of geological groups and the country's mechanized drilling industry, suggestions are presented to solve the challenges.

The formation and subsequent recharge of alluvial aquifers depend on the geological conditions, geomorphology, climate, and land cover.This type of aquifer plays main role in supplying the water needed by human societies in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and mainly due to excessive perceptions, they require the development and implementation of management plans. Alluvial aquifers in the Gilan-e- gharb have been equilibrium due to favorable environmental conditions until the mid-1970s.But gradually, due to human interference in the hydrology cycle of the region and the occurrence of dry periods, the Gilan-e-gharb aquifer falls to the surface and requires the formulation and implementation of management plans.In this research, modeling of alluvial aquifer susceptible habitats was performed based on six lithology parameters, linear density, drainage density, geomorphology, land use and slope. About 23.8% of the area has a high groundwater abundance potential and 44% of the area has a low potential for groundwater and these areas are prone to runoff. Therefore, the special geomorphological and lithological conditions of the area have caused the natural recharge of aquifers to be limited and requires the implementation of artificial recharge plans.