جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « discharge » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

In general, rivers have a hydraulic connection with aquifers and they affect each other quantitatively and qualitatively. River water percolates into the underground along its path and after passing through the subsurface layers, it feeds the aquifers. During the infiltration of water inside the layers, the concentration of contaminants in river water is reduced as a result of river bank filtration or because of some processes in the porous media. This makes the quality of the passing water inside the subsurface layers much better compared to the quality of the river water before infiltration and purification.In the east of Golestan Province and in the vicinity of the Doogh River, one of the main branches of the Gorganrud River, two Felmann wells have been drilled. The discharge of each Felmann Kalaleh wells is about 200 liters per second, which is equivalent to 5 deep wells drilled for drinking water in the Gorgan Plain. The water of these two Felmann wells is used to supply almost 20% of the water of the urban population of Gonbad Kavous. In addition, using the Felmann well method plays an important role in reducing water treatment costs (especially physical treatment). Therefore, the mentioned method can be of interest to water and sewage companies and water affairs located in the northern provinces of IranPrevious studies showed that Felmann Kalaleh wells have a good efficiency in improving the water quality of the Doogh River. However, the river discharge effect variations on the amount of water parameters extracted from Felmann Kalaleh wells is still unknown and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the investigation of the factors affecting the quality of the river water feeding the wells of Felmann Kalaleh, as well as its effect on the quality parameters of the wells, is important for the optimal and appropriate use of their water for drinking water. Hence, the current research is aimed to investigate the role of Doogh River discharge fluctuations and its effects on the water quality parameters of the river and Felmann well.

Doogh River is one of the important sub-basins of Gorganroud River and it drains parts of the three provinces of Semnan, North Khorasan, and Golestan. A part of the Doogh River catchment located in Golestan province has many differences with other parts of the basin in Semnan and North Khorasan provinces in terms of climatic conditions, vegetation, geology, physiography, and geomorphology. It plays a very important role in the agriculture of the region in addition to controlling the floods in the east of Golestan Province. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative study of Doogh River water is very important in terms of agriculture and drinking.In general, there are two Felmann wells in Kalaleh City, which play an important role in supplying drinking water to Gonbad Kavous City. These two wells were drilled by the water and sewerage company of the province in 2013 in the vicinity of the Doogh River (one of the main tributaries of the Gorganrud River) and in the vicinity of the two villages of Ajen and Qarakhoja. The approximate depth of these two wells is about 20 meters, the diameter of their main opening is about 3 meters, at the end of which 12 radial galleries with an approximate length of 30 meters are drilled, which bring water into the water supply network of Gonbad Kavous City with a flow rate of about 200 liters per second.In this research, for the physicochemical and microbial analysis of well and river waters, samples were taken simultaneously from Doogh River and Felmann Kalaleh wells following the existing standard methods. For this purpose, 10 samples of river water and 10 samples of each of Felmann Kalaleh wells were collected at the same time in a period of approximately five months from October 2019 to February 2019. Also, the discharge values of Doogh River were collected from the hydrometric station in the vicinity of Felmann wells.Correlation test was used at the probability level of 0.05 to investigate the relationship between discharge fluctuations with the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann wells and also the relationship between river discharge fluctuations with the river's physicochemical characteristics. All statistical tests were performed in MINITAB 17 software.

Results revealed that most of the values related to chemical parameters such TDS, sodium, calcium, etc. are within the permissible limit for drinking water according to the 1053 standard of Iran and World Health Organization (WHO). However, the amount of turbidity and total coliform is higher than the permissible limit and needs to be purified for use in the drinking sector.Based on the p-value of the paired T-test for only 6 factors (including TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese) out of 24 qualitative factors between the physicochemical characteristics of river water and Felmann 1 and 2 wells that were collected simultaneously and, no significant difference was observed. But this difference is evident in 18 parameters. This indicates that the riverbank filtration as a result of processes suchas surface absorption, aerobic, and anaerobic decomposition by microorganisms and filtration of sediments was not effective on the values of TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese parameters.Based on the results of the removal efficiency by riverbank filtration, most of the removal rate due to riverbank filtration is related to turbidity, total coliform, and color, respectively, at the rate of 97.52, 96.91 and 79.17 for well number 1. However, similar numbers were obtained for well No.2. Also, the results revealed that during the riverbank filtration, the amount of some parameters such as calcium, total hardness, etc. increased in Felmann well due to the change in water chemistry and interactions taking place in the active zone created in the river bed.

Results:

 revealed that riverbank filtration played an important role in reducing some quality parameters, especially total coliform, turbidity, and color. But this amount has decreased significantly in nitrate. While some parameters such as bicarbonate and electricalconductivitynot only did not decrease much, but also slightly increased. This can be a result of change in water chemistry and the environment during the filtration process, as well as the change in pressure. Also, the mixing of water obtained from filtration with groundwater water can affect the concentration of these parameters.Investigation of the relationship between river water fluctuations and the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of river showed that 13 of 24 factors investigated include turbidity, color, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and total coliform. There is a significant relationship between the values of these 13 qualitative factors and the Felmann well, and for 11 qualitative factors, no significant relationship was observed between discharge fluctuations and the quality characteristics of river water.As expected, there is a direct, linear, and positive relationship between the changes in Doogh river discharge with turbidity, color, sodium, and electrical conductivity. This relationship indicates the existence of geological formations such as marl and clays containing evaporite minerals in a large area of sub-basins of this river in North Khorsan and Semnan Provinces, which the intensification of rainfall and the subsequent increase in the discharge of the Doogh River cause the dissolution of this formations in water, and consequently, increase in the amount of dissolved and suspended solids in Doogh River water.Contrary to the mentioned parameters, the changes between Doogh River discharge and total coliform of whole relationship are direct, linear but negative. So, with the increase in flow rate, the amount of total coliform of Doogh River decreases significantly.The results of the correlation test, to investigate the significant relationship between the river discharge and the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann well, revealed that the value of 12 factors out of 24 factors investigated in Felmann number 1 including turbidity, color, EC, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, ammonia, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform are dependent on river discharge fluctuations. For 12 other qualitative factors, including nitrate, nitrite, pH, sodium, potassium, etc., no significant relationship between discharge fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed for this well.The results of the above test for well number 2 showed that only in 8 of the 24 investigated factors, including turbidity, color, total hardness, calcium hardness, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform, a significant relationship between these parameters and discharge fluctuations was observed. In Felmann number 2, for 16 other factors, no significant relationship between flow fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed.Based on Durov Diagram, there is no specific geochemical evolution direction for water resources, and the distribution of samples related to Doogh River and Felmann wells is at the same location. Water type of samples is bicarbonate type in the recharge areas (margins of the heights). Based on the rectangle related to pH, the value of this parameter in Doogh River (7.75-7.85) is slightly higher than in Felmann wells (>7.55). It seems that after the river bank filtration, the value of this parameter decreases due to the processes that occur in the active zone.

The study area is a part of the Dez River Basin, which is located in the central part of the basin. In this area, due to the climatic conditions, the irregular availability in terms of time and space, the increasing use of water resources and surface water resources, there is a great dependence on the underground water of the region. The main objective of this research is to investigate the factors influencing  the fluctuations of the water level in the Dezful-Andimeshk plain during a statistical period of 20 years. For this purpose, using piezometric well level data and well logs of the study area in WinLog software, maps of the groundwater level and the bottom level of reservoir were prepared using theIDW method. The results of the research showed that the greatest drawdown occurred in north-eastern, south-eastern and western parts of the study area. Asthe amount of precipitation, evaporation and temperature are high in this part, one of the reasons for the decline in these parts can be attributed to the climatic factors of the region. Other factors in the decline of the reservoir level are the main river channel and the high slope of the area. Comparing the changes in the reservoir level with the flow of the Dez River showed that there is a high correlation between the changes in these two parameters with a time interval of one year. Therefore, according to agricultural activities, these limited resources should be harvested, scientifically and fundamentally, the region will be at risk of a serious water crisis in the future.

Flood is one of the most destructive natural hazards, especially in arid and semi-arid areas that experience great of rainfalls. This hazard is caused by the combination of several natural and human factors. Floods occur when the flow of the river increases to a certain extent. that the water crosses the banks of the river and inundates the nearby areas, as a result it affects the communities that live in the vicinity of the rivers. In addition to that, climate change increases the possibility of floods and their magnitude. Annual 75 world floods on average, affects millions of people worldwide. About 20,000 deaths per year, resulting in economic losses of $95 billion. In recent years, the frequency of floods has increased by more than 40%, as climate change significantly affects the intensity, pattern and magnitude of deadly floods. Especially Asian countries are exposed to floods and earthquakes with a relatively high impact. In Asia, more than 90% of human casualties are caused by natural disasters that are due to flooding. Recently, Iran has experienced catastrophic floods. In addition to the impact of climate change. The impact of human activities caused by the poor management of the watershed, including deforestation, excessive livestock grazing, the development of rural and urban settlements, have reduced the hydraulic space of rivers. In all these researches, the study of floodplains, different return periods, and inundation values in each application have been analyzed. Arid and semi-arid areas are definitely more prone to flooding due to heavy rains. In the present study, in order to investigate and distribute large-scale floods in Etrak river basin, the daily inundation data of 35 hydrometer stations were used over a period of 30 years. In order to extract large floods in the region, first, using the statistical method known as the inverse numerical filter method, the base runoff was separated from the total. The results of time series analysis extracted after applying the regression numerical filter method show that in 3 decades, different behavior of floods in the catchment area are observed. In the first decade, the floods had a higher intensity, and this high intensity also had a high frequency. In the second decade, the volume of floods decreased drastically, and in the third decade, the volume of floods was the same as in the first decade, but they occurred at longer intervals. The investigation of most severe floods showed that with the increase in the volume of the total runoff, there was a large difference between it and the base runoff, and the occurrence of this process is sudden and sometimes reaches more than 10 times the base runoff. The high volume of discharge in flood periods and on the other hand, the decade fluctuation in the occurrence of severe floods in the Atrak catchment area showed that for long-term forecasting, the inverse numerical filter method can be used.

Spring distribution and flow rate are influenced by a variety of factors such as tectonics, climate, geology, distance from the drainage network, geomorphology, etc. The current study aims to determine the effect of structural parameters, lithology, and drainage network on two indicators related to springs, notably number and annual water flow in Kamyaran, Kurdistan province. Correlation relationships have also been investigated between springs in watersheds and hydrometric stations downstream of them. A correlation coefficient of 0.947exists. The correlation between the number of springs and the distance from the river is significant and is around 0.76. But there is no significant relationship between these two parameters with the amount of spring water. The discharge variable has a significant relationship with the formation type, with the sand limestone formation having the most annual drainage and the andesite, micro granite, and silty shales having the least. The results of the correlation between springs and hydrometric stations revealed that there are significant relationships between temperature parameters and annual discharge, but no significant relationships between pH and EC indicators.

Selecting appropriate inputs for intelligent models are important because it reduces the cost and saves time and increases accuracy and efficiency of its models. The aim of the present study is the use of Shannon entropy to select the optimum combination of input variables in the simulation of monthly flow by meteorological parameters.

In this study, meteorological data and monthly time series of discharge of Zarrinrood River (Safavankeh Station) in East Azarbaijan from 1336 to 2015 were used. The meteorological parameters and the month of the year were considered as inputs in the entropy method to determine the effective composition.

Shannon entropy results showed that the rainfall parameters, month of year and temperature provide better results for modeling. The simulations were performed using intelligent hybrid models of particle swarm hybrid algorithm and hybrid simulation hybrid algorithm.

The results showed that among these models with the same input structure, the hybrid algorithm simulation based on the support vector machine had better performance for simulating the flow rate compared to other intelligent hybrid models. The results also show that the entropy method is good for selecting the best input combination in smart models.

Nowadays, water is considered as one of the factors for improvement and economic growth of societies. The hot and cold seasons of the year and its comparison with the non-segregation of the hot and cold seasons are 26 years.

In this study, after studying the accuracy of discharge data, electrical conductivity, soluble matter, chlorine, calcium, sodium, magnesium, acidity and sodium uptake ratio of the two stations, it was tried to find appropriate regression relationships between discharge parameter and qualitative parameters. Provide water.

The results showed that the Chehelgazi sub-watershed in cold months, the liner relationship between discharge with electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, chloride and sodium and also the exponential relationship was suitable between discharging with calcium. In warm months for this sub-watershed, the linear relationship presented the suitable relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, magnesium, calcium, sodium and the sodium adsorption. Also, the linear relationship was suitable between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride and sodium whereas the exponential relationship was better between the discharging with calcium in Khalifehtarkhan sub-watershed. In this sub-watershed, for warm months, the linear relationship was suitable for the relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride, sodium and sodium adsorption. The separation comparison of cold and warm months with non-separation showed that non-separation of cold and warm months is not possible the chloride and magnesium estimation (in Chehelgazi sub-watershed) and calcium estimation (in Khalifetarkhan sub-watershed).

using obtained relationships and seasonal changes of surface waters quality, with discharge rate can create modeling water quality, extraction and recovery of water quality data.

The aim of this article is to measure the impact of main factors affecting the reduction of discharge and loading performance compared to dry bulk discharge and loading in terminal of Imam Khomeini Port. For this purpose, the actual data presented in Imam Khomeini Port for discharging and loading statistics and library documented data were used. In order to answer the research questions, multiple regression method was used applying STATA14 software. According to the first model results, variables such as displacement of labour equipment, technical defect of ship equipment and delay in the separation had significant effect on loading rate via an indirect Chanel. Also, based on the second model results, independent variables such as displacement of labor equipment, technical defect of ship equipment and quarantine, had a significant effect on discharging rate variable and this effect found to be indirect. Moreover, almost all of the variables were significant in both regressing models.

Background and Simulation and evaluation of sediment are important issues in water resources management. Common methods for measuring sediment concentration are generally time consuming and costly and sometimes does not have enough accuracy.
In this research, we have tried to evaluate sediment amounts, using bayesian neural network for Simineh-Rood, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and compare it with common artificial neural networks. Monthly river discharge, temperature and total dissolved solids for time period (1354-1383) was used as input and sediment discharge for output. Criteria of correlation coefficient, root mean square error and Nash Sutcliff bias coefficient were used to evaluate and compare the performance of models.
The results showed that three models smart estimate sediment discharge with acceptable accuracy, but in terms of accuracy, the bayesian neural network model had the highest correlation coefficient (0.832), minimum root mean square error (0.071ton/day) and the Nash Sutcliff (0.692) and the bias (0.0001) and hence was chosen the prior in the verification stage.
Discussion and Finally, the results showed that the bayesian neural network has great capability in estimating minimum and maximum sediment discharge values.

Bam plain in Kerman province, about 207 kilometers Southeast of the center is located at edge of Lut Desert is an arid country. In this study, all the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer including hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and the thickness of the aquifer (b) has been studied. With the implementation of aquifer pumping test wells observational transfer coefficient is measured and the thickness of the aquifer was estimated using geophysical plain in different directions. The hydraulic conductivity calculated by the formula Darcy and all data processing software for Excel, Surfer and GIS data. Hydraulic parameters, transmissivity coefficient and the thickness of aquifer as zoning plans and results have been interpreted. The results show t
Bam plain in Kerman province, about 207 kilometers Southeast of the center is located at edge of Lut Desert is an arid country. In this study, all the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer including hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and the thickness of the aquifer (b) has been studied. With the implementation of aquifer pumping test wells observational transfer coefficient is measured and the thickness of the aquifer was estimated using geophysical plain in different directions. The hydraulic conductivity calculated by the formula Darcy and all data processing software for Excel, Surfer and GIS data. Hydraulic parameters, transmissivity coefficient and the thickness of aquifer as zoning plans and results have been interpreted. The results show that hydraulic conductivity in parts of eastern and south-eastern lowland plains has been higher that other parts. As well as the ability to transfer coefficient of the aquifer from the northwest to southeast is rising. In general, the thickness of aquifer from the southeast to the northwest and central plains are on the rise. So if a well or aqueduct to exploit groundwater resources in eastern and southeastern plains discharge dig a well than other areas will be plain. Because due to the high permeability sediments above the aquifer transfer coefficient is higher.
hat hydraulic conductivity in parts of eastern and south-eastern lowland plains has been higher that other parts. As well as the ability to transfer coefficient of the aquifer from the northwest to southeast is rising. In general, the thickness of aquifer from the southeast to the northwest and central plains are on the rise. So if a well or aqueduct to exploit groundwater resources in eastern and southeastern plains discharge dig a well than other areas will be plain. Because due to the high permeability sediments above the aquifer transfer coefficient is higher.

Surfactants are organic chemicals that aggregate in joint surface of gas-liquid or solid liquid phases so as to change the water physical properties to accelerate the deterging process by decreasing surface tension. Surfactants, in fact, are the main chemicals in detergents and constitute 5-30% of the detergents by weight. Detergents enter the environment, through the direct discharge of raw wastewater or treated effluent, and reduce the quality of water resources and increase treatment costs. The detergents discharge limits, based on effluent discharge standards are as 1.5 mg/l for surface water, 0.5 mg/l for groundwater and agricultural use. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficiency control of Tabriz wastewater treatment plant. In this experimental research the detergent amounts of raw and treated wastewater were measured for six successive weeks; six samples per week. Anionic surfactants were determined through MBAS method and compared with discharge standards. The findings showed that detergent amounts in raw wastewater was about 1.23 to 5.23 mg/l and in treated waste water 0.093 to 0.263 mg/l. The removal efficiency was determined to be 93%.Considering the results of this research and comparison of high removal efficiency of detergent discharged into environment, it was observed that the amount of chemical and environmental factors of effluent were lower than that of standard values into surface water and groundwater. So this can be found an efficient alternative method for treatment of urban wastewaters.

In this paper، we deal with modeling crisp input-fuzzy output data by constructing a MARS-fuzzy regression model with crisp parameters estimation and fuzzy error terms for the fuzzy data set. The proposed method is a two-phase procedure which applies the MARS technique at phase one and an optimization problem at phase two to estimate the center and fuzziness of the response variable. A realistic application of the proposed method is also presented in a hydrology engineering problem. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed approach is more efficient and more realistic than some traditional least-squares fuzzy regression models.