جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « fault » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

Based on the solution of mechanisms in this study, Golbaf, Kuhbanan and Rafsanjan faults have a dominant right-lateral mechanism with a reverse component and Sarvestan fault has a pure reverse dominant mechanism. Earthquakes are mostly scattered around the city of Shiraz near the Sabzpooshan fault system and Borazjan fault. Solved mechanisms also show that earthquakes with a dominant right-lateral mechanism are related to the Karebas fault. Some earthquakes, which are related to the Sabzevaran fault are with the dominant mechanism of strike slip. Earthquakes of the Sabzpoushan fault are with the dominant mechanism of strike-slip right-lateral (N-S active plain). Mechanism of some earthquake is not compatible with any known faults in the range. In the interpretation of earthquakes in of all maps, the location error of the seismicity must also be considered. This error can reach up to ten kilometers (in some cases) due to the intermediate distance between the stations of the seismological networks. The mechanism of some of these faults, which were studied in previous works (geologically or seismologically), are consistent with the mechanism solved in this study.

Faults are one of the important tectonic elements that, by cutting the earth's crust into pieces and moving the crust pieces vertically and horizontally, in addition to causing earthquakes, directly participate in the creation of primary landforms, which are the primary structural forms for the action of dynamic factors and the creation of secondary forms. On the other hand, faults along their length create weak points in the earth's crust and thus create the necessary conditions for magmatism, salt diapirism, hot springs, etc. Faults can also be involved in the creation of some meanders, rapids, deviations, captivity of waterways, as well as the formation of lakes and wetlands. Geomorphological tectonics is the study of landforms caused by tectonism and the interaction between tectonics and geomorphic processes {11}. Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years {21}. Geomorphic indices have been widely used as a tool for identifying and characterizing parts deformed by active faults {12}. The goal of geomorphometry is to extract the shape features of the earth's surface and its complications using digital models of the earth's surface and parameterization software. Quantitative measurement of landforms allows geomorphologists to investigate the role of active tectonics in changing landscapes by measuring geomorphological indicators in different landforms {22}. In the simplest form, landforms and shapes that make up the earth are characterized by size, height, slope. In other words, numerical measurements allow geomorphologists to objectively and concretely compare and evaluate different shapes, and by calculating patterns and indices, they can recognize and explain the geomorphological differences and similarities of a certain area from another area {2}. New studies have been conducted inside and outside of Iran, which are mentioned below.{24 and 25}, investigated active tectonic assessment in Hableroud and Kurdan basins based on geomorphic indicators. These researchers came to the conclusion that Kurdan basin is in class 1 and Hableroud basin is in class 2. According to the classification of tectonic index (IAT), it can be said that both regions are tectonically active, but the amount of tectonic activity in the Kurdan basin is higher than in the Hableroud basin. {27}, evaluated the active tectonics of the Sirvan river basin using geomorphic indices, and they came to the conclusion that the results of this index indicate that among the studied sub-basins, the Shuisheh sub-basin with an average of class 2 has a more active condition than the other sub-basins. Is. {28}, in order to evaluate the active tectonics in the area of Idia Eska in the southwestern part of Cameroon using geomorphic indicators. The results of the work of these researchers showed that the reactivation of the faults located in this area are the cause of severe earthquakes. {10}, they studied the tectonic and geomorphological activities in the San Lucas region in the Central Cordillera using morphological and geomorphological indicators. They came to the conclusion that the most tectonic activity is related to the slopes of Mount Simiti, north of the Simiti San Blas faults, in line with the faults trending northwest-southeast and in the north of Palestine basin. {26,38, 19, 14, 16, 4). The aim of the current research is to evaluate and analyze the neotectonic activities and seismic power of faults using geomorphic indicators (case study: Khiauchai watershed).

The present research has been carried out to investigate and analyze the assessment of the relative amount of land-building activity using zoomorphic indicators in Khiauchai watershed. In the first stage, to perform the calculations related to each index and to compare the results obtained from the index calculations, the studied area was divided into sub-basins. By using Archydro plugin in GIS10.3 software and DEM 12 meters elevation digital model, sub-basins, main waterway networks were extracted and the studied area was divided into 15 sub-basins. Then, in the next step, the indices were calculated. In the next step, using 1.100000 geological maps of geological organization and mineral discoveries in the study area, the main structures of the region such as faults were determined. All main faults and minor faults located in the area were identified. In the final stage, the results of measuring the geomorphological indicators and the main structures of the region were studied and analyzed. The indicators studied in the region are: Relative prominence index (Bh), drainage density index (Dd), shape factor index (Pf), integral and hypsometric curve index (Hi), river longitudinal gradient index (SL), valley floor width to height index (Vf), ratio index The width of the valley to the height of the valley (V) is the index of the ratio of the shape of the drainage basin (BS).

According to the evaluation of neotectonic activity using the geomorphic indicators of the Khiauchai watershed, it was concluded that the region is in a high neogeological state in terms of tectonic activities. Finally, based on the shape factor index, the most neotectonic activity is related to sub-basins 3 and 14. The most neotectonic activity based on drainage density index is related to sub-basins 11 and 12. Also, sub-basin 14 has the highest value in the salience index in terms of neotectonic activity. Longitudinal gradient index of sub-basins 14 and 12, integral index of sub-basin 4, valley floor width index of sub-basins 8, 10 have the most neotectonic activities. The index of the ratio of valley width to the height of the sub-basin is 10, and in the ratio of the shape of the sub-basin, 8 is the most neotectonic activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on the index of relative tectonic activity, the largest area of Khiauchai basin is in the category of medium and high tectonic activity. Based on the evaluation of the seismic power, this result was obtained: Zare has a magnitude of 4.41, Noorozi and Ashjai have a magnitude of 5.76 and Noorozi has a magnitude of 1.71. Therefore, it is suggested to prevent human and financial damages caused by neotectonic activities on the fault, preventive activities should be carried out to prevent unauthorized constructions on the studied faults.

Qeshm Island, with an area of ​​1,486 square kilometers, is located at the southeastern end of the Zagros Belt and at the western end of the Strait of Hormuz. Since the tectonic era, it seems possible to assess the influence of neotectonics and fault dynamics on island morpho-tectonic deformation using basin tectonic indicators. In this research, five indicators are extracted and calculated using satellite images, geological maps, aerial photographs, and a digital elevation model (30 meters) using various software. The smoothness and asymmetry of waterways (AF), watershed shape index (BS), cross-topographic symmetry index (T), river meandering index (S) and their comprehensive evaluation are evaluated in model form (IAT)). It is an index to evaluate the degree of tectonic deformation in the basin, and the obtained results indicate the relative dynamics of various tectonic deformations on the island. Furthermore, based on the IAT index, 26 of the 44 subbasins belong to a very high tectonic layer, consistent with the number of faults, so more active tectonic deformation is observed in the western part of the island.

The study area is located in the south of Qushadagh mountain range, in the north of Asbkhan village, Heris township and in East Azarbaijan province. In terms of structural geology of Iran, this area is located in the main zone of Central Iran and Alborz-Azerbaijan sub-zone. The geological units of the region are including Eocene igneous and pyroclastic rocks with combination of andesitic, Trachyandesitic, basaltic, tuffic and ignembritic. The semi-deep intrusive mass with Oligocene age, with the combination of quartz diorite, diorite and quartz monzonite in the form of stock and dyke is exposed in the area. Structural studies, including fault plates, slickenside on them, and the joints system in various lithologies, indicate at least two general stress directions in the range, Which can be created following one tectonic regime or two tectonic regimes. If we consider the tectonic regime as a phase and consider the tensors with different directions as the result of rotation in the fault plates, We can introduce a general strike-slip regime with a general north-south trend that controls the existing structures of the region. At the same time, the infiltration of intrusive masses has caused the disintegration of these structures and made the issue more complicated. In general, faults with a northwest-southeast trend and a right on strike-slip mechanism, form the main structures of the area.Other faults are controlled by the main structures following the Riddle fractures system. Based on the system of joints in four different lithologies, lithological units from old to new include: basaltic andesite, quartz diorite, quartz monzonite (porphyry mass) and diorite, which from old to new reduces the diversity of the joints system. The northwest-southeast tectonic system has been involved in the development of argillic alteration and the northeast-southwest system has been important in the development of siliceous and mineralized veins.

Damghan area has been considered by earth scientists due to the existence of numerous active faults. These faults with slow and progressive movements have led to changes in the shape of landforms in the area. Even during the history, the activity of these faults led to major earthquakes such as Qumis earthquake in 856 A.D. This earthquake led to the complete destruction of Qumis province in present-day Damghan. Researchers in the area, including Hollingsworth et al 2010., have concluded that major faults in the area, such as the Astaneh and North Damghan faults, have ruptured during the Qumis earthquake. The changes in landforms and high potential of faults in creating seismic events indicate their continuous activity during Quaternary up to now. To study these changes, we need those features that are sensitive to tectonic and erosive events. Rivers are one of these features that react quickly to active tectonic and erosion changes. The main purpose of this study is investigation of the changes in landforms using anomalies in stream orders. Because there is a hypothesis that claims tectonic and erosive changes lead to irregularity in Strahler orders of streams. In this study we use isobase and differential map method to investigate this hypothesis.

Sensitivity of drainage network to tectonic processes and geological contradictions leads to changes and irregularities in river orders. Isobase maps are extracted from information about the spatial classification of rivers and their elevation information in the environment. In fact, these maps show the relationship between the pattern of waterways and the topography of landscapes. Streams with the same Strahler order are formed by the same geological events, and most likely the same order is the same age. We can draw iso base maps for different stream orders. Early orders (1-3) are mostly more sensitive to tectonic events. These early orders due to flow along seams and fault gaps are representative of neotectonic. Rugged structures in the lithology of the region can limit the evolution and development of the early orders, and therefore in these areas the values of the isobase map increase. But isobase map of evolved orders can represent longer periods, such as the Quaternary or Pleistocene. Because evolved orders are formed over longer periods and are able to show older tectonic and erosive events. Differential maps are obtained from the difference in height between the maps of the evolved orders and the present day topography map.

Examination of the isobase map of the primary orders show that most of the values related to the map can be seen in the west and north of the region. These areas are based on mountainous structures. The high values of the isobase map in these areas indicate that the northern and western parts, affected by neotectonic activities and the development of fault gap and seams, have more primary orders of rivers. Because most of these primary orders are formed and developed along these levels of weakness. Resistant lithology of the area has also prevented the development of these orders. The highest value of them is 3830-2312 meters. The differential map prepared from the study area shows a wide range of positive values indicating uplift and negative values indicating subsidence. By examining these values, we can understand the features related to tectonics and geomorphology of various landforms in the region. The highest values of 1191 to 800 meters are related to the high mountain structures of Eastern Alborz in the north and west of the region. The decrease in the value of the differential map indicates the effect of tectonic subsidence on the morphological landforms of the region. The Astaneh pull apart basin in the western part of the region shows the amount of subsidence between -4 to -1 meters. Also, the southern playa of Damghan in the form of a concave foreland basin affected by active faults in the region shows negative values, which indicates the existence of a submerged basin with high sedimentation potential.

Studies conducted on the area show that the two factors including active tectonic and lithology have a great impact on the morphological structures and landforms of the area. The results of isobase map and the differential map show and confirm this issue. The methods used in this study to investigate the tectonic activity of the faults in the area indicate their activity during the Quaternary. These faults have different mechanisms of thrust and streak slip which in some areas also have transtensional and transpressional position; they have created a collection of uplifted or concave landforms in Damghan area. The spatial relationship between different values from north to south in the prepared maps indicates the creation of an equivalent states between topographic growth and its destruction in lower altitudes. Based on the studies, we confirm that the preparation of isobase and differential maps can be a suitable method for studying and examining morphological structures. Also studies related to differential map show anomalies in drainage networks and uplift processes associated with active Quaternary landforms can be quantified by these maps. Using baseline and differential maps is one of the appropriate methods to study the Plio-Quaternary tectonics in an area. This study confirms the work of previous researchers based on the available information and documents related to the study area.

Spring distribution and flow rate are influenced by a variety of factors such as tectonics, climate, geology, distance from the drainage network, geomorphology, etc. The current study aims to determine the effect of structural parameters, lithology, and drainage network on two indicators related to springs, notably number and annual water flow in Kamyaran, Kurdistan province. Correlation relationships have also been investigated between springs in watersheds and hydrometric stations downstream of them. A correlation coefficient of 0.947exists. The correlation between the number of springs and the distance from the river is significant and is around 0.76. But there is no significant relationship between these two parameters with the amount of spring water. The discharge variable has a significant relationship with the formation type, with the sand limestone formation having the most annual drainage and the andesite, micro granite, and silty shales having the least. The results of the correlation between springs and hydrometric stations revealed that there are significant relationships between temperature parameters and annual discharge, but no significant relationships between pH and EC indicators.

Sirjan-Beshneh copper deposit with 0.5 kilometer area is located in Kerman province 80 kilometers west of Sirjan city. The variety of exploration activities including remote-sensing, field traverses, geophysical explorations, surface explorations comprising surface sampling and geochemical analysis of 94 samples, drilling and surveying three trenches with sampling and analysis of six samples as well as drilling of eight deep exploration borehole with the total length of 414.5 meter, have been carried out in the metallic deposit. All faults in the region were mapped based on the remote-sensing and structural geology operations of the region. In the present research, all exploration activities carried out in the Beshneh copper deposit were analyzed through investigating their relationship with the faults in the region. To achieve this goal, various techniques including drawing rose-diagram of faults, processing of resistivity and chargeability data of rectangle survey and smoothed inversion of data for five dipole-dipole profiles, imaging isograde maps for the surface and trench samples as well as 3-D modeling of exploration boreholes assays of the region were employed. The results showed that locations of mineralization related to the fractures and faults present in the region since the trend of most mineralized veins is along the main faults. At the end, in order to complete the explorations of the previous stages to get a better recognition of the deposit, drilling of several new exploration boreholes was proposed based on all performed studies and integrating obtained results as an exploration key.

Kurdistan dam watershed with an area of 120.15 km2is located in the northeast of Saqez city.The purpose of this study is to analyze the tectonic activity of the basin and the relationship between faults and landslide risk using the information value model. First, the region is divided into 15 sub-basins using ArcHydro software and morphotectonic indexes including Stream Length Gradient Index (SL), Asymmetric Factor (AF), Hypsometric Integra (Hi), Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T) and basin shape ratio (Bs) are calculated and the results are calculated. Their evaluation was evaluated with active tectonics index (IAT). In order to evaluate the relationship between faults and landslide risk, first a map of faults and maps of factors affecting landslides were prepared by processing satellite images of Landsat 8 sensor and ENVI software and field observations. Then, using the information value model, landslide hazard map of the basin was prepared and combined with the fault map and the relationship between faults and landslide risk in ArcGIS. 10.3 environment was reviewed. The results of calculating the relative active tectonics indices show that 77.77% of the basin is tectonically active in the active class and in the information value model 55.55% of the occurrence of landslides is in the range of high instability risk. Distance coefficients from faults in both positive models and most landslides occurred at a distance of less than 1000 meters and due to active tectonics there is a significant relationship between faults and areas with high landslide risk in the basin. The results showed that the information value model has better performance for landslide risk zoning. In general, diversity of lithology, topography, abundant national and local faults and climatic conditions can be mentioned as the most important factors in the occurrence and distribution of landslides.

One of the hazardous area in Golestan province is Vatan-Farsian area which selected as case study. In this research, main and minor faults were determined by using Remote Sensing techniques together field surveys and then, mapped in GIS environment. The Geohazards were distinguished and categorized into: Faulting, Seismicity, Landslides, Slope movements and Erosion. The location of Geohazards were defined by image processing together field surveys and enter to GIS environment as data layers. Then, these layers overlaid on extracted faults and finally, the relationship between them are investigated. The results shown that maximum density of fractures occurred along fault zones. Also, the faults have potential to occurred earthquakes with magnitude < 4. Many of landslides aligned as wide strip with East-West trend between Tilabad and Susara faults. Some rock falls taken placed along Qeshlaq and Vatan faults. Many of sliding occurred in floor of fault scarps. But, the creeps have weaken relationship with fault zones. The weathering shown in Qeshlaq, Farsian faults and in a fault which controlled the Tillabad river trend. Sloppy erosions show in fault scarps. River erosions haven’t any direct relationship with faults. So, the result shown that faults caused to taken placed and/or defined the location of Geohazards.

The Takab-Qorveh magmatic lineament between the Urumieh-Dokhtar and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zones contains important gold mines such as Dashkasan and Zarshuran. The Dashkasan deposit is located in the Kurdistan province and is one of the largest gold deposits in the Middle East domain. The gold is mainly hosted by porphyritic dacite and breccia. In spite of detailed previous studies, there is still debate regarding the genesis of the Dashkasan. Herein, this study present the source and evolution of the mineralizing fluids using the fluid inclusion and stable isotopic investigations. At Dashkasan, the breccia and mineralization are constrained by the steep NNE-SSW-trending faults. Alteration zones on the surface are phyllic, silicification, tourmalinization, argillic and minor propylitic. Sulfide minerals consist of pyrite, marcasite, arseno-pyrite, stibnite, chalcopyrite and to lesser amounts of bornite, sphalerite and galena associated with quartz, tourmaline, sericite, calcite and chalcedony. Result of microthermometry measurements shows a range of homogenization temperatures between 183-260 °C with salinities of 15.97 to 17.06 wt % NaCl equiv. The oxygen isotope composition of fluid in quartz ranges from 6.6 to 9.9 ‰, while, the tourmaline has δ18Ofluid values are in the ranges of 8.5 to 12.3‰. Also, the δDfluid values of the quartz and tourmaline ranges between -51 to -81 and -93 to -111‰, respectively. Integrating with previous studies, all these data, suggest a migration from a porphyry gold system (stage-I) with a magmatic source to a low-sulphidation epithermal (stage-III). Stage-II occurred simultaneously with the collapse and eruption of crater.

In this study, a range of 50 km radius of Semirom city for the seismotectonic and seismicity evaluataion is selected. A list of earthquakes happening in the area is prepared including 156 instrumental earthquakes with magnitudes of the unit Mw ≥ 3 since 1973 to 2018. Based on obtained results, due to the location of the study area in the Zagros Zone, seismotectonical mechanisms and structures of Semirom city influenced by this zone. Also, most earthquakes in the range of radius 50 km of Semirom region under the action of the Zagros reverse faults. The seismicity of the studied area from the north and northeast to the southwest is increased. Finally, by Kijko (2003) method, seismicity parameters, the annual rate of occurance and earthquake return possiblility for studied area is calculated.

The Golpaygan massive granite in the northern part of Golpaygan city is a part of Sanandaj – Sirjan zone. This granitic body has been intruded in surrounding metamorphosed schists of Paleozoic age. The Paleocene age (58 Ma) with K/Ar method has been assigned for this granite. Basalts, Porphyritic tuffs and Cataclastics volcanic rocks are the main rocks of this formation. The major minerals of the granite are Quartz, acidic to intermediate plagioclase (oligoclase, andesite) and orthoclases which occasionally show pertitic texture. The micaceous minerals include biotite, muscovite and sericite. In order to study AMS of Golpayegan granite, 171 cores with 10 cm length and 2.5 cm diameter were collected with drilling portable machine. The dip and azimuth of the cores were measured with magnetic compass. Each core was cut to 22 mm  length in the paleomagnetic laboratory of geological survey of Iran. Bulk samples were also collected in order to examine rocks petrogically and mineralogically. The polished thin sections show the following metallic minerals: Rutile and Anatase, Oxides and oxyhydroxides, Hematite, Pyrite and Ilmenite. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is defined as a second order tensor. Due to symmetry of nondiagonal components, only diagonal ones K33, K22, K11 remain which are named as Kmax, Kmin and Kint. Lineation intensity values show alignment of magnetic dipole moments of the specimens. This parameter is maximum for sites 8, 12 and 17. The dip and direction of lineation parameter of the above sites are 261.5/44, 38.2/79 and 22/17 respectively. The dip value of site 12 , i.e. 79, may indicate place of the source of Golpayegan granite. The direction of lineation in sites 17 and 8 are opposite to each other which may indicate the existence of a fault in this area. The map of foliation parameter shows that in the central part of the study area, the dip of foliation has much more value than the surrounding area. The shape factor values are negative in the north east and center of the granite body which indicate prolate shape of magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid while in the other parts it is positive which means it is oblate. The AMS results also reveal that the study area can be divided in to two parts which have separate convergence directions. The diffusion directions may indicate mushroom type of the granite intrusion at two phases. The main mushroom type granitic body has intruded at the first phase and then in the second phase, another granitic body with the same pattern is injected into the main body. The AMS directions of the granite show northwest- southeast and northeast- southwest trends while at the center, they show on east-west trend. On the basis of the interpretation of total granitic body directions, we propose the existing of a probable fault with north-south trend at the center of the granite. The intensity of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at the western side of this fault is high in comparison to that of the eastern side. The occurrence of this fault can also be proved by petrological investigation and other studies. The susceptibility-temperature analysis of the granite rocks shows that magnetite and hematite are the main magnetic carriers which may indicate I or A type origin of this massive granite.

One of the essential studies in exploration, exploitation and development of hydrocarbon fields is to evaluate the fault and fracture systems and the role that they can play in reservoir quality and geometry. If the hydrocarbon reservoir is a fractured carbonate reservoir, assessing the mentioned properties is of great importance. Assessment of the structures should be done simultaneously because of their close relations, and the their probable genesis connection should be revealed. In this research, subsurface data including 2D seismic profiles, underground contour maps and FMI log and eventually analogue modeling have been used for evaluation of probable scenarios explaining formation of faults and fractures. The studied area is located at the front of Zagros deformation belt and the Zagros stresses have apparently not affected it. Two sets of faults of different geometry and role have been detected; the first reverse set (N-S trending) was apparently controller of the reservoir geometry in the structure; the second normal set (NW-SE trending) are most likely causative of the main fractures in the field. It is likely that positive inversion tectonic of the basin led to the development of this field in form of a pop-up structure. Based on the interpretations, the internal normal faults have been formed probably by the rise of Hormuz salt or by local stretching due to left-lateral component of the boundary reverse faults. Using interpretation of drilling-induced fractures and break-outs derived from FMI, trends of the Shmax and Shmin are determined. Also it was revealed that the natural fractures and the main set 2 of faults are sub-parallel with the fractures induced by drilling. Therefore, the compatibility between trends of the natural fractures, breakouts and local normal faults can suggest a tectonic origin for the natural fractures.

The Ghir fault zone is a thrust zone in the Zagros foreland folded belt that is located in the south of Sabz-Pushan shear zone and southeast of the Kar-e-Bas strike-slip fault zone. It is a moderately-dipping fault zone oriented parallel to the general trend of folds and thrusts in the Zagros foreland folded belt. In this study, two methods using fault slip data and focal mechanism of earthquakes were analyzed using the stress inversion method in order to reconstruct the paleostress and recent stress orientations, respectively. The results show a transpressional deformation with current compression direction along N05°E and the mean paleo-compression direction alongN33°E. Both are consistent with the general direction of compression in Zagros due to convergence of the Arabian and Iranian plates, and indicate an anticlockwise change in the compression direction over time and the Mohr circle patterns show an active transpressional zone. The stress ratio of 0.88 obtained from inversion of earthquake focal mechanism data indicates that the shape of stress ellipsoid is oblate. However, a ratioof 0.2 for obtained from inversion of fault slip data indicates a prolate shape of stress ellipsoid.

Faults are among the most important geological events for hydrocarbon and mineral exploration and geological studies. They are considered as the major hydrocarbon traps whose detection in seismic reflection data have important roles in hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and geomechanical studies of reservoirs. According to previous studies, approximately 75% of the oil fields are associated with faults. Faults can influence the efficiency of hydrocarbon reservoirs by improving the permeability of a porous medium. Faults are defined as a discontinuity along a geological layer or geological event which is the result of the failure of that layer or event against the tension exerted on it.
Reflection seismology is one of the best geophysical methods for hydrocarbon exploration. Various methods have been introduced to identify faults in seismic reflection data. In seismic reflection data, faults can be seen as discontinuities along the reflectors. One of the conventional methods of interpretation of the faults is a manual interpretation of seismic horizons which is a highly time-consuming process. Due to the nature of the seismic data, identification of faults plane in this data is a difficult process.
Seismic attributes are considered as useful tools that will reveal hidden information in seismic data which can help the interpreters to detect faults. In fact, a seismic attribute can be used as a filter that makes the structural and stratigraphic information more apparent from the seismic data. There are several seismic attributes for faults detection in reflection seismic data such as coherency, curvature, chaos, and variance. The seismic coherence attribute is one of the most common attributes for fault detection. This attribute is calculated by different criteria such as cross-correlation, semblance, eigenstructure, gradient structure tensor.
In this paper, we used a new form of a seismic attribute for edge detection. It is the Sobel filter which is a widely used tool in image processing, computer vision, and edge detection problems. It is the first derivative of the image and is sensitive to amplitude changes. It is a discrete differentiation operator, computing an approximation of the gradient of the image intensity function by convolving the isotropic operators. These operators are extensible to higher sizes and dimensions. Therefore, the Sobel attributes can be used in two- and three-dimensional seismic data. It can be used in seismic data for identification of the geological events such as faults, salt dome, and buried channels.
The efficiency of dip guided Sobel attribute is evaluated by applying it to both synthetic and real seismic data. We compared the obtained results with the results of conventional seismic coherency attributes. In this paper, we used the eigenstructure-based coherency attribute. Comparison of the results of synthetic models in both noise-free and noisy cases in two and three dimensions show that the dip guided Sobel filter can be a good alternative for coherence attributes. In comparison with the coherence attributes, dip guided Sobel attribute is a short run time process and has large stability against noise. In real seismic tests in two and three dimensions, the obtained results from two attributes show that the dip guided Sobel attribute performs better than the eigenstructure-based coherency attribute.

In this paper, a theoretical approach is proposed, in which spatial distribution of the strength of interplate coupling between two faces of strike-slip faults is investigated in detail through the inverse analysis of synthesized geodetic data. Synthesized (or available) geodetic data representing free surface movements is implemented to determine the solution of undertaken inverse problem that computes slippage vectors’ rates. Analytical approaches for treatment of faults in crustal deformation analysis involve some limitations. One important limitation of these methods is idealization of uniform dislocation on a rectangular fault plane in a uniform medium or half space. In fact, the real source is more complex than that supposed in these models and thus only the first-order aspects of the source characteristics can be evaluated from a uniform dislocation model. Isotropic and homogeneous material properties are the main assumptions of these methods. The Finite Element Method (FEM) on the other hand, allows easy treatment of complex boundary shape (interface zone) and internal variations of material properties. The FEM can simulate source geometry flexibly, and is also able to regard geological regimes and various layered structures. The standard equations of inverse problems offer a straightforward way for finding slippage vectors at two faces of the considered fault. One of the new aspects of the current study is evaluation of Green’s Operator Matrix (GOM) by means of FEM. This concept enables us to overcome all limitations of traditional inverse methods. In other words, the Green’s functions are not only functions of interface’s geometry, but are also functions of some other parameters like far-field boundary conditions, and geological structures (various material properties) which are not regarded in the traditional analytical inversion analysis. To implement fault sliding in a continuum-based FEM program, Split Node Technique (SNT) as a simple and efficient method is applied. This method does not increase the number of Degree Of Freedom (DOF) and the global stiffness matrix of system remains unchanged, which is the major advantage of this method. Furthermore, no net forces or moments are induced on the finite element mesh. This method is a direct approach and does not need any iteration, which is a common feature of other methods (e.g., contact problem techniques, or interface/joint elements). The initial idea of SNT for simple one-dimensional element is developed to 2D and 3D domains in the present research. How to find the Green’s functions by the FEM? By applying unit slippage vectors in each DOF of the interface nodes, we can determine corresponding component of the GOM. As other common inversion problems, singularity of coefficient matrix is the main problem. This problem particularly emerges if the number of DOFs is too large. The numerical procedure does not fail algorithmically, however it returns a set of slippage vectors that are wrong, even though direct substitution back into the original equations results in acceptable free-surface deformations. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) diagnoses precisely what the problem is. In some cases, SVD will not only diagnose the problem, it will also solve it. The approach in current research is based on kinematic modeling of seismological problem. In other words, we only investigate fault movement, not causes of the occurred movement. In this research, both forward and inverse steps are considered to completely solve the problem. The forward step is performed by applying the slip along the fault’s faces and determining the displacement at the ground surface. This step is done using the FEM, whose results are compared with the analytical ones to verify the forward step. In the inverse solution on the other hand, our goal is to reach fault slip field using of surface displacement obtained from the first step as input data. Here, using this technique, 2D and 3D models of different types of strike-slip faults are presented in elastic mode for splitting purposes. The final step is to verify the inverse solution obtained for all models, from which the coupled zones of the considered faults are determined with acceptable accuracies.

In this study, we tried to dentify the fractures and faults of Khaviz Anticline, north of Behbahan, by using the ETM satellite images and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the ENVI 4.8 and Arc GIS software environments. Therefore, the lineaments were identified using the linear filters in different directions and the hillShade map constructed from the DEM. Subsequently, the lineaments were compared with the constructed band combinations and the geological map to separate the fractures and faults. Based on the findings, the dominant direction of the fractures and faults follow the northwest-southeast (NW-SE) trend along Khaviz Anticline. Assessment the ISODENSITY map of the faults and fractures indicates that there is the utmost accumulation of the fault and fractures is in the south limb of Khaviz Anticline, Then by considering the important role of fractures and faults in migration of hydrocarbons, the southern flank of this anticline can acts as a suitable area for accumulation of hydrocarbons