جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زمین دما-فشارسنجی" در نشریات گروه "زمین شناسی"

The Lower Jurassic (≈180 Ma) granitoid body of the Gowd-e-Howz (Siah-Kuh) is mainly consists of a diorite-granodiorite part (diorite, quartz diorite, monzonite, quartz monzonite and granodiorite), and a smaller granite part (granite. alkali feldspar granite, aplite, and pegmatite), which is associated with an early-intruded small gabbroic part. This intrusion body is located in the south part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt, southeast of Iran in Dehsard area, baft, Kerman province. This massif as an ellipsoidal granitoid stock has intruded in the Upper Paleozoic metamorphic and Triassic igneous-sedimentary rocks. The Jurassic rock units mainly consist of shale, sandstone and conglomerate, and Lower Cretaceous limestones covered the Triassic sequence and there is no evidence of magma intrusion in them. The overall texture of the granitoid rocks is medium to coarse-grained anhedral granular, but microgranophiric, perthitic, micrographic and myrmekitic textures can also be seen in the granite-alkali granite samples. The main minerals of these rocks include olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and plagioclase, in gabbro/diorites and include amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and quartz in granodiorite-granite samples. Minor and secondary minerals include zircon, apatite, opaque, sphene, and tremolite-actinolite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, sericite, and clays respectively. Clinopyroxene chemistry has been used as the main constituent of gabbro/diorite rocks to investigate the nature of magma, tectonic setting, and physicochemical conditions of crystallization (T, P, fO2) in mafic-intermediate rocks of this body. The clinopyroxenes of these rocks are of calcic diopside-augite-salite type and belong to the I-type calc-alkaline magmatic series of subduction zones. Temperature and pressure estimations based on different single clinopyroxene thermobarometers indicate temperatures of 800 to 1300 ºC at pressures of ≈4 to ≈12 kbar corresponding to pressures equivalent to the depths of 16 to 50 kilometers for the crystallization of this mineral under the medium to high oxygen fugacity in the lower (≈40-50 Km) to middle (≈14-16 Km) continental crust.

Dalfard granitoid complex is located in the southeast of Kerman Province between  57˚ 30 ˊ to 57° 45 longitudes and 28˚ 55ˊ to 29˚ 10 ˊ latitudes. This granitoide complex contains granite, granodiorite, quartz-diorite, diorite, in the margins, and is mainly composed of quartz-diorite. The main texture is granular and include quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and alkali-feldspar, with some mafic microgranular enclaves in them. The EMPA data showed that plagioclase are andesine and alkali-feldspar with orthoclase composition. Biotites with Fe/Fe+Mg > 3.3 rato fall in the magnesium-rich biotites area. Amphiboles are calcium type and they have magnesiohornblende in composition, which indicates that their host magmas are I-type. The low values of Na2O in amphiboles, their calc-alkaline nature, and the high oxygen fugacity indicate that they belong to the subduction environment and mantle derived magmas along with the crustal compounds contributed to the formation of their host magmas. Geo-thermo-barometry calculations estimate the average crystallization pressure of 1.4 kb and temperature of 681 °C for the studied hornblende.

Many mafic dykes, with the Early Paleozoic age, have intruded into Zarigan granitoid pluton and its host sedimentary units in the northeast of Bafq city. Petrographycal studies show these dykes are alkaline gabbro to monzogabbro with medium to fine grain intergranular to granular textures. Major minerals include clinopyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase and minor minerals are a few amounts of biotite, olivine, alkali feldspar, and nepheline. Amphiboles are calcic and belong to kaersutite-potasic kaersutite type. Geothermo-barometry calculations, based on amphibole mineral, show the prevailing pressure and temperature of kaersutites crystallization at 6.3-8.2 Kbar and 1040-1140 °C. According to geochemical composition, kaersutites are in the range of alkaline amphiboles, so that they are derived from mantle and are related to intercontinental extensional tectonic environment. Based on these evidences, minerals have been crystallized from the magmas originated from asthenospheric upwelling during Paleo-Tethys early rifting and associated with Posht-e-Badam block basement tension faults function.

The Kahnouj Fe-Ti ore district is located 25 km southeast of Kahnouj city associated with the large gabbro intrusion of the Kahnouj ophiolitic complex. This ophiolite is one of the largest ophiolite assemblages of Iran (SE Iran), and part of neo-tethyan ophiolites (Kananian et al., 2001; Ghasemi Siani et al., 2021b). The Dar Gaz district is located in the middle part of Kahnouj ophiolitic complex and it is classified as the main ortomagmatic Fe-Ti ore mineralization. Although the geothermobarometric of iron-titanium oxide minerals in the Dar Gaz district has been studied by Karimi Shahraki et al. (2019), the geothermometry of silicate minerals (especially ferromagnesian) in the Dar Gaz gabrroic rocks has not been performed. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine the crystallization temperature and replacement of gabbroic rocks hosting Fe-Ti mineralization of the Dar Gaz district, using geothermometry of ferromagnesian silicate mineral.

A total of 100 thin-polish sections from different parts of the mining area were prepared and studied at the Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC) and the Kharazmi University of Tehran with a Zeiss Axioplan 2 microscope. In order to achieve the temperature conditions of gabbroic rocks formation, 64 points (20 points of olivine, 13 points of clinopyroxene, 3 points of orthopyroxene, 14 points of plagioclase and 14 points of amphibole) from ferrogabbro to coarse-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, 42 points (11 points of olivine, 10 points of clinopyroxene, 1 point of orthopyroxene, 8 points of plagioclase and 12 points of amphibole) from pyroxene-hornblende to fine-grained olivine gabbro, 30 points (12 points of clinopyroxene, 10 points of plagioclase, 8 points of amphibole) from fine-grained hornblende gabbro and 20 points (3 points of clinopyroxene, 11 points of plagioclase and 5 points of amphibole) from the diabasic dike of the Dar Gaz district were analyzed using CAMECA SX 100 electron microscopy (EPMA) with 20 kV and 20 nA conditions in the IMPRC.

The mafic rocks of the Dar Gaz district include ferrogabbro to coarse-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, fine-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, hornblende gabbro and diabasic dikes. Ferrogabbro to coarse-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro is one of the most important host rocks for Fe-Ti mineralization in the district.According to the thermo-barometers, the formation temperature and pressure of gabbroic rocks in the Dar Gaz district are in the range of 750 to 1258°C and a pressure of 2.5 and 6 kbars (clinopyroxene and amphibole barometers), and dibasic dikes are in the range of 700 to 1145°C and a pressure of 2.5 and 6 kbars were obtained. The highest crystallization temperature related to fine-grained pyroxen-hornblende gabbro unit (754 to 1258 °C) is the base of the sequence.The ascending of asthenosphere in the back-arc tectonic settings are from a magmatic chamber with a depth of about 15.34 to 21.20 km, and a pressure of about 4 to 8 kbars upwards. The average geometric results of pyroxene-ilmenite mineral pair geothermometry and pyroxene geothermometer of these rocks, their equilibrium temperature was determined between 901 to 1228°C, which is close to the magmatic temperatures.With comparison of temperature (700 to 1258°C), pressure (4 to 8 kbars) and oxygen fugacity (-19.25 to -25.25 bars) obtained for gabbroid rocks hosting Fe-Ti oxide mineralization with the temperatures obtained from ilmenite and titanomagnetite by Karimi Shahraki et al. (2019), it can be concluded that oxide mineralization is classified as orthomagmatic and occurs during the replacement, cooling and fraction of basic magma and formation of gabbroid intrusion associated with fractional crystallization.

Thermometry of pyroxenes at 2.5 kbars pressure indicates a temperature of 750 to 1258 °C for gabbroid bodies and 700 to 1145 °C for diabaic dikes. Thermometry of plagioclase and hornblende-plagioclase at 6 kbars pressure for coarse-grained ferrogabbro, fine-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, hornblende gabbro and diabasic dikes are 868, 884, 776 and 784 °C, respectively. Amphibole thermometers at 6 kbar pressure for coarse-grained ferrogabbro, fine-grained pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, hornblende gabbro and diabasic dikes are 911, 948, 937 and 946°C, respectively. Comparison of temperature, pressure and high oxygen fugacity values obtained for gabbroic rocks and ilmenite and titanium magnetite ores of the Dar Gaz district, indicating oxidation conditions associated with fractional crystallization is the main factor for control of orthomagmatic mineralization in the back-arc environment.

The Gol-Gohar metamorphic complex, a part of east Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, is located 55 km southwest of Sirjan. This complex consists of metapelitic, metapsammitic, and metacarbonatic rocks. Field and geochemical evidences indicate that these sedimentary protolith sequences are composed of shale and sandstone with alternation of carbonate layers in the upper parts. In the studied metapelites, garnets are almandine-rich. Composition of biotite ranges between sidrophyllite and annite and plagioclase varies from albite to anortite (in amphibolite and garnet amphibolite). Oligoclase and andesine are present in schists. Our studies show that amphibolite and garnet amphibolite are types of para amphibolite. The results of thermometry, based on the garnet-biotite pair and barometry through GBPQ method, for these rocks demonstrate that Gol-Gohar metapelite schists were formed within a temperature range of 550-578˚C and a pressure range of 3.7-4.6 kbar (greenschist and lower amphibolite facies). The thermo-barometry studies, based on chemistry of amphibole mineral in the amphibolites and garnet amphibolites, demonstrate 589-613°C and 613-641°C temperatures, 4.7-4.9 kbar and 4.3-5.6 kbar pressure ranges respectively which are indicating of amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions for these rocks. Field evidence and geochemical studies indicate that the evolutionary trend which resulted to the increasing of temperature and pressure from schists to amphibolites and garnet amphibolites are consistent with the mineral paragenesis.

Thermobarometric models based on the chemical equilibrium among coexisting mineral-mineral or mineral-melts pairs are useful tools widely used to estimate the P-T path and chemical evolution during igneous processes. The high sensitivity of amphibole to physicochemical changes makes it a good tracer for thermobarometric models. Majerad Igneous-Metamorphic Complex with NE-SW trend, 40 kilometer length, and 10 kilometer width is located in the southeast of Shahrood in the northern margin of the Central Iran structural zone. Late Neoproterozoic sequence of Majerad metamorphic complex includes a wide range of metamorphic rocks with extensive compositional variety of metacarbonate, metapsammite, metapelite, metabasite and metarhyolite. Metabasites of the Majerad metamorphic complex consist of a greenschist to garnet amphibolite. Late Iranian Neoproterozoic complexes have been studied by  numerous researchers, and a lot of papers have been published related to them (Rahmati Ilkhchi et al., 2011; Balaghi Einalou et al., 2014; Faramarzi et al., 2015; Hosseini et al., 2015; Malekpour-Alamdari et al., 2017). These complexes have cropped out in the different parts of Iran, except the Kopeh Dagh, Makran and the East Iran Flysch structural zones.

The whole-rock major element compositions were determined by X-ray fluorescence using fused glass disks at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Trace elements were determined by ICP-MS (Agilent 7500a) at IGGCAS after more than 5-day acid digestion of samples in Teflon bombs. Compositional mineral analyses were performed at the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xian China, using a Cameca JXA-8230 instrument at an acceleration voltage of 15 KV, and beam current of 10 nA.

In the metamorphic environment, aluminous hornblende-bearing assemblages are stable over a wide P-T field that extends from amphibolite to granulite, and high-T eclogite-facies conditions. At lower temperatures, the hornblendic amphibole is replaced by sodic-calcic amphibole at relatively high-P and by actinolite at lower-pressure greenschist-facies conditions (Spear, 1993; Ernst and Liu, 1998; Molina et al., 2015). Amphibole formulas were calculated with the Amp-Excels spreadsheet using the 13 cations method (Leake et al., 1997). Amphiboles of metabasites are calcic, and Amphiboles of actinolite-schists are in the range of actinolite to magnesio-hornblende, and in amphibolites, they are plotted in the range of magnesio-hornblende to tschermakite. Plagioclase are usually oligoclase to bytownite. Temperatures range of metamorphism events of amphibolites of the Majerad complex have been estimated by using the hornblende-plagioclase thermometer. This thermometer is based on the Ca and Na equilibrium exchange between plagioclase and amphibole (Holland and Blundy, 1994). The hornblende-plagioclase pair thermobarometer estimates temperatures of 450 to 690ºC and pressures of 4 to 11 Kb for the formation of the Majerad amphibolites. These temperature-pressure ranges correlate with P-T conditions of the greenschist and amphibolite facies in the typical Barrovian type metamorphism.

The Esmaeilabad granitic body with the Late Triassic age is situated in the central part of the Posht-e-Badam block (Central- East Iranian Microcontinent), in the northeastern of the Yazd Province. This granitic body cross cut the metamorphic rocks of the Posht-e-Badam complex and covered by the Cretaceous limestone. Rock forming minerals of the studied granites are K-feldspar (orthoclase), plagioclase (andesine, oligoclase), quartz, amphibole (magnesio-hornblende), biotite, apatite, titanite and zircon. According to the mineral chemistry analyses, amphiboles represent the igneous nature. Biotites are rich in Magnesium. Chemical characteristics of biotites indicate that they are primary biotites which are generated by calc-alkaline magma. Chemical composition of the amphiboles and biotites in the Esmaeilabad granites suggest that they belong to the I-type granites and generate in an environment with high fO2. Geothermobarometry estimations yield temperatures between 550 to 700 oC and pressures in the range of 2 to 3.8 kbar. Based on the geological position and age of the studied rocks, generation of this granitic body can be related to the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the western part of the Central- East Iranian Microcontinent, which can be the reason for granitic plutonism in this area.

Khoy ophiolite at the global scale is in the middle part of the Alp-Himalaya orogenic belt and it is extended over 3900 Km2 which indicates remnant Neotethys oceanic lithosphere in the Mesozoic era (Kananian et al., 2010). In this paper, in addition to a review of previous investigations about Khoy ophiolite, we will try to determine the nature and kind of minerals, origin and partial melting rate as well as the equilibrium pressure and temperature of harzburgites from the Eastern Metamorphic Complex of Khoy ophiolite.
Thin sections microscopy studies were carried out following field investigations. EPMA analysis was carried out with using a Superprobe JEOL, JXA 8200 Microprobe unit at the state of WDS and under condition of 15kv accelerating voltage, 10nA current beam, 1µm beam diameter and collection of natural and synthetic standards for calibration.
The study area is located at the NW of Iran and north of the Khoy city in the west Azarbaijan province. This area is part of the ophiolitic complex of NW Iran and belongs to its Eastern Metamorphic Complex. This metamorphic zone has large tectonically segments of the metamorphic ophiolites which mainly include serpentinized peridotites with associated metagabbros. There are three types of peridotitic rocks in this area which are: Lherzolites, harzburgites and dunites. Lherzolites are composed of olivine (60-70%), orthopyroxene (10-30%) and clinopyroxene (~10-20%) with minor amounts (~2%) of Cr-spinel mineral. Harzburgites are composed of olivine (70-80%), orthopyroxene (10-20%) and clinopyroxene (~5%) with minor amounts (~2%) of Cr-spinel mineral. Dunites are composed of olivine (90-95%), orthopyroxene (5-10%) with minor amounts (~1-2%) of Cr-spinel mineral. Composition range of olivines is between Fo89.46 Fa10.37 to Fo89.86 Fa10.0 as well as NiO content range is 018-046 (wt %). The calculated Mg# of olivines is 0.90 and the composition of olivines in Fo-Fa diagram is plotted in forsterite field. The end-members composition of clinopyroxenes is between En44.159 Wo46.910 Fs4.323 Ac1.459 to En46.803 Wo49.589 Fs4.786 Ac2.081. The calculated Mg# of clinopyroxenes is 0.91. The composition of clinopyroxenes in En-Wo-Fs (Morimoto et al., 1988) diagram is plotted on a diopside field. The plot of clinopyroxenes on Na versus Cr diagram (Kornprobst et al., 1981) indicates that the studied harzburgits are formed in the oceanic setting. Moreover, the Mg# versus Al2O3 in the clinopyroxenes is an indication of their relation to the Abyssal peridotites (Johnson et al., 1990). The end-members composition of orthopyroxenes is between En86.022 Wo2.491 Fs9.368 to En87.314 Wo6.719 Fs10.474. The calculated Mg# of orthopyroxenes is 0.90. The composition of orthopyroxenes in En-Wo-Fs diagram is plotted on an enstatite field. The plot of orthopyroxenes on Mg# versus Al2O3 diagram indicates their relation to Abyssal peridotites (Johnson et al., 1990). Compositions of spinels in the studied harzburgites indicates that they are high-Al type with Mg# and Cr# 0.67-0.72 and 0.19-0.26, respectively. Their TiO2 content are 0.01-0.11(Wt %) and Al2O3 content are 44.009-49.894 (Wt %). In Cr# versus Mg# diagram, spinels are plotted on the Abyssal peridotites field and indicate that the host peridotite has experienced 10-15% partial melting. In addition, using the equation F%=10Ln (Cr/Cr) spinel) (Hellebrand et al., 2001) 7.6-10.4 (average 9.7%), the partial melting degree was obtained that means a slow spreading rate for the study area. Using the Cr# versus Mg# diagram, alpine I-type, abyssal and back arc setting for the studied harzburgites are determined. PTMAFIC Software (Soto and Soto, 1995) is used for orthopyroxene (single pyroxene), clinopyroxene-olivine, and orthopyroxene-clinoproxene thermometry. Based on these thermometers, overall temperatures of 1100 ±100 °C are estimated for the equilibrium stage of the minerals. For pressure estimation, the Cr content in clinopyroxene (Nimis and Taylor, 2000) barometer is used. Using this calibration and temperatures from single pyroxene thermometer a pressure of ~22±2.4 Kbar for equilibrium clinopyroxene and associated minerals in the studied harzburgites was estimated.
Mineral chemistry studies indicate that these harzburgites may be related to oceanic settings. Moreover, the high Mg# in orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes and the high Fo% in olivines are indications of their tectonite origin. Calculation of partial melting degree using spinels compositions indicate that they are experienced 7.6-10.4 partial melting. In this regard, they are consistent with the partial melting degree in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The spreading rate studies indicate that harzburgites are produced in the region with slow spreading rate. Their tectonic setting is more consistent with MOR peridotites. Based on geothemobarometry studies an overall ~1100±100°C temperature and ~22±2.4Kbar pressure are estimated which are consistent with mantle spinel lherzolite facies.

Jebale-Barez plutonic complex is composed of granitoid intrusive bodies and is located in the East and southeastern of Jiroft province of Kerman. The plutonic complex is composed of granodiorite, quartzdiorite, granite and alkaligranite. Plutonic rocks are mainly composed of plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, biotite, amphibole and quartz. Based on microprobe analysis, plagioclases vary from andesine to labradorite and alkali feldspars occur as orthoclase. All amphiboles are magmatic and placed in three groups: calcic amphiboles, iron-rich amphiboles, amphiboles consist of Fe, Mg, Mn. The study of oxidation and reduction state of their source magma by amphibole chemistry, in dicated high oxygen fugacity. Therefore, granitoids of Jebale-Barez plutonic complex are I-type or related to magnetite series and the estimated oxygen fugacity imply oxidation magma and its formation in convergent plate boundary. On the basis of geo-thermo- barometriccalculations, using Hamarstrom - Zen, Schmidt, Johnson - Rutherford, Smith - Andersonand Uchida methods, amphiboles have crystallized about 1.54 to 7.87 kbar at the depth about 18 to 23 km. As emplacement or crystallization temperature of Jebale Barez plutonic complex based on the two feldspar thermometer using Anderson method hasbeen ranges between 550 to 750 ºC and using Putirka method has been achieved between 710 to 830 ºC and based on Ti-in- amphibole thermometer has been ranges between 670 to 735 ºC. In addition, hornblende -plagioclase thermometer shows 653 to 732 °C for equilibrium of these two minerals.