جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « environment » در نشریات گروه « زمین شناسی »

The present study has been performed to evaluate the prospective effects of activity mining on the mineralogy of sediments in the Dar-e-Allo copper mine, south of Kerman. Sediments affected by Dar-e-Allo mine are divided into six sedimentary groups including: natural background sediments, sediments of waterways leading to the mine, sediments of the Sarmashk River, sediments under the waste rock dump, sediments containing secondary phases, Fe-Mg oxy-hydroxide sediments, and evaporative sediments. Mineralogical studies of sediments as an indicator to evaluate the environmental effects of mining are classified into five main groups including primary and unaltered, carbonate, clay, sulfate and oxide minerals. Sediments in the operational area of the Dar-e-Allo copper mine are associated with extreme mineralogical diversity. The sulphide minerals are the most important source of acid mine drainage and secondary minerals such as gypsum, starkeyite, copiapite, magnesiocopiapite and natrojarosite are the most important temporary reserves of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and H+ ions. The dissolution of the mentioned minerals, especially during the initial flushing events in the wet season, cause a sharp increase in the acidity and concentration of PTEs in the surface runoff.

The principle of common but distinct responsibilities as a very subtle technique has helped governments to come together to ratify several international environmental conventions and thus enforce the rule of law and develop international environmental law. The global desire for international cooperation in the direction of environmental protection has been specified in many binding and non-binding documents of international environmental law, which can be considered as the beginning of principle 24 of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. Equity in jurisdictions subject to English Common Law refers to a set of general rules that "governe all laws" and "all civil laws derive from it" and form the foundation of the Common Law legal system.
In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to examine the principle of joint responsibility of governments in international environmental laws and its relationship with the position of the rule of equity in Iranian law. The basic question is that the principle of joint responsibility of governments in What is the relationship between international environmental laws and the principle of fairness, the resulting result indicates that fairness is not affected by any government law" and is everything, even beyond the law. Fairness allows the courts to act as they see fit; and apply justice in accordance with natural law Sometimes in the interpretation of the law, sometimes in filling the void of the law, and sometimes instead of the law, it is one of the examples and reflection of "just principles" and it is considered part of the rights at the decision-making level, and referring to it does not require the consent of the parties to the dispute.

Soil stabilization and reinforcement has long played an important role in civil engineering, especially in geotechnics, and over time and the need for a more robust and stable ground to withstand gravity and higher shear forces, has become particularly important. Also, in recent years, with the entry of the environment into the construction industry, with the aim of reducing the adverse effects of industrial waste and construction waste on people's living environment and preserving the environment for the future, in many cases reduces the economic costs of projects. In this research, granular soil is reinforced in two loose and semi-dense states using a waste material called ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The experiments were performed without adding moisture, by weight percentage method and using CBR device. The results show that soil resistance increases significantly with the use of these additives and its effect on soil increases with decreasing soil specific gravity. Also, the optimal amount of additives in loose and semi-dense state is 2% additive and 1% additive, respectively.

Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth.

Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used.

The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed.Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident.

It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements.

Today, the calculation of sub-basin water balance is the most widely used application of game theory (Andik & Niksokhan 2020; Zarei et al., 2019). This study examines the hypothetical efficiency of game theory in determining the number of dams and distribution reservoirs. Simultaneous consideration of environmental, technical-economic and social criteria in formulating three different strategies is one of the innovations of the method for testing this hypothesis.

According to the topographic conditions and river network conditions, TAHAM area - 5763IV IRAN - located in Zanjan province was selected. Then, different basins were identified in the selected area and the largest basin was selected in terms of area and completeness of the waterway network. The number of strategies in this study is based on the hydrological classification of rivers. Therefore, the strategies were explained according to the classification of rivers within the main basin. This was done by dividing the basins based on categories two, three, four and five. However, due to the fact that the area of ​​first class river basins was very small, the division of basins into first class basins was not included. The following strategies are obtained based on the classification of rivers: (a) -Strategy S1: main basin with main river category five; (B) -Strategy S2: Divide the main basin into two sub-basins S2-1 with classification of river category three and sub-basin S2-2 with class four; (C) -Strategy S3: Division of S2 strategy basins into three sub-basins with three classifications, named S3-1, S3-2 and S3-3 and (d) -Strategy S4: Division of S3 strategy basins To sub-basins with two river categories, named S4-1, S4-2, S4-3, S4-4, S4-5, S4-6, S4-7 and S4-8.

After explaining and parameterizing the game rule, the outcome matrix of each game was obtained. Finally, according to the outcome matrix study, S2 strategy was identified as the Nash equilibrium or the answer to the problem. In this form, numbers are in tension and competition with each other. Simultaneously examining the criteria and consequences of adopting any strategy for each player practically creates interactions of effects and conflict of interest for the economic, social and environmental players. Examining the even matrix for three players with different choices can easily provide a very small change of consequences according to final results of models.

By using the game theory while solving concurrency and considering the damages caused by dam construction for the parameters (economy, environment, and community) regarding AHP model (which is based on scoring the damages and summing them) an alternative method was introduced.

River systems are very important in terms of environment and water supply. Proper use of river resources could play an important role in preserving these valuable resources. In Iran, due to the low average of annual rainfall and the locating of most parts of the country in arid and semi-arid climatic regions, many cities are built along rivers. Since the vital resources of drinking, agriculture, and industry water are provided by these rivers, the importance of preserving and protecting them in the health of society is undeniable. Over the past two decades, the rivers base level and consequently groundwater level have dropped significantly due to several consecutive years of drought and the construction of numerous dams. Due to the drop in rivers base levels, parts of the riverbeds and floodplains have been occupied by the urban constructions, and the government have sometimes been involved in this attack and have issued permissions for it. In this study, as example, Karun and Karkheh rivers and the changes made in the river systems have been studied. During the last 4 years, however, the trend of rainfall in the western and southwestern regions of the country has changed due to the climate changes of the planet Earth with rains above the long-term average and in the sizes and form of floods. The retrogradation of the ice sheets in the Arctic seems to have caused the rainy masses of the Atlantic to deviate by several degrees, and these rainy masses cross the African continent and the Saudi region and reach Iran. In the past, most of these rainy masses went to Pakistan and India, causing heavy rains and floods there. The collision of these Atlantic masses with the Mediterranean masses and frontogenesis has created large cloud masses swirls over the Zagros mountains and caused torrential rains in the west and southwest of the Iran. In this study, the effects of such rainfall on the conditions of Karun and Karkheh rivers in recent years have been investigated. In these considerations, it was found that the behavior of these rivers has changed in such a way that the strategies to deal with them should be changed, especially in urban areas. The main change in the strategy is to help withstand sediment load and river water volume during floods.

As there are mines in Takab, an area situated in the southeast of western Azerbaijan- Iran, and the acidic canals produced in mines and waste dumps as well as layers and marl formations with high permeability around this area, the produced canals provide the conditions of releasing heavy metal elements which will bring about defects on the environment and the rivers of this area. The results of the chemical analyses and the studies indicate that mining activities have affected the natural situation of this area and they have also made several malformations in this area. On the other hand, the climatic rainfalls and the topographical conditions of this area have directed chemicals to penetrate into the area and rapidly contaminate there. Due to the samples taken from two distinct parts of the waste dump, it is indicated that the contamination in this area is mostly caused by chemicals containing arsenic, antihuman and mercury. The southern part of the rivers is highly contaminated. These malformations are mostly observed in sediments and the water of this area. In fact, the regional farming has been deeply affected. As a result, detecting the contaminated areas and proposing alternatives such as making suitable bedding for waste dump establishments and controlling the waste water by building concrete bulkheads can be considered as the most important solution to overcome the aforementioned proble

The basic objective of long-term production planning to takes measures for implementing to extractive cut-off grades and short-term production planning. Proposed methods show from not mentioning to exact regulation the extractive cut-off grade at various periods. In long-term production planning optimization, the extractive cut-off grades necessity is the correct management of the ore sending to plant processing. On the other hand, the optimal choice of cut-off grades in open pit mines will lead to the control of mineral stockpiles and to prevent the consequences of mineral wastewater due to environmental issues. In this paper, exhibit linear programming model in order to sequence of mining blocks estimation from mentioning to control the extractive cut-off grades. The purpose of the proposed model, minimization the deviation extractive grades in planning terms. Which this major be careful the case setting the extractive grades in each time period based on an accepted grade of plant. In order to the validity of result modeling, Chadormalou Iron Mine was chosen as the case study. The result shows the obtained extractive cut-off grades from proposed model generates the high accuracy of the average grade of the processing plant in each planning period. Also, all available operational constraints have been satisfied.

West and southwest of the basin is Faryab plains Jazmurian Jiroft, Kerman province is located. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of groundwater in terms of drinking and agriculture. The choice of water sources sampled and the samples are transferred to a laboratory for chemical analysis. Analysis, processing and interpretation software for Excel, ArcGIS and the IDW method in software quality Arcmap the maps were drawn. Check the quality of water for drinking and agriculture were identified by software hydrochemical AqQa by drawing diagrams. The results show the amount of salt in the southeastern part of the rest of the plain more and the concentration of salt water in this part of desert more than the maximum allowable standards for drinking water(2000mg/l) is. The hardness of the water in the wells in the Northeast and Southeastern plain more than of other parts of plain and water hardness than other parts of the wells exceeds the maximum area standards drinking water(500mg/l) is. The sodium concentration (SSP) in the central part of most of the rest of the plain and parts of plain water for SSP>80 is unfavorable to agriculture. Plant growth and development of agriculture in the central plain due to high sodium concentration compared to other parts of the plain is declining. For high SSP hardening and reduce the permeability of the soil and plant growth stops.

Traffic dust often contains high concentrations of heavy metals and can influence on environment and human health. In this study, we tried to measure heavy metals in street dusts and soil in the city of Mashhad and sample collections were carried out at the time and location of high traffic. For the purpose of this study, twenty three samples were collected from three main paths that cover the entire city and total concentrations of five heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu) were measured. The index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), Pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI) were also calculated for the contamination levels of the metals in the city of Mashhad,. The pollution index represent that all samples are highly polluted by Pb (3.688-74.16) and most of the samples are highly polluted by Zn (1.484-7.23). However, Cu (0.678-1.945) and Ni show medium level of pollution in the samples (1.01-1.935). Chromium in all samples show low levels of contamination (0.246-0.772). Possible sources of the pollutants were assessed using Pearson correlation and principal components analysis. The results of this analysis show high concentrations of metals such as lead, copper, zinc and nickel in the soil samples as compared to UCC (Upper Continental Crust). There is a positive correlation between heavy metals of zinc and copper as well as lead and zinc, which indicate the source of these metals, can be fuels as well as powder of shoe brake of vehicles. The results of the sequential extraction procedure also imply that the elements of Ni, Zn and Pb has occurred in unstable phases (F1+F2+F3+F4), indicating their human origin. But the elements such as Cr and Cu are mainly on stable phases (F5), which represents natural origin for these two elements.

Though there are several alternatives to solid waste disposal, including the sanitary landfill method, the incineration method, the composting method and anaerobic digestion, but disposing of waste in a landfill is the most traditional method of disposal of solid wastes, and it is a common practice in most developed countries. Several techniques and methods have been used in a sanitary landfill site selection in the literature. In this paper three methods consist of a simple additive weighting method, fuzzy based method and Neuro - Fuzzy hybrid method has been used to landfill site selection in Lorestan province and the results of three methods have been compared to each other. The prepared maps by means of simple additive weighting and fuzzy methods have a correlation with the real condition of ground of 43 and 65 percent, respectively, whereas the Neuro - Fuzzy method map has a 55 percent correlation with field observation.

In this study, the possibility of using mica for this application was investigated. First, mica gasket including small Phlogopite flakes with organic binders was used and its performance duringas leakage was simulated in a small set-up simulating fuel cell operating condition (air atmosphere, temperature of 800 C and time of 100 h). Due to heating of mica during operation, binders were burned out and remaining pores acted as leakage path. These leakage paths were filled by acid boric and the mica performance was enhanced up to 20%. The major leakage path (mica and its adjacent interface) was filled by a glass and a successful application of mica-glass layer was obtained for leakage prevention.

Middle Jurassic strata are well developed northeast of Damghan (E Alborz). At the study section the Dalichai Formation has a maximum thickness of 156 m, consisting of an alternation of bluish-grey limestones and marls, being subdivided into 4 members. The lower boundary with the siliciclastics of the underlying Shemshak Formation is unconformable due to the Mid-Cimmerian tectonic event, whereas the upper boundary with the light and cliff-forming carbonates of the Lar Formation is gradational. The Dalichai Formation at the study section is very fossiliferous. Summing up 1750 fossil specimens were collected, among which the ammonoids with 1491 specimens clearly predominate.Altogether 27 genera, 33 species of ammonites, belonging to 6 biozones (Parkinsoni Zone, Zigzag-Aurigerus zones, Subcontractus Zone,Bullatus-Gracilis zones, Anceps-Coronatum zones, Athleta Zone) has been recognized. In addition 17 genera and 8 species of planktonic and benthic foraminifers are described.These can be divided into 2 biozones. The fossil-content is mainly concentrated within few meters of red and nodular limestone in the upper part of the section. Based on the ammonite fauna the age of the Dalichai Formation in the investigated area ranges from Upper Bajocian to Oxfordian. Paleobigeographically the fauna shows close relationship to western Europe and Sub-Mediterraneanregion. This indicates a paleogeographic position of the area at the northern Tethys during the Middle-Upper Jurassic.

Angouran Lead and Zinc Mining deposit is one of the biggest Lead and Zinc deposits of Middle East and one of five great mines of Iran according to the article of categorization of the mines of Iran. In addition to the diverse metal and non-metal mines, there are many industries and factories in this region which most of them were active and are as conversion industries of Zinc soil into the Concentrate or as factoring of Lead and Zinc Bar. The realized studies demonstrate that due to activation of existent industries in that region, the rate of some elements are in unusual level and show some fundamental environmental abnormalities. The environment of the region is mostly influenced by the accumulation of wastes and residues dispossessed as cake in the borders of the rivers and canals and open lands. These Cakes which as a matter of fact are the residues of proceeding of the flotation and melting the Lead and Zinc and the process of Concentrate factoring, may have lost the great amount of their Lead and Zinc in the industrial point of view, but as an environment view, those have a lot of Lead and Zinc many times more than allowed limits which are potentially toxic. At the other hand, by reduction of these elements, the densities of other elements are increasing. This means intensive effects which in this paper are going to be surveyed. The rates of these elements in some samples are reported exceeding to 10,000 ppm Lead and Zinc and Nickel and also 8,000 ppm Arsenic and 4,000 Cadmium. The studies also demonstrate that waste pool or the pools of residues are one of the most fundamental causes of dangers for the environment of the region. The rate of 200,000 ppm of Zinc and sometimes 2000 ppm of Lead and 20,000 ppm Nickel, also tha rate of some hundreds ppm of arsenic and even 200,000 ppm of Cadmium in the water and water deposits of the region are some of those dangers. The most of these abnormalities are seen in the sediments and water of the region, however the agricultural grounds are also influenced by these pollutions and are included some major abnormalities in term of the environment. This paper will exclusively review the allowed rate of the elements of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium, and Arsenic and survey the principal manners of access of these elements to the environment of region and also try to present some solution for the control and reduction of these rates.

Granite process industries generate a large amount of wastes, which pollute and damage the environment. This work aims to characterize and evaluate the possibilities of using the granite sawing wastes in ceramic industry. Granite wastes in the form of sludge, obtained from granite cutting industry. Their characterization was carried out with the determination of physical and chemical composition by DTA, TGA, and XRD. Then they wereincorporated in the batch formulations of porcelain tiles in order to evaluate the suitability of addition of wastes in ceramic compositions. The specimens were also tested to determine the water absorption and three pointsbending flexural strength. Microstructural evaluation was carried out by scanningelectron microscopy. The results showed that reformulated ceramic bodies had technological characteristics similar to those of conventional granite tiles. The amount of the granite waste contribution in the laboratory and manufactory scales was 30 and 4-8 wt.%, respectively.