جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ganoderma lucidum" در نشریات گروه "شیمی"

The study aimed to explore the impact of methanolic extract from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GLE) in various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) on the rheological and microbial characteristics of UF-white cheese during a 90-day ripening period at a controlled temperature of 5±0.5°C. The study's findings indicated that the optimal combination of storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent was observed in the group integrated with 0.5% GLE, regarding microbial analysis. However, the population of lactic acid (LAB) and mesophilic bacteria exhibited an incremental trend parallel to increasing GLE concentrations by up to 2%. Nevertheless, a reduction was observed during the ripening phase. Additionally, the growth of fungi was effectively inhibited in the presence of GLE, with the sample containing 2% GLE displaying complete fungal suppression compared to the control (6.32±0.12 CFU/g) over 90 days. Remarkably, no coliform bacteria were detected in any treatments throughout the ripening process.

The beneficial biological effects of Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, are primarily due to its polysaccharides containing β-glucans. However, the rigid chemical structure of fruiting bodies in G. lucidum makes the extraction of polysaccharides more difficult compared to other edible mushrooms. Although there are a number of studies reporting various methods for extracting β-glucans from G. lucidum fruiting bodies, data on the evaluation of the effect of method of extraction on the chemical profile of β-glucans in terms of the content and the efficiency of extraction are lacking. The present study sought to evaluate 15 different basic chemical and analytical techniques, including ten conventional methods, three optimized conventional methods, and two advanced methods (enzymatic and supercritical CO2 methods) for extracting polysaccharides from G. lucidum fruiting bodies. The use of the conventional methods resulted in low amounts of glucans and extraction efficiency. Among the optimized conventional methods, the alkaline extraction method produced a high amount of β-glucan (9.30% dw) and a high extraction efficiency of about 11% dw (p ≤ 0.05). The use of β-glucanase led to the highest total glucan (16.3% dw) and β-glucan (14.73% dw) contents (p ≤ 0.05), with 10.98% dw extraction efficiency. The highest extraction efficiency (14.12% dw) was also obtained from the supercritical CO2 method (p ≤ 0.05) with 11.31% dw β-glucan. In conclusion, the most effective methods for extracting β-glucans from G. lucidum fruiting bodies include supercritical CO2 extraction, enzymatic, and alkaline methods. These findings may provide tools for strategic decision-making regarding the choice of extraction method.

Plants are a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds which are among the most important natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of flavonoid, total phenolic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial compounds from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum by the maceration method. To do so, independent variables including temperature, extraction time, and type of solvent along with Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used. The results of single optimization of the independent variables showed the highest flavonoid content (15.19 mg/g) with 100% desirability at an extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest total phenolic content (16.96 mg/g) with 99.96% desirability was observed at an extraction time of 26 h, a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest amount of antioxidant compounds (3.03 mg/g) or the lowest IC50 value (mg/mL) with 100% desirability was found at an extraction time of 48 h at a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The results of simultaneous optimization of the extraction conditions by maceration method showed the highest flavonoid content (15.20 mg/g), total phenolic content (16.01 mg/g), and the lowest IC50 (3.03 mg/mL) with 98.157% desirability at extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C using ethanol solvent. The highest mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of G. lucidum extract obtained by the maceration method were 2500 and 5000 μg/mL, respectively against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia E. coli. The predicted optimized treatment had superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a non-growth halo (Zone of inhibition) diameter of 10.60 mm as compared to C. perfringens and E. coli. The results revealed that the G. lucidum extract obtained by the maceration method could be introduced as an antioxidant and antimicrobial source in marketable food products.

The current study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum mushroom by ultrasound in order to increase the extracted phenolics and antioxidant compounds. The impact of solvent type (water, methanol, and 50:50% combined solution of both), time (5, 10, 15 min), and ultrasound intensity (100, 200, and 300 W) on the extraction yield of phenolics and antioxidant compounds from G. lucidum mushroom were investigated. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. In the single optimization condition, the maximum total phenolics (36.6989 mg/g) extraction yield from G. lucidum was achieved in 15 min extraction time, 300 W ultrasound power, and the use of methanol solvent. The lowest IC 50 (0.8983 mg/mL) was observed in the extraction time of 10 min, the ultrasound power of 300 W, and the use of methanol solvent. Multiple optimizations of extraction conditions from G. Lucidum to achieve the highest total phenol (36.6989 mg/g) and the lowest IC 50 (0.9413 mg/mL) were predicted in 300 w ultrasound power, 15 min, and the use of methanol solvent. No significant difference was observed between the predicted and experimental results.

Due to the disadvantages of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidants have attracted more attention in recent years. Plants are a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds among the most important natural antioxidants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of flavonoids, total phenols, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds from Ganoderma (G) lucidum by ultrasonic pretreatment. To do so, independent variables including type of solvent (ethyl acetate, 50% ethanol, and 50% ethyl acetate), extraction time (6, 9, and 12 min), and ultrasonic power (150, 200, and 250 W) as well as Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) were used. The results showed that the simultaneously optimized conditions for obtaining the maximum flavonoid content (14.3348 mg/g) and total phenolic content (24.6648 mg/g) and the lowest IC50 (2.3987 mg/mL) with 100% desirability included ultrasonic power of 250 W, ultrasonic time of 12 min and ethanol solvent. The highest mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MTC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of G. lucidum extract obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment were 2500 and 5000 μg/ml, respectively, against Clostridium perfringens. Optimal treatment using ultrasonic pretreatment had superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the largest diameter of non-growth halo (zone of inhibition) (14.33 mm) compared to E. coli and C. perfringens. Therefore, ultrasound is a valuable method for extracting bioactive compounds of G. lucidum. The extracted natural antioxidants can be incorporated into the food formulations to replace synthetic antioxidants.