جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "precipitation regime" در نشریات گروه "فیزیک"

Delineation of precipitation regimes is very important for large countries such as Iran which is characterized with complex topography and different climates. The very rare previous studies on precipitation regimes of Iran have used very limited and unevenly scattered stations across the country; thus making it necessary to identify the most realistic precipitation regimes for Iran using as much as available stations. Henco, the data of 155 synoptic stations with relatively regular distribution over Iran; mostly having full data records for the common period of 1990 to 2014, were used for identifying the updated precipitation regimes for the country. For each station, the percentage of monthly precipitation in relation to total annual precipitation was computed for all the time period and the mean of the time period was considered for the analysis. A principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the inter-stations correlations matrix (155×12) that is composed of 155 stations and 12 mean monthly percentage of precipitation for each station. The computed Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy for the considered matrix with the value of 0.79 indicates that the considered matrix is approximately meritorious for a PCA application. The first 5 leading significant PCs were considered for further analysis based on the Scree plot and the sampling errors of the PCs (North et al., 1982). The retained PCs were then rotated using varimax orthogonal and promax oblique criterion. The PC scores of both rotated solutions and un-rotated solution were separately used as input for Cluster Analysis (CA) to partition the considered stations into distinctive clusters. Moreover, all agglomerative CA methods as well as K-means CA were examined to find out the most appropriate method for partitioning the data. The cophenetic correlation coefficient was used to measure how well the hierarchical dendrogram of a given CA candidate represents the relationships within the input data. The results indicate that all the clustering approaches well represented the inherent structure of the input data, but the Ward method was selected as the most appropriate method since it resulted in much realistic clusters that well matched the topographic and geographical features of the country. The correct number of clusters was also selected based on the Silhouette index (Rousseeuw, 1987) that measures how well objects lie within their cluster, and which ones are merely somewhere in between clusters. The average silhouette width provides an evaluation of clustering validity, and might be used to select an ‘appropriate’ number of clusters. Computing the index for a set of predefined cluster numbers (2 to 15 clusters) suggests that 9 clusters is the most appropriate cluster number that better represents the inherent structure of the data. As such, all 155 stations were classified into five clusters applying Ward CA method on the 5 leading un-rotated PC scores. However, the 8th cluster that grouped stations from two distant areas into a single cluster was subjectively partitioned into 2 distinctive clusters to better represent the precipitation regimes of these two areas. Moreover, the 5 leading varimax rotated PC scores were also mapped to present spatial variability of seasonal precipitation across the country.
The maps of varimax rotated PC scores well represent areas characterized with seasonal precipitation maximum. For example, summer precipitation in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea and south eastern Iran are presented by the rotated PC score 1 while the rotated PC score 2 points to the spring precipitation maxima in north western Iran. By taking into account the seasonal displacement of maximum precipitation across the country in the Ward clustering, the identified clusters labeled with its core geographic position or the season of the maximum precipitation well portrait the Iranian precipitation regimes. The Caspian Sea precipitation regime is the most humid precipitation regime in the country with relatively well distributed precipitation during the year that maximizes in autumn. The northern and southern Azerbayjan in northwestern Iran are represented by two distinct precipitation regimes, both being characterized with relatively uniform precipitation distribution during the year but getting their maximum precipitation in a different month of the spring. The south-eastern monsoon precipitation regime featured south-eastern Iran where summer monsoon precipitation has a considerable contribution in annual total precipitation. Similarly, the southeastern coastal precipitation regime characterizing coastal areas of Oman Sea that benefits from summer monsoon but with a lesser magnitude and duration. The western mountainous regime is characterized with a precipitation regime spanning from October to May that maximizes in March. The south-western precipitation regime that encompasses south-western and southern Iran along the Persian Gulf is characterized with a winter rainy season that maximizes in January. Central-eastern and central-northeastern Iran also exhibit two distinct precipitation regimes, both getting their maximum proportion of precipitation in winter but the rainy season is much shorter in central-eastern Iran. And finally, central Alborz is characterized with a precipitation regime in which summer precipitation is relatively high.