جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کرج » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Considering the worn-out public transport fleet in Karaj city, it needs to replace the fleet with up-to-date standards. Considering the economic and environmental dimensions, the effectiveness of the measures taken should be evaluated. Therefore, achieving the goal of evaluating the change in the emission of pollutants based on each alternative scenario can help the authorities to adopt air pollution reduction strategies. The purpose of designing scenarios in this research is to estimate the effectiveness of scenarios in the field of replacing the fleet of worn-out single buses in reducing the emission of air pollutants.
Material and First, the classification of buses and units based on parameters such as different systems, year of production, pollution standard, type of fuel consumed and vehicle class have been studied at 1398. Then, scenarios of reducing standard pollutants were designed in two plans, replacing the worn-out fleet with a hybrid fleet, dual-fuel and with fuel consumption, with Euro 4 pollution standard, and finally the scenarios were compared with the basic scenario. Pollution emission coefficients and scenario design were calculated using the International Model of Mobile Vehicle Emission (IVE) model for passages, 1st degree arteries, highways and freeways, with slopes of zero and 22%.
The results of comparing the scenarios showed that by replacing the entire worn-out fleet in terms of age (to the new fleet, scenario four), the maximum reduction in emissions of standard pollutants was 40% (CO, 60% (VOC), 42% (NOX), 86% (Also, the results of the distribution of pollutants in the city of Karaj, with Arc Map software showed that the highest emission of pollutants is related to region 10, and the lowest emission is in region 1, Karaj city.
Discussion and According to the findings, the effectiveness of replacement scenarios of the worn-out fleet (use of hybrid, dual-fuel vehicles with Euro 4 fuel) in reducing the emission of air pollutants has been 40 to 80%. Pollutant reduction scenarios and strategies to increase air quality are useful for policymakers and researchers to better understand the current state of air pollution in the region and are largely operational, requiring timely funding and well-planned planning.

Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced compared to the total production of waste makes it absolutely necessary to determine suitable sites for landfilling this type of waste. The objective of this study is to present the methodology to select a suitable site for this kind of waste.

There are three steps in evaluating the sites in this research. In the first step, after determining the effective factors and determining their weight by the Eigenvector Method and hierarchically, the studied areas were evaluated with 28 criteria in a fuzzy method by geographic information system (GIS). In the second step, the suggested areas by GIS, by 7 other criteria were rated by the use of FVIKOR and the score of each area was found. In the third step Final rating of sites were done by two criteria (the achieved scores of GIS and the achieved scores of the FVIKOR method).Findings The final weight of evaluation criteria by GIS and FVIKOR methods was 0.86 and 0.14, respectively, and 21 places were ranked in three steps.

The approach used in this study is using (GIS) and fuzzy logic, considering the weight and relative importance of each criterion and use a suitable method for rating that increases accuracy and reliability of assessment.

The present article is the result of research conducted on arthropods fauna associated with poplars species in the Alborz Research Complex of Karaj, as well as in the National Botanical Garden of Iran and Khojir region in the periods 1990 - 2011. Field samplings were carried out using a Steiner trap, hand picking, net cloths around infected tree branches & trunks, as well as rearing immature stages of the pest in controlled conditions. In this study, 55 harmful arthropod species belonging to 27 families of 6 orders and over 37 beneficial arthropod species of 8 orders and 18 families were collected on 19 native and exotic poplar species. Among them, leaf-feeder insects (19 species); mites & sucking insects of sap aerial parts (28 species), and wood borer & root feeder insects (8 species) have been identified. Of the pests, 17 species were more important in terms of the severity of their attack. In terms of host range, on 19 poplar species, the identified poplar pests can be grouped as follows: 1-Pest species that are collected exclusively on one species of poplar. 2- Pest species with a wide host range. These pests found on more than one poplar species belong to 1-4 poplar taxonomic sections.

One of the significant challenges metropolises faces is air pollution, which has many adverse effects on human health and the environment. Karaj, as an industrial city situated close to the country's major industries and power plants, is severely affected by air pollution from both mobile and stationary sources. This study measured air quality in stations equipped with the analyzers of four gaseous pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, along with two particulate pollutants, including particulates smaller than 2.5 and 10 microns. Furthermore, the city's air quality index, obtained from the total of monitoring stations, was analyzed. The study finds that particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns and ozone are the main pollutants in Karaj in hot and cold seasons, respectively. The other pollutants exceed the allowable air quality index, rarely. For a period of one-year, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns and ozone put the air quality index in the range of unhealthy for sensitive groups and unhealthy for the entire city of Karaj for 94 and 18 days, respectively. Due to the secondary nature of Karaj's main pollutants, such as ozone in the warm season and a high portion of suspended particles smaller than 2.5 microns in the cold season, it is necessary to reduce air pollution through modeling that incorporates photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.

Today, changes in land use and land cover are caused by a very important factor affecting population growth. Landscape change is done by changing the cover and land use. This study was conducted to investigate, compare and analyze the effects of urban growth on the landscapes of two regions of Karaj with different structural natures and to investigate the trend of land landscape changes due to urban growth. Satellite images and landscapes were used to produce land cover maps and detect changes. Ground cover was classified into three main classes of vegetation, open space and construction. The analysis measures the landscape in area 4 indicate that a floor area of the urban construction period of 15 years, 48 percent and the effects of this growth on reducing the floor area of green and open space by as much as 19 and 39 Percentage is up. These results in Zone 9 also indicate the removal of patches of green space due to a one percent reduction in the total area of green space coverage from the total landscape. Thus, the extent and continuity of the network and reduce the destruction of open green space and urban mosaic spots, providing ecological services and improve environmental quality in these areas are threatened. Therefore, modeling the models that express the principles of land landscape ecology in urban planning and management is essential in the development, remediation, and restoration of the ecological structure of the land.

In Karaj, the large volume of wastes was produced due to the high level of construction activities such as demolition of old buildings and the construction of new buildings. In this regard, it is necessary to have management system with environmental protection perspective for the construction and demolition wastes (CDW). Therefore, the main purpose of this research was study of the amount and composition of CDW in Karaj municipality zones (10 zones) in 2017 with the financial support of Karaj municipality. In the first step, a little amount of CDW was investigated by Karaj waste management organization's statistics. The results showed that the Karaj construction sector produces 5973 tons (2186410 tons/year) of CDW every day, which is around 3% of the total amount of the country generated CDW. Also, the share of per capita CDW production is 1220 kg/year for each person per year and the maximum CDW generation rate was in the November and December and the minimum one was in March and April. In the second step, the composition of CDW was determined using field observations of the disposal sites and landfills. The average composition of CDW showed that up to 80% of the wastes are composed of the soil operation (soil, sand, stone and …) asphalt and concrete parts, building materials (such as brick, block, plaster, pottery, mosaic, etc.)

Today, site selection is an important and necessary issue for construction and demolition wastes management in population fast-growing regions. Therefore, the main purpose of this research that was sponsored by Karaj municipality is landfill site selection for CDW in Karaj city with geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method. At first, by studying literature review, the criteria and sub-criteria necessary for site selection were identified. Four criteria and sixteen sub-criteria were selected by Delphi method. Weighting of criteria and sub-criteria was done by AHP method and expert choice software. All of the sub-criteria were mapped, standardized and overlaid in Arc GIS and IDRISI software environment by weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Finally, four alternatives (A1-A4) with a total area of 9700 hectares (4.7% of the total area of Karaj) have the the highest suitability, for CDW landfill in Karaj. These alternatives were ranked with TOPSIS method as A2>A4>A3>A4.

Today, changes in land use and land cover are caused by a very important factor affecting population growth. Landscape change is done by changing the cover and land use. This study was conducted to investigate, compare and analyze the effects of urban growth on the landscapes of two regions of Karaj with different structural natures and to investigate the trend of land landscape changes due to urban growth. Satellite images and landscapes were used to produce land cover maps and detect changes. Ground cover was classified into three main classes of vegetation, open space and construction. The analysis measures the landscape in area 4 indicate that a floor area of the urban construction period of 15 years, 48 percent and the effects of this growth on reducing the floor area of green and open space by as much as 19 and 39 Percentage is up. These results in Zone 9 also indicate the removal of patches of green space due to a one percent reduction in the total area of green space coverage from the total landscape. Thus, the extent and continuity of the network and reduce the destruction of open green space and urban mosaic spots, providing ecological services and improve environmental quality in these areas are threatened. Therefore, modeling the models that express the principles of land landscape ecology in urban planning and management is essential in the development, remediation, and restoration of the ecological structure of the land.

In this study, the first step the amount of sands and de-icing salts consumed in Karaj passageways, was investigate according to collected data from the Karaj municipal waste management organization. Investigations show that, the amount of 18810 tons of de-icing salts and sand was consumed to de-icing roadways for the period 2015 to 2017. De-icing roadways is done in two ways: manual (83%) and automated (17%), that nonconformity of sand and deicing salts standard ratio and hand salting method have cause many environmental impacts in the Karaj city. Therefore, in this study, the adverse effects of de-icing salting on the roads such as the impact on plants, urban infrastructure (asphalt, curbs, etc.), groundwater and surface water, soil and crops, air pollution, disturbance to citizens and subsequently, strategies for reducing the adverse effects are considered in Karaj city by library studies and searching for related resources on the internet. In fact, de-icing salt spraying to deflate the passageways is considered the latest executive option in advanced countries. Also, urban authorities are trying to minimize the negative impacts of salt spillage, by gradually removing of sodium salt (NaCl) and using new methods such as educating citizens to deal with ice conditions, correct use of anti-icing materials (CaMg4 (COO3CH)), install hot water pipes in pedestrians, drawing a protective silicone layer on pavement. Although these methods are more costeffective, but in the long time, its costs will be negligible compared to the costs of environmental degradation by salt.

1. Introduction Environmental changes can be monitored at many scales but the scale of landscape and region has more information in support of sustainable spatial planning. The availability of remote sensing imagery provides multi-scale observation with periodic repetitions over time. Landscape and regional scales are adequately covered by satellite images. Remote sensing images provide non-average and dis-aggregated data suitable for sustainable environmental planning. The spatial arrangement of elements impacts on horizontal flows and movements across land mosaics. Hence, modification of landscape directly affects ecological processes, flows and movement. Coarse-scale monitoring focuses on the structural composition and spatial configuration at the scale of landscape or region. Advances of environmental planning and management in the last decades can be described as two dimensions: (1) theoretical shift that has happened in the methodologies of the study of natural and cultural systems. Systems approach and nested hierarchical organization are the core concepts of this novel paradigm. Moving across scales is the most important strategy to cope with complexity, nonlinearity, and copious feedback loops of ecological systems. (2) The technological developments that have enhanced the efficiency of data collection, surveying, analysis and synthesis. Remote sensing and satellite imagery technology have granted synoptic and updated digital data and improved availability and accessibility of materials for spatial and temporal investigations. GIS and spatial information systems have promoted the application of techniques of analysis, simulation and modeling. Spatial indices are quantitative tools for detecting structural pattern of land mosaics. The indices indicate three main aspects of landscape transformation, including loss, degradation and fragmentation. The structural pattern of the landscape can be measured in two main dimensions, i.e. composition and configuration. Composition indices quantify number, type and extent of elements, but the configuration indices measure spatially-explicit attributes, namely arrangement and layout of elements in the mosaic. The temporal dynamics of land mosaics could be monitored by means of a comparative approach and variability of the landscape indices. The variability of the indices over space-time dimensions could serve as a bridge between spatial pattern and ecological functioning. The spatial-temporal monitoring of landscape can act as a decision support system and is a prerequisite for diagnosis of adaptivity and resilience. Coarse scale monitoring of heterogeneous environment by measuring landscape ecological indices can help to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of land use decisions. 1.1. Iranian landscapes The high, arid plateau of Iran is composed of diverse and contrasting environments. Iran’s diversity in climatic conditions and its rich biodiversity and ecosystems are rooted in its unique geography. Iran is a typical high mountain country situated within the dry belt of Asia. Half of Iran is composed of high mountains. The Iranian high mountains are a rather continuous chain especially at the Elburz and Zagros which enclose Iran in northwest-northeast and northwest- southeast directions. The temperature in Iran is characterized by relatively large annual range about 22°C to 26°C. The rainy period in most of the country is from November to May followed by dry period between May and October with rare precipitation. The average annual rainfall of the entire country is about 240 mm. 1.2 Objectives The mountainous matrix in Iran has created specific conditions, constraints, opportunities and advantages. Sequence of different altitude zones in the upland to lowland (or mountain to desert) continuum can be regarded as an association of landscapes. Most human settlements and large metropolitan areas have placed on the mid-altitudes between mountain and desert. Current share of urbanization in Iran is more than 71.4 percent and the annual growth rate of urban population in the last decade was 4.69 %. Urbanization growth has caused the sprawl of urban areas upwardly into the ecotonal foothills (the zone between high- and mid lands) and has transformed the structure and function of this strategic zone. These Foothill zones connect mountains in the upland to the plains in the midlands. This ecotonal band serves as an interrelation joint between high and mid altitudes. The main goal of this study is to investigate the ways of connection, relations and changes in this ecotonal strip. However, Specific objectives of this study are: (1) applying landscape ecological concepts in evaluation of the ecotonal environment; (2) retrieval of land covers using Landsat images of 2000 and 2013; (3) calculation of spatial indices of landscape and analysis of spatial distribution of patches mosaic; and (4) monitoring and tracking the landscape changes over time by means of spatial indices. 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Study area Study area of this research is the ecotonal zone between up-land mountain and mid-land plain in the southern slopes of the central Elburz region. Tehran-Karaj region placed on the southern slopes. 2.2. Data Two satellite images of Landsat 8 OLI (2013) and two images of Landsat 7 ETM+ (2000) are used to capture land cover classes. Considering natural conditions and urbanization impacts, the ecotone strip is longitudinally divided into four zones: (1) north Tehran to Kan River; (2) Kan River to Karaj River; (3) Karaj River to Kordan River; and (4) Kordan River to Abyek. Analysis and results are performed zone-specifically using ArcMap (Version 9.3, ESRI) Zonal Statistics in Spatial Analyst Extension. 2.3. Land cover classification We classified land covers into four main groups: vegetation covers, anthropogenic impervious surfaces, open spaces, and water bodies. The supervised method with maximum likelihood is applied to classify the satellite images. 2.4. Calculation of Landscape Indices We used the eight landscape indices to quantify the spatial pattern of the ecotone zone in the southern slope of Elburz. This study considers each land cover as a patch. Landscape indices are as follows (Table 2): NP (number of patches), CAP (class area proportion), MPS (mean patch size), AW-MPS (area-weighted mean patch size), TE (total edge), PARA (perimeter to area ratio) and MNND (mean nearest neighbor distance). 3. Results and Discussion Our results indicate the measurement of indices for the years 2000 and 2013 in total landscape and sub-landscape as well as class levels. At the 13-years period from 2000 to 2013, land covers in the ecotonal belt have changed as follows: vegetation changed from 12.8 to 8.53 percent; open class from 51.43 to 38.55 percent; and built class from 28.73 to 52.59 percent. Class area proportion of vegetation (CAP_Veg) in the entire area declined by 2000 to 2013, which also the same trend has occurred in all zones. Maximum and minimum changes of vegetation class have taken place, respectively, in zone 1 (North of Tehran) with 22.61 % and zone 4 (Suburb of Karaj-Qazvin) with 14.07 %. Total NP_Bui climbed from 636 to 1155 during the period of 13 years. Interesting point was the reduction of NP_Bui in the zone 1 (from 202 in 2000 to 140 in 2013), contrary to the general trend of increase in other zones. This is due to the expansion of the built patches and then joining them together. This change, a transformation of the contextual matrix is called. The highest value of NP_Bui was in zone 4 (212 for 2000 and 737 for 2013). The mean patch size (MPS) is calculated as the division of the total area to the number of patches. Throughout the area, MPS descended from 36.97 in 2000 to 19.62 hectares in 2013, which are a result of the elevated numbers and the declined areas of patches. These are also signs of fragmentation process. The arithmetic mean patch size (MPS) carries the same weight for all patches, but the area-weighted mean patch size (AW_MPS) exerts the weight of each patch through the ratio of the patch area to the total area. When the variance of sizes is high, arithmetic mean can not be a good description of the actual condition, but area-weighted mean can offer the better understanding of the landscape state. AW_MPS in the entire area was 8998.87 ha in 2000 increased to 16685.13 ha in 2013. The extremes of AW_MPS in 2000, respectively, were zone 4 (with a value of 13328.09 ha) and zone 2 (2915.71 ha), which changed to zone 1 (with a value of 11104 ha) and zone 2 (with 3476.89 ha) in 2013, accordingly. 4. Conclusion Generally, the landscape indices NP, CAP_Bui, AW-MPS, TE, PARA and MNND hadincreasing trend during this period, but MPS, MNND, CAP_Veg and CAP_Opn declined from 2000 to 2013. MNND_Veg and MNND_Opn rose over the time indicating the highest degree of fragmentation, but MNND_Bui is decreased showing that connectivity increased. In the whole area NP_Veg, NP_Opn and NP_Bui had increased value between 2000 and 2013, which is a sign of fragmenting. Our results show that 32.93 percent of the ecotonal zone has changed during 13 years (2000 to 2013). Vegetation covers and open spaces were the main source of land cover conversions and built area was the ultimate sink of conversions. The explosive trend of urbanization in the ecotonal zone signifies that regional inter-relations within upland-lowlands continuum have been altered. Local scale changes could only be perceived if the wider geographical context and its choric relations are taken into account. Broad scale monitoring with satellite images can be linked to a local scale monitoring to form a monitoring network of environment on many scales. Monitoring of landscape condition and its changes through the time is a necessary tool for land use decision and spatial planning. Determining the state and trends of landscape elements are necessary for a better understanding of the ecological resources. The ecotonal zone between two major landscapes (mountain and glacis) along highland-lowland continuum system acts as an intermediate connector having many ecological services at several scales. Ecotones are ecologically significant area for monitoring of environmental quality. Ecotonal belt formed at the foot of the mountain is more diverse than the surrounding context and have to be treated as a strategic location for monitoring environmental quality.

This study has been carried out to evaluate the existing noise pollution in schools of central karaj situated at 35 Km west of Tehran. The Leq30 min was measured in classes, and the noise level was analyzed in one-octave band central frequencies to calculate the preferred noise criteria. A questionnaire was filled by teachers in order to evaluate the probable subjective effects of noise pollution.The results indicated that the mean value of PNC and Leq 30 min A was 55.6dB and 51.8 dBA, respectively, which were higher than the recommended permissible values (both 35 dB (A)).This may be due to the increased numbers of schoolchildren, oldness of school buildings, presence of schools in areas with heavy traffic, e g, along busy streets and high ways, construction activities, and lack of sports hall in schools. Noise pollution in non-profit schools was 4dBA less than the stste schools. It might be due to the fact that the private schools mostly had new buildings, fewer students than the state school, and sports hall for the children to exercise.According to an open-ended questionnaire, 32% of teachers considered noise pollution as the main problem while teaching at school, And 47% of them believed that it could be harmful to the students and might decrease their motivation.