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Infection is the most important reason for mortality in suckling calves, and their susceptibility to it. Animals can synthesize L-ascorbic acid (or Vitamin C) from D-glucose or D-galactose through the glucuronic acid pathway in the liver or the kidneys. To prevent ruminal degradation and oxidation, vitamin C is coated, or coated with cellulose, sodium ascorbate, and silicate. This study aims to investigate the effects of micellized vitamin C supplementation on the growth performance and blood parameters of suckling calves. 24 neonatal Holstein calves with an average age of 3 days and an average weight of 39 ± 2.2 kg with 4 experimental diets (6 repeat/ each) were used completely randomly. The experimental diets include: 1) control (free vitamin C), 2) basic diet with 1 gram of powdered vitamin C (PVC) soluble in milk, 3) basic diet with 10 ml of the MVCS (emulsion soluble in milk with 5% edible oil), and 4) basic diet with 10 ml of the MVCS (emulsion soluble in milk with 10% edible oil). Adding the MVCS could have an insignificant effect on body weight, average daily weight gain, and feed efficiency of suckling calves. At 30 and 60 days old, adding the MVCS increased the feed intake compared to the control diet. Likewise, in the entire rearing period, the use of the MVCS with 5% and 10% oil increased the feed intake compared to the control diet and the PVC receiving group (P<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the use of the MVCS did not affect body weight, average daily weight gain, and feed efficiency, but it improved the feed intake of suckling calves. The MVCS with 5 and 10% oil increased the triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamin C blood concentration and did not affect the blood concentration of albumin, total protein, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant capacity. It is concluded that the addition of the micellized vitamin C supplement improved blood vitamin C concentration as an antioxidant and enhanced growth performance.

The fall armyworm (FAW), scientifically known as Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith is a polyphagous pest of numerous cultivated crops especially maize causing considerable economic losses in crop production worldwide. Thereby, controlling their population is needed. In a present study, the comparative growth, reproduction, and detoxification enzyme activity were evaluated along with exposure to two insect growth regulators (IGR) at low lethal doses as compared to the control. Results indicate that the larval and pupal developmental time was significantly extended on lufenuron and hexaflumuron as compared to that on the control. Similarly, the lowest number of eggs of FAW females were recorded on lufenuron (411.84 ± 42.38, 328.75 ± 50.81 eggs at LC10 and LC30, respectively) followed by hexaflumuron (449.58 ± 42.38, 367.33 ± 36.4 eggs, respectively) as compared to that on the control (560.27 ± 13.47 eggs). Therefore, it significantly decreased the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R0) of offspring generation (F1) when compared to the control. Whereas, mean generation time (T) was longer for lufenuron (LC30 28.72±0.47, LC10 31.39±0.99 day) and hexaflumuron (LC30 31.02±0.58, LC10 27.99±0.54 day) compared to control (27.35 ±0.54 days). In addition, a considerably higher activity of all detoxification enzymes in larvae was recorded on lufenuron and hexaflumuron as compared to that on control. These findings are valuable to toxicity and low lethal evaluation of lufenuron and hexaflumuron on life table parameters and enzymatic properties in FAW, which may contribute to identifying targets for effective control of FAW.

Burn injuries compromise skin integrity, increasing infection risk, and complicating healing. This study investigates the effectiveness of a probiotic spray in improving burn wound healing outcomes. Specifically, it examines wound closure rates, reduction in infection frequency, and inflammation control in patients with second-degree burns. In this controlled clinical trial conducted at Velayat Burn Injuries Hospital in Rasht, Iran, 28 patients with second-degree burns were divided into two groups: one group received standard treatment, while the other group was treated with a probiotic spray containing 10⁹ CFU/mL, which was applied twice daily for 28 days. Variables assessed included wound healing rate, infection occurrence, inflammatory response, and any adverse reactions. Wound conditions were monitored on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28, with effectiveness evaluated through both clinical and microbiological assessments. The probiotic spray group demonstrated superior outcomes, including a 90% reduction in wound size by 28 days and a marked decrease in infection incidence and inflammation compared to the control group. Analysis revealed that probiotic treatment facilitated re-epithelialization and modulated the wound microbiome by promoting beneficial bacterial growth and supporting immune response regulation, contributing to accelerated healing. Probiotic spray treatment demonstrated potential as an effective therapeutic option in burn wound care, providing enhanced healing, reduced infection, and inflammation management. The findings underscore the potential of integrating probiotic therapy into standard burn care to reduce antibiotic dependence and improve patient outcomes, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Lactobacillus species, which are beneficial and non-pathogenic Gram-positive rods, are commonly found in the vaginal microbiota of healthy premenopausal women. These bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining vaginal health by producing substances that inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and incidence of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a significant pathogen associated with neonatal infections and other health risks, among pregnant women in Wukari, a town in Taraba State, Nigeria. In addition, the study aimed to explore the ability of bacteriocins—antimicrobial peptides produced by Lactobacillus species—to inhibit a broad spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To achieve this, a total of 50 samples were collected from pregnant women in Wukari. Out of these, 11 samples (22%) were found to be colonized by Group B Streptococcus, while 14 samples (28%) showed a positive response to Lactobacillus species, indicating the presence of beneficial bacteria capable of providing a protective effect. The study further examined the inhibitory effects of crude and partially purified bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by Lactobacillus isolates on Group B Streptococcus. The results demonstrated that these inhibitory activities were most effective at 30 °C and an acidic pH of 5.5, suggesting optimal conditions for bacteriocin production or activity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different forms of selenium in the nutrition of Holstein suckling calves. This study was performed using 40 male and female Holstein calves with an average age of 1 to 8 days and an average weight of 39±6 kg with 4 treatments and 10 replications as a completely randomized block design. Experimental treatments include: 1) Selenium-free base diet (control), 2) Basic diet with 3 mg/kg nano-selenium micelles, 3) Basic diet with 3 mg/kg nano-selenium colloid, and 4) Basic diet with 3 mg/kg sodium selenite. During the experimental period, the starter diet was given to the calves freely as well as chopped dried hay from the age of 20 days. The results showed that using different forms of selenium could not significantly affect feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio during periods. Also, various forms supplementation of selenium did not significantly affect blood metabolites including glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, albumin, total protein, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in suckling calves. The blood concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and superoxide dismutase could not make a significant difference by adding different forms of selenium in the suckling calves diet, while blood concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were significantly increased by adding nano-selenium micelles and selenium mineral form, respectively (P <0.05). Different forms of selenium did not change the withers height, in contrast to the heart girth and body length. It is generally concluded that nano-selenium micelles can improve the immune status of suckling calves.

One of the optimization methods is dynamic programming. This study aimed to determine the effective structures on the rate of herd replacement and cow removal by optimizing the production system for mastitis and abortion. To optimize the production system for removing and keeping dairy cows from the statistics of incomes and expenses of 2023, the statistics related to mastitis and abortion associated with some industrial cattle farms in Ardabil City were used. The economic dairy farm system was divided into income and cost components. The MATLAB and an algorithm were designed to simulate the bio-economic system of a dairy cow herd. The abortion and mastitis in the low production group, the net present value increased up to the fourth abdomen, and then it started to decrease. In the medium and high production groups, the net present value for both abortion and mastitis has an increasing trend until the third abdomen, starts a decreasing trend. Likewise, keeping animals in the medium production group up to the fourth stomach and in the high production group up to the fifth stomach has an economic justification. The future value increases with increasıng in cow age and the lactation period. Mastitis and abortion can significantly reduce income and destroy the producer's capital. The optimum decision-making was concluded to keep livestock or remove it and estimate the financial loss of abortion and mastitis will improve reproduction and ultimately make the herd more profitable.

Shallot with the scientific name Allium hertifolium Boiss is one of the best-known plants in the Alliaceae family. In Iran, shallots have been used as food and medicine for a long time. Most chemical and biological studies on garlic and related Allium species have indeed predominantly focused on sulfur compounds because of their notable health benefits. Recently, however, there has been increasing interest in saponins. These water-soluble compounds are notable for their stability during cooking, which makes them particularly interesting for their potential health benefits. Saponins are being studied for their antioxidant properties, as well as their potential roles in reducing inflammation and boosting immune function. The main objective of this review was to evaluate some medicinal properties of Allium hirtifolium Boiss.

To gather comprehensive information on Allium hirtifolium, the details on used plant parts were collected, therapeutic properties, pharmacological effects, indications, and dosage forms from data collection, library sources, written articles, and reference books. Further information, such as the plant’s form and description, planting methods, and planting times, was obtained through firsthand experience by cultivating seedlings at the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. This approach provided a well-rounded understanding of the plant’s uses and cultivation requirements.

The biological activity of A. hirtifolium has been known since ancient times. Babylonians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans used garlic as a remedy for intestinal diseases, respiratory infections, skin diseases, bacterial infections, worms, wounds and tumors. The effect of A. hirtifolium may be due to its antibacterial properties or its ability to block the formation of carcinogenic substances, halve the activation of carcinogenic substances, improve DNA repair, reduce cell proliferation or induce cell death. Epidemiological studies have shown that increased consumption of Allium spp. reduces the risk of prostate and stomach cancer, and this has been linked mainly to two main classes of compounds: the apolar sulfur compounds and the polar saponins. The compounds contained in A. hirtifolium have various beneficial biological effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic. Naringenin is the most important compound among the flavonoids, which has various pharmacological activities. In addition, the constituents of this plant play various roles in modulating signaling pathways to prevent cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Thus, A. hirtifolium and the compounds contained in this plant may be promising candidates for various diseases due to their diverse pharmacological activities.

Allium hirtifolium, a medicinal plant collected from natural habitats in Iran, is extensively utilized by the local population and in traditional medicine. It is valued for its anti-hemolytic effect, making it a suitable herbal supplement in human nutrition. The therapeutic benefits of A. hirtifolium are largely attributed to its antioxidant activity, which helps scavenge free radicals. By neutralizing these harmful agents, the plant may contribute to the prevention of various diseases associated with oxidative stress.

management of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), success of the measure could be compromised by the prevailing environmental temperature since it significantly affects toxicity of insecticides and thus their efficacy. To determine the temperature-toxicity relationship in FAW, the effect of post-bioassays temperature (range, 15-35 °C) on the toxicity of eight insecticides from different classes was evaluated using a feeding bioassay method. From 20–35 °C, the toxicities of emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and chlorantraniliprole increased 1.24, 1.31, 2.25, 2.29, and 3.46-fold (i.e. positive temperature coefficient), respectively, whereas the toxicities of methomyl, spinosad, and cypermethrin decreased 2.24, 3.17, and 3.95-fold (i.e. negative temperature coefficient), respectively.

The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is a versatile tree, with edible fruits, seeds, leaves, and flowers. This study evaluated the physicochemical and polyphenolic properties, and health prospects of the seeds and pulp of Adansonia digitata L. The fruits of baobab were bought from a market in Tamale, Ghana. The fruits were processed to isolate the seeds from pulp. The portions used were the baobab pulp only (BPP), unroasted baobab seeds only (BSD), roasted baobab seeds only (RBSD), and baobab seeds and pulp combined (BPSD). The results from the fat content, protein content, crude fibre, and ash content showed that unroasted baobab seeds only (BSD) were higher compared to the baobab pulp only (BPP), roasted baobab seeds (RBSD), and baobab seeds and pulp combined (BPSD). The highest carbohydrate content of 73.02% was recorded for BSD and BPP. BPP had the highest tannin content of 18.44 mg/g, total flavonoid (2.05 mg/g), total phenolics (14.48 mg/g), and Vitamin C (5.37 g/100 g). BPP had a higher radical scavenging activity (DPPH) while BPSD had a higher peroxide scavenging activity. RBSD had the highest polyphenolic content more than the rest of the samples analyzed. All the samples had Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, P, K, and Cu. The baobab seeds and pulp contain antioxidants and, hence, can be utilized as a functional food constituent and additive. The seeds (roasted/unroasted), pulp and seeds (combined/uncombined) manifested nutritional and health prospects, although seed roasting had an added advantage.

Climate change (CC) is a real challenge for the world. Iran lies in an arid part of the world and CC is adversely affecting its water resources and agriculture. Iran has taken various initiatives, enacting related laws and establishing policy measures, to respond to water scarcity and food security in the agricultural sector. This study was conducted to understand and explore Iran’s initiatives, especially through legislation and policy responses, to address water scarcity and food security under CC conditions. More specifically, it reviews and analyzes the laws and rules relevant to agricultural water management and food security for their capacity for adaptation to CC in Iran. It was found that most of the relevant laws and policy documents were established to improve water consumption patterns. However, the study identified that there are a limited number of laws and policy documents with respect to climate adaptation and mitigation for the agriculture sector. There is a need to establish special laws towards climate change adaptation and mitigation for the agriculture sector and to revisit and revise the existing laws and policy documents in this regard. Proper implementation of adaptation measures is another issue that is not fully or effectively addressed and supported by the national legislation.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is recognized as a critical driver of economic development in the modern era, significantly enhancing the productivity of production factors. However, the widespread adoption of ICT, particularly in countries reliant on fossil fuels, may contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2). So, this study investigates the interconnections among ICT, CO2, renewable energy, and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Iran. This descriptive-analytical and applied study used time series data from the World Bank and Iran Statistics Center from 2000 to 2023. This study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to evaluate the long-term and short-term dynamic, unit root tests and diagnostic tests CUSUM and CUSUMQ and Canonical Co-Integrating Regression (CCR) Dynamic least squares (DOLS), and fully modified least squares (FMOLS) have been used to validate the results of ADRL estimates.The results of the ARDL estimation method showed that in the long run, TFP and economic growth on carbon dioxide had a coefficient of 0.07 and 0.14, respectively. Renewable energy consumption with a coefficient of -0.0808 had a significant negative role in reducing carbon dioxide. The coefficient of -0.286 obtained for the ICT variable at 95% indicates a reduction in carbon dioxide in parallel with the development of ICT. CUSUM and CUSUMQ confirmed the stability of the parameters, and CCR, DOLS, and FMOLS regressions confirmed the results of the ADRL model. The study recommends adopting green technologies and effective energy policies to balance productivity gains with environmental protection.

Shortage of safe drinking water is a major problem in Bangladesh, especially during the dry season from November to March. Due to high population growth, the crisis of healthy drinking water is increasing day by day. Rainwater is a major source of pure drinking water. Rainwater harvesting has proven to be the most economical and environmentally friendly method. So, it can hold great potential to deal with the current problem of acute arsenic poisoning and pure water scarcity in Bangladesh. To overcome this problem a model rainwater harvesting (RWH) system has been demonstrated in Faridpur, Bangladesh. The research showed that by utilizing 1037 buildings as catchment areas and installing storage tanks in 20 unused spaces of government offices, it is possible to address the entire drinking water scarcity issue in Faridpur Municipality. The study also investigates the quality of local pipe-well water and the quality of the stored rainwater. The findings of present study showed the quality of harvested water is much better than the pipe-wells water. The runoff reduction through Rainwater Harvesting was 14.82% which can significantly reduce the water logging and water pollution problem of Faridpur city. The findings of this work provide a potential blueprint for expanding water access throughout Bangladesh and other countries facing similar challenges.

Billboards are one of the types of structures that wind load can be the dominant lateral load on this type of structures. Since billboards are usually placed in public places, destroying these structures under wind can cause irreparable damage. In this research, using wind tunnel testing and numerical modeling based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the effect of wind on single-plate, two-plate, and triangle billboards has been investigated. The models used in the wind tunnel are made using wood at a scale of 0.01. To find the critical loading pattern of wind load, the structure in the wind tunnel is rotated every 5 degrees concerning the wind direction, and the wind pressure values are recorded. The maximum displacement in single-plate, two-plate, and triangular billboards with tubular column sections is obtained at θ= 45°, θ= 45° and θ= 15°, respectively. Due to the nature of the wind flow, rectangular columns are unsuitable for billboards because the stiffness of the column also changes with the change of the wind angle relative to the billboard.

This study aimed to provide a clean energy-based growth model emphasizing public policy. The study's statistical population in the quantitative section in the first stage was the members of the fuzzy Delphi panel, consisting of 15 people from the most suitable group of experts regarding deep knowledge, breadth of view, and sufficient experience to achieve valid and accurate results. In the next step, the statistical population included all managers and experts of the Ministry of Energy in 2023-2024, totaling 327 people, using the Cochran formula through simple random sampling. The findings from the qualitative stage were analyzed using MAXQDA software. In the quantitative section, fuzzy Delphi tests, structural equation techniques, and the best-worst method were used with the help of SPSS, SmartPLS, Lingo, and Excel software. From the analysis of 15 interviews, 213 primary codes were extracted, 67 basic themes, and after categorization, ten organizing themes. The quantitative section's findings demonstrated that all correlations were acknowledged and that there was a meaningful route between all variables. Also, in prioritizing the indicators of the clean energy-based growth model with an emphasis on public policy, it was determined that the indicators of strategies for using clean energy were the priority, policies for using clean energy in the second priority, culturalization in society for using clean energy in the third priority, and the consequences of clean energy development in the fourth priority.

The weak convection mechanism in photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems leads to numerous studies dealing with this problem. This study analyzes a new, affordable method to improve convection in PV/Ts and increase their thermal/electrical efficiency. The use of metallic porous materials with high thermal conductivity is a robust approach to increase the efficiency of PV/Ts by accelerating the cooling rate of PVs. In this study, the robust method is experimentally investigated, and the effectiveness of using porous materials to improve the efficiency of PV/Ts is evaluated. For this purpose, an experimental setup was fabricated, and two scenarios were investigated: a non-porous PV/T and a porous one in which steel wool was used as a porous material. The acquired results revealed that using steel wool reduces the PV temperature by 9.9 oC and increases the outlet temperature by 4.41 oC at the air flow rate of 0.17 kg/s. Lowering the PV temperature increases the electrical power generated while the electrical efficiency improves by nearly 11.18%. The higher outlet temperature causes a higher thermal efficiency; hence, using porous materials increases the thermal efficiency by 50.7%. In conclusion, using porous materials is a robust, affordable approach to improve the thermal/electrical efficiency of PV/Ts.

In this work, a natural ventilation system as an energy-efficient strategy is simulated to assess its performance in providing thermal comfort and indoor air quality in an office space. A three dimensional CFD model is implemented to predict temperature and velocity distribution in the space. Due to the presence of the openings and elevated air speed, a naturally ventilated space is considered as a non-uniform thermal environment. In such environments, the whole body thermal sensation is affected by local thermal sensation of different body parts. So, the CFD model is coupled with the standard thermal comfort model and the PMV and PPD indices are assessed at different heights according to ISO standard to evaluate the local thermal sensation of individual body parts. Afterward, the effects of outdoor air temperature as well as location and dimension of the openings are evaluated. The results show that in the outdoor temperature of 24 ℃ and 26 ℃, the PMV index is nearly between -0.7 and +0.7 and the PPD is less than 15%, which are the recommended range considering the category C of ISO 7730. In addition, the best thermal comfort conditions are achieved by considering the openings with 10% of the wall area.

This study investigates the enhancement of thermal performance in Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors (ETCs) by integrating graphene nanoparticles into the heat transfer fluid. Improvement the efficiency of ETCs is crucial for maximizing solar energy utilization, particularly in regions with diverse climatic conditions. To achieve this, we conducted experiments comparing the thermal performance of the ETC under two conditions: with and without graphene nanoparticles, and at varying flow rates of condenser water (5, 10, 15, and 20 L/h) in an open space in Babol, northern Iran, over two periods in August 2022. Measurements included ambient temperature, input and output water temperatures, heat pipe temperature, and water flow rate. Key performance indicators, such as the average Nusselt number, useful heat output, and convection heat transfer, were calculated. The results indicate that the Nusselt number increased by 10.64% and overall thermal performance improved when utilizing the acetone-graphene nanofluid at a flow rate of 20 L/h under vacuum conditions (-0.6 bar) with a volume fraction of 0.08% nanoparticles. This work demonstrates a significant enhancement in thermal energy storage capabilities of ETCs, showcasing the potential of nanofluids in solar thermal applications, thereby contributing novel insights into the engineering optimization of solar collectors.

In this study, the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of a multigeneration system which produces power, cooling, domestic heating, hydrogen and freshwater has been carried out. The main source of energy for this system is a solar parabolic trough collector (PTC). The working fluid applied for this solar collector is Al2O3-Therminol VP1 nanofluid. The subsystems of this multigeneration system are a steam Rankine cycle for power production, an organic Rankine cycle for power production, a double-effect absorption refrigeration system for cooling production, a domestic water heater for hot water production, a PEM electrolyzer for hydrogen production and a RO desalination unit for freshwater production. In the ORC cycle a TEG unit is applied instead of the condenser for extra power production. The system is analyzed by using the EES software. The effects of different parameters as well as the effects of nanoparticles on the performance of the proposed system were investigated. According to the results, the energy and exergy efficiency of the system are 33.81 % and 23.59 %, respectively. Among the studied working fluids in the ORC cycle, n-pentane shows the best performance. The energy and exergy efficiency of the system increases by the nanoparticle volume concentration and the solar radiation increase. Moreover, the collector inlet temperature has a negative effect on the hydrogen and freshwater production rates. Finally, it is proved that the PTC collector has the highest amount of exergy destruction rate in the studied system.

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon is a highly destructive and invasive agricultural pest that has developed resistance to a variety of insecticide classes. In this study, the susceptibility of three field populations of A. ipsilon, collected in 2023 from three Egyptian Governorates (Sharqia, SHA; Kafr El-Shaikh, KAF; Damietta, DAM), to methomyl, profenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, and methoxyfenozide were monitored and compared. At the same time, the detoxification enzymes activity of A. ipsilon in tested populations was determined. The results showed that the susceptibility of the A. ipsilon population in DAM was significantly higher than that of populations from SHA and KAF. Among them, the A. ipsilon population in DAM had developed low levels of resistance to indoxacarb (RR = 19.80-fold), emamectin benzoate (RR = 16.78-fold), chlorantraniliprole (RR = 14.04-fold), and spinosad (RR = 12.75-fold), and had developed very low-level resistance to methoxyfenozide (RR = 10.01-fold). While the populations of A. ipsilon from SHA, KAF, and DAM had developed very high-level resistance to three insecticides (methomyl, profenophos, and lambda-cyhalothrin). Activity measurements of the main detoxification enzymes show that cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and the general esterases (ESTs) of the SHA, KAF, and DAM populations of A. ipsilon were significantly higher than those of the susceptible strain (AG-Sus). The findings, along with other strategies, are expected to help with the resistance management of A. ipsilon in different habitats.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool in various scientific fields, including biotechnology and biodiversity conservation. This paper explores the significant potential of nanotechnology in advancing these areas within the context of Nigeria. The study highlights how nanotechnology can enhance agricultural biotechnology through the development of nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides, which improve nutrient efficiency and pest management, leading to increased crop yields and reduced environmental impact.

In this systematic review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted for this review using several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search focused on articles published in English between January 2000 and December 2023. A total of 83 articles relevant to nanotechnology and biodiversity conservation were selected. Out of these, 37 articles were identified using a targeted selection approach for their specific focus on nanotechnology, biodiversity conservation, and biotechnology within the Nigerian context. The data were organized thematically to address the role of nanotechnology in enhancing biotechnology and biodiversity conservation efforts. Key discussions, conclusions, and recommendations from the reviewed studies were consolidated into a comprehensive summary.

In medical biotechnology, nanomedicine provides advanced solutions for targeted drug delivery, offering significant improvements in treating prevalent diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. Furthermore, the paper discusses the application of nanotechnology in biodiversity conservation, particularly through environmental monitoring and pollution control. Nanosensors and nanofilters are pivotal in detecting pollutants and protecting ecosystems, thus supporting conservation efforts.

The integration of nanotechnology in Nigeria's biotechnology sector and biodiversity conservation initiatives promises to address local challenges such as disease outbreaks, food security, and environmental degradation. By leveraging global advancements, developing countries can harness nanotechnology to achieve sustainable development and improve the quality of life for its population.