جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « consumption » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Anthropocentrism is one of the central causes of the environmental crisis which is rooted in consumerism, and consumerism in energy leads to more demand for natural resources. By criticizing anthropocentrism, environmental philosophy has qusstioned the dominant Western culture's conception of nature and has challenged this mainstream by criticizing instrumental rationality and emphasizing the intrinsic value of nature. Consumption is a key component to achieve sustainable development, and saving energy is one of the ways to achieve a cleaner and healthier environment and climate change management. The rapid increase in energy consumption for socio-economic activities is the main source of the continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming and climate change effects. From the environmental psychology perspective, dealing with climate change is considered a fundamental challenge that requires a deep understanding of the psychological processes involved in environmentally friendly behaviors and lifestyles in general, and energy consumption in particular. The evidence shows that technical interventions alone cannot have an effect in reducing energy consumption and consumers' behavior must be changed.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between environmental ethics and energy saving behavior of agricultural students. To achieve this goal, the survey method was used. The statistical population of the research was M.Sc. and Ph.D. agricultural students at Tehran University, which 126 of them were selected using simple random sampling method and Krejcie and Morgan table. The questionnaire was a data gathering tool that was designed in three sections: students' demographic characteristics, energy saving behavior and environmental ethics. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts in this field. Also, its validity was obtained using convergent and differential validity, and its reliability was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability.

The findings of the research showed that the students prioritized ecocentrism, theocentrism and anthropocentrism in the first to third priority, respectively. Based on the results of structural equation modeling, only ecocentrism environmental ethics was effective in energy saving behavior and the research model was able to explain 38% of students' energy saving behavior changes.   

Unlimited exploitation of natural resources to provide energy and wasting energy resources are clear examples of paying attention to human needs, without considering the capacity and potential of nature. With regard to eco-centric ethics, the discourse of intrinsic value should become the dominant discourse in energy policies, and without acknowledging the intrinsic value and rights of nature, the intrinsic value of nature is continuously ignored, and a shif from anthropocentric developmentalism to ecocentric approach should be prioritized in order to fill the gap between anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. The fact that students focus on anthropocentric or ecocentric views affects their understanding of the environment and its protection and their attitude towards the environment. Eco-centric education for students is one of the important priorities in this field. An education that makes students aware of the intrinsic value of nature. This process increases the critique of dominant values such as excessive energy consumption and highlights the negative effects of development. The key point in teaching environmental sustainability is educational approaches focused on the development of critical and reflective thinking. In these trainings, empathy with life on the planet, listening to the earth and action to protect the biosphere should be encouraged.

Given the rapid expansion of urban society and increasing energy consumption in developing countries, it is necessary to examine the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between urbanization and the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy in selected developing countries.

In this research, the effect of urbanization rate on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption will be investigated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method and using two models. This study was conducted for 44 countries for the period 1996-2018. Estimation of the models has been done with Stata software. The research model was adopted from the linear Salim model.

According to the results of this study, every 10% increase in urbanization rate leads to a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption in developing countries. While every 10 percent increase in urbanization rates will increase the consumption of non-renewable energy in these countries by 4.2 percent. Therefore, in developing countries, the impact of urbanization rates on non-renewable energy consumption is greater than renewable energy.

The reason for more renewable energy consumption in developing countries is the greater dependence of heating and public and private transportation in developing countries on non-renewable energy, which must be changed gradually. This also indicates the low awareness and knowledge of the population about consumption patterns and also the low level of technology in these countries.

Localization of the food system has become in line with sustainable agriculture for many reasons including ecological advantages, economic benefits, and social considerations. Yet the question is that to what extent food can be locally produced. To answer this question, the concept of foodshed can be considered. The concept provides a framework for analyzing local food production at any scale. The foodshed is a land that can supply all or parts of a given population's nutritional needs within a given geographical area. So far, no foodshed study has been conducted in Iran, so this study proposed a model to study foodsheds. By taking a sustainable food system into account, the current research examined the concept of foodshed, the status of food production and consumption in Tehran Province, and the capacity of this province to meet its nutritional needs.

The model was used in Tehran Province using a unit named "plant equivalent" to calculate and compare the amount of food produced in the study area and the nutritional requirement of the province’s population. Production of each crop (based on the plant equivalent unit) in each region was calculated by multiplying the crop cultivation land area in the crop yield. The amount of need for each plant equivalent unit in each region was calculated by multiplying the population of that area in the weight of food that is needed of a person in a year. Then, using self-sufficiency formulas, we estimated how much of the population's needs are being supported by the existing production. To calculate self-sufficiency, a concept known as threshold production was used. Calculation of threshold production was done with Matlab using conditional programming and coding. Excel, Matlab, and GIS were used in this research.

One of the most important achievements of the present study was the foodshed assessment of Tehran Province considering its increasing population and providing food security in this province. In the present study, which was carried out on a provincial scale, self-sufficiency in providing the desired food basket for the population of Tehran Province was 22% and the highest and lowest self-sufficiency was estimated in Pishva and Tehran counties, respectively. Self-sufficiency percent in producing crops to provide the desired food basket in Tehran Province was higher in fodder corn (100%) (self-sufficient), vegetables (79%), fruits (56%), barley straw (53%), wheat straw (45%), barley grain (16%), wheat bran (8%), wheat grain (5%), forage crops except corn (4%), rapeseed meal (0/1%), rapeseed (0/06%), respectively. However, in legumes, rice hull, root, pulp, and molasses of sugar beet, corn, and soybean meal self-sufficiency percent was estimated zero percent, meaning non-self-sufficient or total dependence.

The results of this study indicated that the percentage of foodshed self-sufficiency in providing the desired food basket for the population of Tehran Province was 22%. Although localization has benefits, it seems that considering the small area and the overcapacity population of Tehran Province and the environmental issues (water scarcity and soil erosion), the boundaries of Tehran Province foodshed should be broadened and the foodshed radius must be increased.

Due to study the food regime of Giant Catfish (Netuma thalassina), a total of 198 specimens were collected seasonally from February to October 2017 in the Omen sea waters. In this study the frequency of occurrence of prey, feeding intensity index, Vacant stomach index (VI), the mean Trophic levels and the rate of food consumption were calculated. Total six major taxonomic categories were identified in the stomach contents of this species and were weighted including Arthropods (Crustaceans, higher Crustaceans), Mollusks (Cephalopods), Echinoderms, Nematods, Sea plants (Sea weeds) and Teleostei. Crustaceans were estimated as the most abundant prey item (%44.71). Teleostei (FP=%55.55) was constituated as the main and Portunidae (FP=%25.64) and Xanthidae(FP=%13.67) as the secondary foods. Carangidae family (FP=%8.54) was the random food.  The results showed that the highest intensity of feeding occurs in Spring and lowest in fall. The mean trophic level for Giant Catfish in the studied area was estimated 3.61.

In order to increase the knowledge of Nemipterus japonicus biology and ecology, an investigation of food habits of this species was surveyed seasonally from October 2017 to August 2018 in Oman Sea. In this survey, stomach contents fishes 210 were studied (91 female and 119 male). According, some indexes such as; the feeding intensity index (2.60%), the index is empty stomachs (43.80%), the mean Trophic levels (4.08), and the rate of food consumption (9 per year) was calculated. Total four major taxonomic categories were identified in the stomach contents of this species and were weighted including arthropods (Crustaceans), Cephalopods, Teleostei and Sea weeds and the results show that Arthropods with an abundance of 55.75% was the most abundant prey item. According to the Prey Occurrence Index, the Portunidae (61.19%), Squilla mantis (28.35%) and digested bone fish (20.89%), were divided as the main, the incidental and occasional food, respectively. The results showed that the highest intensity of feeding occurs in winter (50.77%) and the lowest in fall (35.20%). Also N. japonicus shows cannibalistic behavior in ecosystem in winter (3.00%) and in spring (6.00%) respectively. According to the results of this research that has been done for the first time in the northern of Oman Sea, the results of frequency of occurrence of prey showed that N. japonicus is carnivore and also on the basis of the index empty stomachs is the average rate of food consumption this species of fish.

Water is one of the most important natural resources on the planet Earth. Water is limited and has effective role in the sustainable development of societies. Consume behavior of people towards water depends on their attitude and teir awareness of water issues. This research examined the factors affecting rural women's attitudes towards water. The type of the research was objectively applied and used field work for gathering data through a descriptive-survey research method. The study population included all households living in 125 villages of Shirvan County which had piped water. Random cluster sampling was used to select 223 women as needed samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by university academics and experts of water organization. Reliability of questionnaire was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that rural women's attitudes towards water can be assessed at moderate level. There were no significant relationships between age, level of education and cost of consumed water with attitude towards water. But people with higher incomes had more unfavorable attitude towards water. Present article suggests considering educational programs to promote rural women's attitudes towards water and doing research on the correlation between attitudes towards water and water consumption behavior