جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Sustainable supply chain management is a new approach in the discussion of supply chain management, which is considered based on the concepts of sustainability triangle (Economic, Environmental, Social). In the meantime, choosing a sustainable supplier is a strategic key to success in managing the sustainable supply chain of organizations. Choosing the best supplier according to different and sometimes conflicting criteria complicates the problem that using multi-criteria decision making methods is one of the best ways to solve these problems. On the other hand, the choice of supplier is strongly dependent on the opinion of decision makers, and due to the incompleteness of available information, we face a kind of uncertainty.

 In this paper, the issue of choosing a sustainable supplier in Cement Company is examined. To do this, the combined SWARA and CoCoSo fuzzy approach was used to weight the criteria and rank the suppliers. In the first stage, after collecting the criteria for selecting a sustainable supplier based on the research literature, the criteria were weighted using experts and the F-SWARA method.

The weighting results showed that the economic dimension (0.555) had the highest importance and the environmental (0.296) and social dimensions (0.146) were in the second and third places. Among the criteria, product price (0.284), environmental standards (0.154) and product quality (0.140) gained the highest weight, respectively. Supplier ratings were then calculated using the new F-CoCoSo method, and supplier ratings were obtained for final decision.

According to the criteria of a sustainable supply chain in this study, managers and owners of various industries and businesses according to the findings of this study can choose the right supplier who lives from all three economic dimensions. Environmentally and socially appropriate, take steps and enjoy its benefits.

The current research is an effort towards the optimal location of electric vehicle charging stations in Ardabil city. The current research is practical in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which has attempted to locate electric vehicle charging stations using ARCGIS software and using the WLC model in the form of 5 criteria and 27 sub-criteria. According to the results obtained in the present research, the suitable places suitable for the existing barren land in the city and the land with a suitable location for the electric vehicle charging station, such as the area inside the Shahada highway, especially next to Imam Khomeini street (between the intersection of Bahonar and Jihad square), which He pointed out the reason for the density of uses and infrastructures and especially the location of the central core of the city as an almost mononuclear city. It is also possible to build a station on the routes around the city center (the western and northwestern areas of the city and the inner and outer parts of Basij highway on the side of Shahryar (Arazali) and Aras neighborhoods and the town of experts) in order to decentralize the main core of the city. Also, considering that the city of Ardabil has a touristic nature, and on the other hand, the city of Ardabil is located in the direction of moving from the northwest of the country to the north of the country; It is possible to benefit from installing electric car charging stations at the important entrance and exit gates of the city by using waste lands and if it is possible to adapt and combine them with refueling uses (gasoline pumps).

Locating to develop infrastructures and sensitive applications is one of the preconditions for achieving sustainable development. In this study, using a multi-criteria decision making model and the capabilities of the GIS, a spatial model is developed for the development of various industrial groups in the province of Alborz.

In this study, the criteria and indicators affecting the development of industries identified by reviewing the references and expert opinions. Then, using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis, the weight of each of the criteria and indicators was determined using the weight the obtained data are based on a linear relationship between the map of areas susceptible to industrial development in the region. In order to the fuzzy hierarchy TOPSIS method used to identify the areas for the development of each the industrial groups.

The results of this study show that among the three groups of environmental, economic and social criteria, environmental criteria have the highest weight in relation to industrial development. Also, the results showed that the highest potential in relation to the development of industrial groups in the Alborz province is related to food and agriculture industries.

Based on the results of the study, using efficient fuzzy decision-making models to address the defects of other decision-making methods. Analysis of the results shows that in many parts of the province of Alborz, there is no development of industries. The most limitation for development of industries in Alborz province is related to environmental criteria and indicators.

Flood is a natural phenomenon of serious environmental challenges the country that many factors are involved in the event. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify, weight and prioritize effective criteria and indicators for flood damage reduction in Iran using the opinion of experts and experts in this field and faculty members in this field. In this regard, a researcher-made questionnaire to identify effective and important criteria to reduce flood damage from four ecological, economic, technical and social perspectives and entropy technique to calculate their weight and preferences technique. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) has been used to prioritize criteria and andicators. Analyzing the findings of the study by completing 30 questionnaires, 21 indicators from ecological, economic, social and technical aspects to reduce flood damage identified that it included 7 ecological indicators, 6 economic indicators, 5 technical indicators and 3 social indicators. The results of weighting of the indicators using entropy technique showed that from the ecological point of view the landform (the elevation above sea level, slope variation and aspect) indicator with weight (0.04779), from the economic point of view, the forest and rengeland optimal management indicator with weight (0.04780), from of the technical point of view, watershed management indicator with weight (0.04774) and socially from residential density indicator (settlements, population indices) with weight (0.04768) respectively, the highest weight among the other indicators are dedicated to themselves. Also the results of the prioritization of the criteria using TOPSIS technique showed that the ecological, economic, technical and social criteria had the highest priority in the reduction of flood damage respectively. Therefore, it is suggested to pay more attention to the role and importance of ecological, economic, technical and social criteria and indicators based on thire priorities in management programin of reduction flood.

In recent years, rangeland degradation has reduced a wide range of ecosystem services for billions of people whose livelihoods depend on natural resources. Proper rangeland management can multiply the rangeland's capacity to benefit from ecosystem services. The dominant model of rangeland management is the preparation and implementation of pastoral plans. These plans, if not be properly selected and not be based on rangeland ecosystem services improving, in addition to exacerbate the downward trend of rangelands, also will result in the loss of capital. Therefore, by recognizing the effects of different management methods on ecosystem services, it is possible to change or modify rangeland management patterns. In the present study, we ranked rangeland management plans methods in Fars province using multi-criteria analysis in the context of rangeland ecosystem services.

One of the major causes that hinder consideration of the value of ecosystem services in computation and evaluation are the heterogeneity of the different types of value measurement units, the impossibility of quantifying all values and the problems associated with the integration of quantitative and qualitative data. Therefore, given the capabilities of multi-criteria analysis methods in analyzing heterogeneous data, these methods are suitable tools for overcoming this problem and for making more reasoned and informed decisions. In the present study, fuzzy hierarchical analysis (AHP) was used to determine the weight of criteria and indices. Then, using the results of the first step as input of the PROMETHEE software, the rangeland remediation options were ranked using the PROMETHEE II analysis.

According to the literature on the subject and discussion with rangeland and environmental experts, 12 indicators were defined for four categories of ecosystem services. After determining the criteria, weight of criteria and indices were calculated using hierarchical analysis method. Paired comparisons of ecosystem services criteria indicated that regulatory and support services with a weight of 0.734 are more important than production and cultural services. The results of paired comparisons of ecosystem cultural service indices showed that biodiversity criterion was much more important than landscape, recreation and ecotourism criteria. Paired comparisons of sub-criteria of ecosystem services indexes showed that grazing capacity and profitability of livestock products with the relative weight of 0.555 and 0.224 were the highest importance among ecosystem services indices, respectively. In addition, rangeland water resource capability index with significant weight of 0.475 is in the first place of impact on ecosystem regulation and support indexes and soil erosion prevention index with the weight of 0.352 is ranked second. The final weight of each index was obtained by multiplying the relative weight of the criteria by the relative weight of the indices. Among the ecosystem services indexes, water resources weight was 0.35 which was the highest weight. After water resources, the role of the ecosystem in preventing soil erosion is the most important indicator evaluated. The third most weighted indicator is biodiversity. After data entry into PROMETHEE software, the results showed that among the various pasture management options, enclosure was ranked first. Therefore, the enclosure plan provides the most ecosystem services. 11 indicators had a positive effect on enclosure priority and the only indicator that had a negative effect on enclosure priority was access to water resources. To validate the results, sensitivity analysis was performed in three different scenarios. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that due to water shortage crisis and high importance of this index in rangeland ecosystem services, priority of rangeland options is not sensitive to changes in other indices.

According to the results, the exclosure plan provides the highest ecosystem services in rangeland management and the least ecosystem services in medicinal plants. After exclosure, priority is with water projects includes springs refurbishment and pond construction. In order to better management of rangelands in Fars province and the necessity of ecosystem services consideration in rangeland plans, we can obtain valid evaluations by applying multi criteria methods.

Due to rapid changes in the status of competitors, technology and customer preferences, companies cannot always rely on their existing products. Customers are looking for products with better quality and more advanced and offer new products and companies are forced to respond to the needs, tastes and expectations of our customers, one of the important ways to supply quality products and good performance in product design, failure analysis or risk assessment.

this article evaluate the performance of the product components in the computer services industry to the risks and possible consequences in terms of product identification and rank. For risk assessment, data were collected from ten experts of scientific competence and to complete the decision-making matrix. Fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods were used for data analysis. These methods in Microsoft Excel were used.

Based on fuzzy VIKOR results, the A5 in the fuzzy approach has the lowest value of Qi and therefore performs better than other options. Based on the results of the fuzzy PROMETHEE, the A4 in the fuzzy risk assessment is larger than φ (a) and therefore performs better than other options.

Based on fuzzy VIKOR result, A5 is better compared to other options. Based on the results of fuzzy PROMETHEE A4 is better compared to other options.

Salt phytoremediation, which means reducing salinity of soil or water using halophytic plants, has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Despite numerous investigations in this area, the problem with the use of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation is the selection of suitable plants from their large population or, in other words, screening of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation. In this paper, by limiting the screening work to 12 annual plant species of the Chenopodiaceae family, the Shannon Entropy -TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method has been used for this purpose. Evaluation was done on the basis of criteria such as biomass production, salinity mechanism, flowering time, geographical distribution in Iran and agronomic capability. The Shannon entropy method was used to rank and weight the criteria and the TOPSIS method was used to determine the relative preference of the studied species. The results indicated that Atriplex Tatarica, Bassia Moricata and Salsola Kali were the top three among the 12 plant species studied. Therefore, their use in experimental phytoremediation of salt plants seems to be a priority.

Due to the Severe Decrease in resources and land degradation and Increasing population growth, need to Exact planning is the use of resources and land. Modeling the ecological potential of land uses for proportionate utilization of resources provides proper conditions to preserve these resources for future generations. This study illustrates the application of the FUZZY AHP method and fuzzy membership functions in agricultural land evaluation. Based on Iranian literal Ecological Model, soil characteristic data, soil shape and biohydroclimatology were selected as the main criteria. Then, in the form of a model, MCDM and FUZZY AHP Chang method was applied to the substrate weighting process. Then, simple weighting method (SAW) was used to integrate the layers in ArcGIS environment and evaluation was performed. The results showed that there are six classes of agricultural land in the study area and the northern part of the city has high power. Finally, the final map indicated that the total area of the polygons of areas with high to medium agricultural potential is 347 square kilometers. So the FUZZY AHP method, by combining different approaches, can greatly assist evaluators in group decision making.

The comprehensive identification of hazard risks in order to protect against them is one of the main steps in environmental management. Given the importance of environmental impact assessment in sustainable development, the development of a comprehensive system consisting of effective indicators is vital for the creation or exacerbation of environmental risks, on the one hand, and their monitoring, on the other. This comprehensive system can provide categorized information for different levels of decision-making and management. This study aims to assess the vulnerability to zoning of environmental risks by applying an ecosystem services approach. It also aims to integrate the ecosystem services concept into environmental risk assessment.
Initially, a complete list of environmental risks was prepared by desk study, using provincial and national documents and field studies, along with meetings with different institutions. This list consists of all potential or active factors that can lead to risks. The prepared list of risks was reviewed by experts in order to have their feedbacks and to finalize it. In this study, different risks, including an imbalance in provincial development, the likelihood of water erosion and fire, land use change, and incomplete protection of biodiversity were analyzed. AHP multi criteria decision making was applied for zoning the imbalance of industry with ecological suitability. RUSLE was applied for soil erosion and MAXENT for fire and incomplete protection of wildlife. To study land use/cover changes, cellular automata and the genetic algorithm were integrated.
The results of setting priorities using the multi criteria decision making technique revealed that some risks, including imbalance of industry on land, erosion, vegetation and land use changes, fire and incomplete protection of wildlife are the major risks to be considered. Results show that quality of the ecological area of Alborz Province has significantly reduced in recent years due to human factors such as the establishment of factories, creation of various industrial zones, soil erosion and degradation, drought, depletion of water tables, loss of accessible water resources, improper cropping patterns, population growth due to immigration from other provinces and climate change. The results of vulnerability assessment show that a massive pressure was exerted on sustainable use of the environment of Alborz Province by human impacts. Alborz Province suffers from various risks for which applying environmental services, such as conservation of soil nutrients, biodiversity and diverse vegetation of land, can be effective in their reduction.
Environmental risks are major threats to the degradation of resources and environmental services in Alborz Province which should be controlled and prevented. Complete identification of pre-existing risks and their spatial analysis can help in the development of conservation strategies for vulnerable areas.

1. Today, transport is one of the foundations of human progress and the pavement and road construction is an important component of transport sector. But in the meantime, Iran, need for ways to answer with having a high level of service and also to act nicety in terms of air pollution. In this research, the pavement methods compared and characterized a pavement that is more accommodating to the known green. One of the first pavement design dates back to the 1920s that were carried out on the pavement sheet. The use of heavy duty asphaltic mixture was conducted in 1930. The use of porous asphalt pavement in the Netherlands refers in 1972 as reducing the noise of the freeway. So, by 2010 about 90 percent of the freeway in the Netherlands had been equipped with this type of asphalt. The first report on the construction of concrete pavement in Scotland dates back to 1865. The first samples of the new roller compacted concrete pavement (RCC)was in the 1970s in Spain and in the way traffic was low. Four pavements spoted to study: bituminous asphalt, porous asphalt, roller compacted concrete pavement and foam concrete. Then in this study, Review the pavements characteristics for comparing with bituminous asphalt. 1.1 Characteristics of porous asphalt pavement 2.1 Characteristics of roller compacted concrete pavement 3.1 Characteristics of foam concrete pavement
2. Multi Ceriteria Decision Making Multi-criteria analysis process in a group of two or more decision that each has different priorities and approaches to the problem of decision making. In this case, the purpose of group decisionmaking, to achieve the optimal choice from among a set of options is established as the most agreement among decision-makers. Equivalent numerical values are weighted qualitatively as follows: Positive criteria: very little (1) little (2), relatively little (3), medium (4), relatively much (5), much (6), very much (7). Negative criteria: very little (7), little (6), relatively little (5), medium (4), relatively much (3) much (2), very much (1).
In this study of four common methods of analysis were used: 1.2 The multi-criteria analysis methods 1.1.2 Weighted sum This method is the easiest and most versatile multi-criteria analysis. In this way, all the criteria to become a standard scale. This scale, usually between zero and one option that a number represents the best performance.
2.1.2 TOPSIS This method is from distance-based methods. In this way, the choice should be the shortest distance from the ideal solution and have the farthest from non-ideal solution.
3.1.2 Adaptive planning The basis of this method is based on the concept of the ideal displacement. In this way, prioritization and ranking options based on their distance from the point is undesirable.
4.1.2 Ordered weighted averaging operation method (With the parted quantifier): This function is one-dimensional mapping of the n-dimensional space: F: Rn → R. This function is used to calculate the intelligent multi-criteria analysis, which relies on an n-dimensional weight vector is called. In this study, four of pavements are considered which conventional bituminous asphalt pavement compare with other pavements. Criteria of air pollution are: The particulate emissions resulting from the pavement production, the emissions resulting from the pavement production, Reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles, Pavements duty performance, the primary and secondary fuel for the pavement production, usage of recycled resources and Pavements structural performance.
3. Based on the criteria and weights considered in Table 1 Ranking of pavement is equal to the values in Table 2. Analysis on Table 2, foam concrete and asphalt Bituminous as the most appropriate and worst option are specified. Other noteworthy that only in some cases, roller compacted concrete and porous asphalt pavement moved in the rankings, but in the other cases, RCC in the second and third option is PA.
4. Conclusion
The research result shows that the foam concrete is as the best option among the proposed options for urban pavement that it is more compatible with the Green Way and it received the highest rating in criteria have been proposed. Also, application priority of pavement techniques in the Iran are: foam concrete, roller compacted concrete, porous asphalt and bituminous asphalt. According to this study, the conventional method used in pavement (bituminous asphalt) is considered unsuitable options.

Nowadays one of the most important global issues is environmental problems that can cause harm to human and other organisms. Because of these problems we need to find strategies for solving them. One of the most important problems in the world is the pollution produced by different industries like oil industry that has a significant role in the nations economic and progress. There are many solutions and methods for surveying and mitigating the industries effects.
Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) is one of these methods that order alternatives based on their importance. Ranking problems consist in rank ordering of all alternatives from the worst to the best, looking at their evaluations on the considered criteria. In present study two more important outranking methods (PROMETHEE and ELECTRE) were assessed and their advantages and disadvantages were surveyed. Also a study was done in Arak petrochemical industry by PROMETHEE method as a case study and construction phase alternatives were ranked by mentioned method.
Case study investigation and review on other studies showed that the PROMEHTEE method because of some features like being easy to use, understandable, Ability to cope with uncertainty, importance the decision makers, ability of visual representation, validity and flexibility is more applicable than ELECTRE.
So the suggested method can be applied for making environmental decisions and also oil and petrochemical industries that simultaneously deal with qualitative and quantitative data and uncertainty. The researchers hope that it would have desirable results.

Kalat Dam and Hydropower Plant, which is in Maroon River Basin, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province is situated in the southwest of Iran. In this research, in order to select the optimum alternative to this Project, with due emphasis on the environmental criterions, three alternatives, namely, Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna, are investigated. This plan encompasses the objectives of securing reserves, controlling flood, and producing hydro-electric power (HEP), which is currently studied, from the potentials of Maroon River waters. Table 1 illustrates the most critical technical specifications of the considered alternatives.
Table1: Technical specifications of the considered alternatives to Kalat Dam and Hydropower Plant Project
Dam Crest Elevation
(masl) Dam Height
(m) Reservoir Area
(ha) Reservoir Volume
(MCM) Alternative
830 130 2119 1313 kalat
1020 180 1339 704 Sarkoh
1070 170 751 423 Zirna
The studied area is located in Maroon River basin. The survey of soil erosion in the reservoir shows that the classification of erosion is not significantly intensive in the studied area. Thereby, from the viewpoint of erosion, the alternatives are in a desirable condition.
In the limits of the dam reservoir in Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna options, there are a number of 15, 8, and 2 villages which are located, respectively. Only within the limits of the reservoir of Kalat alternative, there exist two shrines and a historical bridge, which shall be submerged during the water-intake of the reservoir.
To determine the ecological capacity of reservoirs, slope, bedrock permeability, and density of vegetation, cover maps are used. Ecological model is classified into three groups: suitable, semi-suitable, and unsuitable. After overlaying the maps, the ecological capacity of the region is prepared.
In order to determine the optimum alternative, the analytic hierarchy process is utilized. The first step in this method is to create a structural formation at three levels, which are: Level 1- in selecting the optimum alternative, Level 2- Factors: in the way of criterions, and Level 3- Plans: considered for the selection.
To determine the criteria, check-list method is utilized. Subsequently, in accordance with the results of the check-list, the primary criteria are determined. In this research, by taking the environmental observations into account, 9 key criteria are selected.
In the second step, their weighting or coefficient importance is determined. To evaluate a criterion in relation to another criterion, a numerical value of 1 to 9 is taken into consideration such that two criteria, which are of an equal value, are evaluated numerically as (1). However, if the importance and priority in applying a criterion are infinitely more than those of another criterion, its comparative evaluation is considered 9 and the intermediate digits are determined based on the relative importance of the criteria.
In the third step, on the basis of the implication of the criterion coefficients and utilization of Expert Choice (EC) software, the weighting or significance of each of the indexes, relative to those of a higher level (relative weight), are computed. Such comparison and weighting are implemented in pairs between the criteria.
In the fourth step, the alternatives are separately compared in the form of pairs in each criterion and are weighed. However, in the ultimate step, by combining the comparative weightings of the alternatives and criteria, the final weighting of each alternative is calculated. Finally, the alternative that gains the optimum weight shall bear a critical degree of importance with respect to the other alternatives.
Discussion of According to the results of assessment shown in Figure 1, ecological capacity map shows that 100% of Zirna alternative and more than 91% of Sarkoh and Kalat alternatives are located in suitable and semi-suitable zones. Because of different criteria, in order to determine the optimum alternative, multiple criteria decision analysis is utilized.
Fig.1: Ecological capacity map of three alternatives
In accordance with the basic studies and environmental conditions existing in the studied area, the environmental consequences of the plan are investigated in order to determine the environmental criteria (indices) using check-list method.
Based on the results obtained from the predicted impacts in Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna alternatives, it can be concluded that, despite the high importance of some criteria, they are not selected for determining selected criteria, since all the three alternatives have the same or similar conditions. Therefore, the most critical environmental criteria selected from the check-list method are: land use, threatened species of index flora having ecological value, index fauna, rural population centers, limits of the operational area influenced from the viewpoint of environmental destruction, land ownership, cultural heritage sites, other development plans and seismicity of sites.
In the subsequent phase, by utilizing Expert Choice software, the weighting of the criteria with respect to each other is mutually performed in such a manner that an increment in points, from 1 to 9, illustrates a more critical value in one criterion compared to another. In considering all the aspects and criteria, the alternative relative to Zirna, which has attained the highest points of 0.347, is the selected option, whereas the alternatives of Kalat and Sarkooh with the ranking of 0.339 and 0.314 points, respectively, are the second and third priorities. The results of comparison and points of the three alternatives demonstrate that the alternative of Sarkooh which has a noteworthy variation relative to the other two options has minimum points. The results attained in the developed model in the ‘Expert Choice software is demonstrated in Figure 2.Fig. 2: Results of the final weighting of the alternatives in the ‘Expert Choice’ Software
Results obtained from this research illustrated that, in order to determine a choice of alternatives from the environmental point of view, conditions relating to land use, index flora, seismic conditions, and regional population specifications are of greater importance. Hence, they had an immense impact on determining the ultimate site. Comparison of the final points, which were determined for the three axes, showed that the sites of Zirna, Kalat, and Sarkooh, which attained 0.347, 0.338, and 0.312 points, respectively, gained the first to third priorities in terms of being selected for the dam location.
In the preliminary survey and without specifying the significant coefficients of the criteria, it seemed that, due to a few distinctions such as presence of accessible roads and less amount of damage to the reservoir, Sarkooh alternative gained the first preference for the dam construction, since, with the disclosure of all the major criteria in decision-making and bringing into consideration the critical coefficients as well as coupling comparison between the alternatives, it was specified that this alternative would be at farther distance than other options, ranking the last priority. Thereby, in all the projects in which a selection should be made between several alternatives which are subjected to numerous factors, it is essential to utilize appropriate multiple criterion assessment methods.
Finally, it is proposed that, since numerous dam and power plant projects are simultaneously studies or implemented in this basin, in order to prevent biased attitudes toward a specific project, strategic environmental assessment studies and regional planning must be performed.

all steps of a mining project generally disturb the environment’s original condition during execution. Therefore from exploration until end of the exploitation and after mining closure, there should be an exhaustive applied reclamation plan of the mined land. Planting the suitable plant species in each step of any reclamation plan in this area is the goal of this research. In all type of post mining land use such as Agriculture, Pasture, Forestry, Tourist attraction, Wild life creation, selection and planting the appropriate plant species are the most essential requirements to implement a successful mined land reclamation plan. The Research methodology is selecting the plant species that is carried out on the basis of the primary factors which include type of Post mining land use, Climate, Nature­ of soil. The priority is defined between the selected species, based on of the secondary factors (Perspective of the region, resistance against disease and insects, strength and method of growth, availability to plant Species, Economic efficiency, Protection of soil and storing water, prevention from pollution) by a MCDM model. This model is implemented by FUZZY TOPSIS method. The mentioned procedure was applied in the Sungun Copper Mine in Iran. Decision making was executed on the basis of oral judgments and experts group opinions in the case study.Risults and Discution: The results have been consisted of maple, Ash, Barberry, Paliurus Spina –Christi, Oak, and Sloe respectively. All species are native. In parts that ground is damaged and also waste dump sites, are used Maple and Paliurus Spina –Christi and Sloe are stabilizers and compatible till field is prepared for planting residuary of plants.

According to the importance of the surface water resources in terms of food production for society, and in order to sustainable development we should manage them consciously, In addition to protecting water resources provide suitable habitat for aquatic species. In the past the most Iranian coastal rivers of the Caspian Sea were the normal amplification of Ruitilus frisii kutum, but nowadays for several reasons only some of these rivers are the main areas of spring migration of fishes in Iranian coastal water of Caspian Sea. So this study was done with the purpose of assessing variation of some physico-chemical factor in major estuaries of the southern coastal water of the Caspian Sea and to identify the most appropriate river to release Ruitilus frisii kutum juveniles; So the most important environmental factor affecting the release of juveniles using the Delphi method and preference degree of factors using the AHP method was determined. So the rivers were assessed using Multi Criteria Decision method; so in multisubject compensatory decision models of grading and scoring subgroups, a simple weighted method and to reach a general consensus the mean ranks method was used. The results showed that all estuaries of rivers in the view of physicochemical Factors are subject to large variations. And results showed that Gorganrud, Tajan and Sefidrud are most polluted rivers and Cheshmehkileh, Khalehsara and Khoshkrud are best rivers for releasing of Ruitilus frisii kutum in among the studied rivers southern Caspian Sea.

Nowadays one of the most important global issues is environmental problems that can cause harm to human and other organisms. This problem is caused due to various factors like pollutants and other environmental disturbances. Because of these factors we need to find strategies for solving such problems. One of the most important problems in the world is the pollution produced by different industries like oil industry that has a significant role in the nations economic and progress. There are many solutions and methods for surveying and mitigating the industries effects. Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) is one of these methods that order alternatives based on their importance. Ranking problems consist in rank ordering of all alternatives from the worst to the best، looking at their evaluations on the considered criteria. In present study two more important outranking methods (PROMETHEE and ELECTRE) were assessed and their advantages and disadvantages were surveyed. Also a study was done in Arak petrochemical industry by PROMETHEE method as an case study and construction phase alternatives were ranked by mentioned method. Case study investigation and review on other studies showed that the PROMEHTEE method because of some features like being easy to use، understandable، Ability to cope with uncertainty، importance the decision makers، ability of visual representation، validity and flexibility is more applicable than ELECTRE. So the suggested method can be applied for making environmental decisions and also oil and petrochemical industries that simultaneously deal with qualitative and quantitative data and uncertainty. The researchers hope that it would have desirable results

One of the major tasks of urban and regional planners is allocation of land to various urban utilizations according to the role and function of the city, urban economy, and also cross-effect of the land-uses with each other. This is the quantitative aspect of the subject, but what is more important is the qualitative aspect which means appropriate distribution and deployment of land-uses or applications on a physical level (optimal location of land-use). A planning in this way by appropriate land-uses help citizens enjoy the services and facilities offered in different parts of the city. This competent planning requires no additional commuting and will reduce environmental pollution, help to create safe urban space and acceptable environment, and provides peaceful, convenient living. Cemeteries are the places where are considered as the essential services in urban areas. Unfortunately, it is predicted that fullness and replenishment of cemeteries will leads to urban crisis in the next decade and finding other places for cemeteries will be unavoidable. Necessity of having the second or third cemetery in urban areas is not only because of their replenishment or fullness but also it is due to their distance from the cities. This can be problematic for the citizens and make difficulties for the citizens to visit the graves. It seems that the idea of cemeteries development in different directions of the cities would makes the access to them easier for the citizens. Nevertheless, urban planners still do not pay attention to establishment of new cemeteries in the cities according to the facts. Due to the importance finding a suitable place for construction of cemetery in one hand and the complexity of the problem because of different effective factors on the other hand, selection of a suitable environment to model and solve the problem is very important to find the solution. According to studies and surveys conducted in Geographical Information System (GIS) it was found that this system has excellent features and capabilities in collection, storage, retrieval, detection, integration, analysis, modeling, and displaying of geographic data. Having these functionalities, GIS can be used in site selection of urban centers such as cemeteries by involvement of qualitative and quantitative variables. Moreover, GIS can also be used as a strong decision support system in urban planning and management. Therefore, to model and solve the optimization problem of finding a suitable place for a cemetery, the techniques in the MCDM is utilized in GIS environment. Materials: In this study, environmental, social, and economic standards have been considered for finding a suitable place for constructing a new cemetery. Effective criteria in locating the cemetery were identified using expert opinions and resources. Included criteria are distance from city, distance from river, access to main road, slope, geology, soil, and land-use. After the criteria were identified, due to the lack of sufficient information about the amount of effectiveness and interaction of the factors with each other it was tried to make a weighting of the factors based on their relationships. Distance from city: there are different reasons that the cemetery should be located away from the urban main structure. From the jurisprudential view, the maximum distance of cemetery from the city shall be such that not to break the prayer and revocation of fasting. On the other hand, given that the Muslims are going to pilgrimage of the graves periodically (roughly every week), thus distance of cemetery should not be such that the citizens have access difficulties. It should not also cause transmission in many types of contaminations. However, for the favour of urbanism principles, distance between cemetery and the city is necessary, otherwise several problems such as the following will occurs: Transmission of different types of pollutions including air pollutions due to burning of the dead costumes, interactions resulting from decomposition of corpses, contamination caused by burial in soil, noise pollution induced mourning and wailing voices of the survivors. Psychological effects and depression of people, particularly for children who living around the cemetery, they are facing harrowing scenes of wailing every day. Traffic due to mass movement of the participants in funeral ceremony. Road access criteria: due to funeral ceremony and the events afterwards, commuting to the cemetery takes place in collective and group form. At specific days such as Friday nights and some national religious occasions many people turn to the cemeteries. Therefore, proper and safe access to these palces are very significant. It is to mention that sometimes funeral participants do not act rationally due to mental disorders. Hence, if access way to cemetery is out of the town and if it consists of many intersections it may have safety issues. Soil: In chemical interactions on corpse the soil type and material is highly effective. Compounds that are high absorbent of water and or their absorption are very low, cause that the corpse remains in the soil for a long time. Therefore, the soil material and its compounds should be such that not cause disorder in corpse decomposition. Geology: In terms of permeability, the bedrock could be considered as primary necessities in selection of cemetery location. Because very high permeability leads to groundwater pollution and in contrast low permeability leads to contamination of surface water. Surface waters: Cemetery should not be adjacent to river, fountain, and subterranean, because cemetery sewage and specially mortuary wastewater is highly contaminated and by no means should not contact the water for human, livestock, and farming consumption. Land’s slope: topography of cemetery location should have suitable slope to rapid depletion of flowing surface waters, so that the water from rain and snow should not remain on the cemetery surface. The topography of the burial place should also be considered to determine the extent of required excavations and embankments for land leveling Since finding a place for new cemetery requires criteria identification and weighting them as well, spatial multi-criteria decision making techniques in combination with GIS capabilities in resolving such problems can play a key role in achieving the goal. In multi-criteria decision making there are several techniques in regards to site selection. In the current study and in order to select suitable location, ANP, DEMATEL, were used along with GIS. In order to execute the site selection, fuzzy membership values determined for each phase and their corresponding fuzzy maps are prepared in ArcGIS software environment. In addition, for geological and soil criteria based on their types, discrete fuzzy values were devoted. In the final step, the obtained weights in network analysis process for each criterion were multiplied by the obtained fuzzy map for that criterion. To determine an optimal location for construction of a new cemetery, after generation of the weighted fuzzy maps in ArcGIS environment, all proportional maps were combined in ArcGIS using gamma operator with the value of 0.7. The difference between suitable and unsuitable location are discerned in the operators. Gamma value of 0.9 allocates greater areas to suitable location, and gamma 0.8 is also high percentage of suitable location. The results obtained from gamma value of 0.7 indicate that the area of unsuitable location is high and area of suitable location is low. As a result, the operator will assist us to determine the most suitable location. Gamma operator has adjusted very high sensitivity of multiplication in fuzzy operator of fuzzy sum. The results obtained from this operator were used to execute the model for constructing cemetery. The selected locations from combination of all the effective factors give us a suitable location qualified all the hygiene and environment principles for places of the cemeteries. Based on previous researches and the results of the current study, it can be argued that using spatial decision support system through DEMATEL and ANP techniques in GIS environment by gamma fuzzy operators helps to execute an appropriate evaluation and the results close to the real world. DEMATEL technique, by enjoyment of graph theory principles, can be applied to extract the relationships of cross-effectiveness and influence of the elements in the graph of the present study. Thus, it can determine intense effects of the cited relations in the form of numerical scores. One of the advantages of this method compared with other decision making methods is use of feedback relationship. This means that in the structure of this technique each element can affect the same level of elements, upper and lower level elements as well, and in contrast takes effects from each of them. Utilization of DEMATEL for ANP method is effective not only for calculation of influence level between different groups of factors but for matrix normalization. Construction of cemetery in these places can avoid pollution emission in the city. The research suggests also the places for cemeteries in order to avoid traffic in the city.

The rapidly expanding urban areas of the world constitute an environmental challenge for the 21st century that requires both new analytic approaches and new sources of data and information. Ecological Planning with multi-criteria decision making is a process that evaluates the alternative land uses in relation to its environmental and socioeconomic surroundings, with the purpose of manage the natural resources, preserve the ecosystems and solve or diminish possible environmental conicts. The objective of this research is to determine an ecological capability of urban development by using Fuzzy Logic Model (FLM) in GIS and IDRISI environments for the south zone of Centeral Alborz. This evaluation incorporated ecological factors in the region, such as physical factors (Topography, Elevation, Slope, Soil, Geology, Precipitation, Temperature) and biological factors (Vegetation density and Conservation areas) affecting in urban development land use. First, Urban land-use was categorized according to the classes of ecological word model in Iran, such as suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable. Then, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) was performed to evaluate ecological suitability of the development for each class, according to appropriately measured and weighted factors and a suitability map for the classes was developed using an algorithm that combines factors in the integrated fuzzy method of Weighted Linear Combination- Analytical Hierarchy Process (WLC-AHP). The results indicated that MCDM with FLM has high functionality for environmental evaluation of urban development .

Khouzestan super Heavy oil refinery, 7 km north of Abadan in Khouzestan province was chosen as a case study, in assessing the environmental impacts, by Delphi method and the TOPSIS, (a multicriteria decision models). The advantage of TOPSIS in the environmental impacts assessment is ranking positive and negative effects by using different criteria. Appropriate method to assess the effects must have standards and guidelines for determining and ranking the intensity, range, and so on. By using this method in environmental impact assessment, infinitely alternative (the impacts of a specific plan) can be ranked based on the infinitely criteria. High accuracy and use of spreadsheet software are other advantages of this method. Present research is a step towards the introduction of new methods of environmental impact assessment and its application in the EIA process in Iran,which, however selecting the appropriate methodology has a long way to go (for lack of standards).