جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تنوع گونه ای » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Birds are the major part of Iran's vertebrates and they are scattered in a wide area of the country and are known as one of the important are known as one of the most important biological indicators for diagnose the environmental state and ecosystems wellness. Therefore, identifying the bird’s fauna is the first and vital step in this regard. The present study was carried out with the aim of identifying the avifauna of Haft Hoz national tourist zone in Mashhad city during 2 years from March 2020 to March 2022. Haft Hoz is a mountainous region that includes seven natural ponds is located over seven kilometers in the southeast of Mashhad city. To identify birds based on their flight, color, size, behavior and sound, a survey method was used using binoculars, photographic cameras and birdwatching telescopes. According to the results, 147 bird species from 18 orders were identified in the study area (27% of the species and 69% of the orders identified in Iran). The highest diversity and abundance of species belongs to the Passeriformes order with 76 species (51.7% of all observed species), and the least variety and abundance of species belongs to the order of Cuculiformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Piciformes and Ptercolidiformes with one genus and one species identified in the region. Also, among the identified species, 28 species are supported and protected, 5 species with conservation value are in the IUCN Red List and 20 species are also in CITES Appendix One and Two. . The results of this research indicates that Haft Hoz national tourism zone has a rich bird’s fauna and it will have a high potential in terms of tourism, especially bird watching, so it is essential to pay more attention to this area.

The aim of this study was to investigate species diversity of the ground beetles, Carabidae Latreille, 1802 family in Alborz Province in three regions, including Karaj, Eshtehard and Taleghan. For this purpose, during 2016 and 2017, a total of 27 stations were sampled using pitfall traps. The Shannon-Wiener index was calculated as an index of species diversity. According to the results, a total of 329 ground beetles, including 36 species belonging to 20 genera and 9 subfamilies were identified in the studied areas, which included 15 new records for Alborz Province. The most dominant species in Karaj were Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) griseus (Panzer, 1796), Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) rufipes (Degeer, 1774), Harpalus (Harpalus) distinguendus distinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812) and Calathus (Neocalathus) cinctus (Motschulsky, 1850). Zabrus (Zabrus) morio morio (Ménétriés, 1832) and Grammognatha euphratica (Dejean, 1822) in Eshtehard and Ditomus calydonius oriens (Dvořák, 1993), Calathus (Calathus) syriacus (Chaudoir, 1863) and Harpalus (Harpalus) oblitus oblitus (Dejean, 1829) in Taleghan were dominant. The results of the nonparametric biodiversity indices (Shannon-Wiener) showed that Karaj had the highest species diversity.

Identification, species diversity and abundance of Albernoeid fish in the rivers of Tehran province from autumn 2018 to autumn 2019 were carried out for twelve months. For this purpose, 24 sampling stations were selected. The samples were fixed with alcohol after capture by electroshock and transferred to the laboratory for bioassays. The results of this study showed that two types of Alburnoides namaki and Alburnoides eichwaldi were identified in the rivers of Tehran province. In this study, Alburnoides namaki were identified in Jajroud, Nimrud and Hablehrood rivers and Alburnoides eichwaldi in Lar river. The frequency of Alburnoides namaki species is more than Alburnoides eichwaldi species, so that the Alburnoides namaki species has 60 pieces in Jajrud river and in Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir and Pakdasht stations and 48 pieces in Nimrud. And in Andrey Asour stations, downstream and upstream of Arjmand and Nimrud dam and 27 pieces were caught in Hablehrood and in Zarrin-Dasht, Simindasht, Khamdeh and Anzar stations. But only 12 pieces of Caspian tailoring were caught in the Lar River and at the Lar Dam station. Of course, it should be noted that Albernoeid fish was not caught at any of the Kan and Shur river stations. Alburnoides eichwaldi species was caught in spring and summer and was not observed in autumn and winter. Alburnoides namaki species was observed in all seasons

Species diversity is a combination of two interrelated components of species richness and evenness. The first component is the species richness, which is related to the number of species in the sampling unit; The second component is evenness, which refers to the distribution of species in the site. One of the important problems of these indicators is not determining the contribution of these two components in the diversity index value. An effective method that has been developed for this purpose is called SHE. The aim of the was to investigate the contribution of diversity of understory species in four natural stands, Acer velutinum Boiss, Alnus subcordata C. A. M. and Cupressus sempervirens. var horizontalis afforestation in Colet forest.

In this research, using 40 square plots with an area of 400 square meters, which were selectively sampled in the study area. Then, the list of all herbaceous species with its cover percentage were recorded by Vandermarel criteria. Woody species were counted in each sample plot. The grass and wood cover data were organized in Excel and PAST software for analyzing of richness (number of species, Margalf richness and Menhenick richness), evenness (Shannon-Wiener), diversity (Simpson and Shannon-Wiener). The normality and homogeneity of the data was evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Leven test, respectively. SHE analysis was used to determine the contribution of each component of richness and evenness.

The results of comparing the mean of different diversity indices related to herbaceous species showed that the four studied stands (natural, Acer velutinum Boiss, Alnus subcordata C. A. M. and Cupressus sempervirens. var horizontalis) have significant differences in terms of richness (Margalf and Manhenic) (P <0/01). The results of classification of plants in terms of biological form by Raunkiaer method also showed that hemicryptophytes have the highest abundance in the study area. Also the SHE analysis of richness and evenness components for woody regeneration species in the Colet area showed that the evenness of the trend is constant between the four stands and the richness index in the Cupressus sempervirens and natural stands were fluctuating and its trend has an increase shape. In the Alnus subcordata stand, the evenness and richness index had the same contribution in determining the diversity of herbaceous species and woody regeneration in this region. In addition, SHE curve showed that the richness curve (LnS) and the uniformity (Ln E) do not change with each other, and the change in the richness curve is greater than the evenness. This indicates a greater contribution of richness than evenness in contribution of determining the diversity of data related to herbaceous species and woody regeneration. In fact, this showed that with the increase in the number of samples, only rare species were being added to the list of herbaceous and woody species.

In general, the results of the present study showed that the diversity of herbaceous species due to species composition in the natural stand had the highest value in this region. Also, richness and diversity of woody species in natural stand and broadleaves reforestation stands were higher than coniferous reforestation. Therefore, reforestation with broadleaves species has a positive effect on the diversity in the region. Also, the effective factor on the diversity indices in the four stands was the richness component (Ln S), which means that severe changes and fluctuations in plant species and their composition have been observed.

Determining the distribution range and habitat conditions of indicator species of plant communities in rangeland ecosystems is the basic information needed for these ecosystems' management. Different species of the Astragalus genus have diverse functions in natural ecosystems. Therefore, in this article, the distribution area of the Astragalus species in Iran and their relationship with the altitude factor were evaluated. According to the obtained results, the total area of Iran's Astragalus habitats in those rangelands where Astragalus species are present in the main composition of the plant types is higher than 20.94 million hectares (13% of the country's area). The most area of Astragalus habitat and the most species richness of the Astragalus genus are located at 1000 to 3000 m.s.l. A. fasciculifolius, A. arbusculinus, A. spinosus, and A. squarrosus arethe most frequent of the Astragalus genus at altitudes of less than 1000 meters. A. fasciculifolius, A. microcephalus, and A. gossypinus are the most frequent species of the Astragalus genus at altitudes of 1000 to 2000 meters. A. adscendens, A. microcephalus, A. susianus, and A. gossypinus are the most frequent species of the Astragalus genus at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 meters.  A. adscendens, A. gossypinus, and A. microcephalus are the most frequent of the Astragalus genus in areas with altitudes of more than 3000 meters.

Cotton or white gold (Gossypium spp., Malvaceae) is one of important and valuable crops which is used in textile and oil industries. There are diverse and key pests in all the cotton fields of Iran which cause severe damages to this crop. The fauna of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of cotton pests was studied in some cotton fields of Iran. In total, forty three species of predators within order Coleoptera (eight species of Coccinellidae and five species of Carabidae), order Diptera (seven species of the family Syrphidae), order Heteroptera (seven species of the family Anthocoridae, three species of the family Geocoridae, three species of the family Nabidae, four species of the family Reduviidae), order Neuroptera (one species of the family Chrysopidae, one species of the family Hemerobiidae), order Mantodea (one species of the family Empusidae, three species of the family Mantidae) and 37 species of parasitoids in two orders Diptera (three species of the family Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera (five species of the family Aphelinidae, seven species of the family Braconidae, two species of the family Chalcididae, two species of the family Eulophidae, 12 species of the family Ichneumonidae, four species of the family Pteromalidae and two species of the family Trichogrammatidae were collectd and identified.

Knowledge of distribution patterns and maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity along environmental and disturbance gradients is essential to develop biodiversity conservation strategies. In this study, modeling of beta diversity construct was performed at Kheyrud forests of Noshahr.

Modeling of beta diversity was conducted using 7 indicators for disturbance construct, 4 indicators for environmental heterogeneity, 10 indicators for soil, and 5 indicators for land cover and crown percent construct. All species of vascular plants at 100 plots and 6 homogeneous zones were recorded along disturbance gradients in cluster sampling. Beta diversity indices were calculated for each cluster and with other indicators of constructs were entered in structural equation modeling.

Results showed that the remaining indicators in the model were able to explain the variation in beta diversity (R2= 0.761). The predictive relevance of the model for the beta diversity construct was very large (Q2= 0.422).

The most important disturbance indicators were area accessibility, number of management plans for harvest, reverse of the years since last harvest, number of grazing days per year and livestock density per hectare, respectively. Effective soil indicators for beta diversity were soil organic matter content, nitrogen and percentage of calcium carbonate of the soil, effective bulk density and soil potassium levels, respectively. Canopy cover and litter cover had negative influence on beta diversity. Environmental heterogeneity had a significant moderator role in reduction of disturbance influence on beta diversity. Because of the scale of disturbance and environmental heterogeneity, beta diversity is useful for comparing communities.

Road construction in forest ecosystems cause the microclimate, light regime to be changed and thus reduce light competition adjacent to the roads that provide the access to solar radiation for a variety of the plants. So the density and stock of plants around the road is increased by fast-growing and shade intolerant species which changes the diversity of plant species in the forest ecosystem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ecological effect of forest roads on wooden tree and shrub species in Zilakyrood region of Roodbar.

In this study, a part of forest roads in Series 4 of Zilakirood at the age of 18 was selected in terms of homogeneity of height, aspect and slope changes and species composition status with sufficient length (500 m). In this road, 6 transects were designed and  parallel plots were implemented at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 30 and 50 meters, with dimensions of 2 in 10 meters. The number and type of wooden tree and shrub species were sampled. Diversity index of Simpson, richness index of Menhinic and evenness index of Pilow were calculated using Ecological methodology software. To compare the parameters of species biodiversity, after normalization of data, paired t-test was used and to determine whether the differences in sample plots are significant or not, ANOVA and Duncan test was used.

The results of this study showed that a there is no significant difference between downstream and upstream edge of the forest roads in terms of Simpson diversity index, Menhinic richness and evenness Pilow indices (to a depth of 50 m in Forest). But there is a significant difference in terms of wood species richness in plots between various distances of downstream and upstream of roads in the study area at 95% probability. Also, the highest species richness was at the downstream and upstream of roads, respectively at the distance of 5 and 1 meter from the edge of the road.

Since the roads as the access routes to forest ecosystems are important both for humans and invasive plant species, road ecology studies is very important and valuable to monitor and control the impact of forest roads on biodiversity. So, the knowledge about the flora and edaphic conditions is essential to minimize the damage to vegetation and soil in the region influenced by forest roads.

Bakhtegan wetland including Kamjan, Tashk and Bakhtegan are the most important aquatic habitats of waterbirds in the inland of Iran that in recent years, the severe decline in water level and habitat changes have reduced the quality and quantity of habitat for waterbirds. In this study, the trends of biodiversity changes are studied based on the values of waterbird species diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener & Simpson), Species richness indices (Margalef & Minhinick) and species evenness indices (Pielou & Simpson) using the SDR-IV software in the 31 years' period (2018-1998) including two ten-years and one 11-years' time frames.Moreover, the area of alive wetland in the migration season of waterbirds by calculated using the Landsat satellite imagery collected on November to December. Comparison of diversity indices using ANOVA (analysis of variance) at three time intervals showed that there is no significant difference between species diversity indices and Pielou species evenness index (F2,28 = Shannon-Wiener 2.082, Simpson 0.995, Pielou 2.132, P>0.05). The lowest values of the Margalef index were found in the period of 2009–2009 that were significantly different with other previous decade but there was no significantly differences with periods of 1988–1998. The highest value of the richness index of Minhinick and Simpson E were found in the periods of 2009–2019 and were significantly different with previous decades (p < 0.05). The highest of area of alive wetland in the 1990s and the lowest was in 2001 and in the last decade. It seems that fluctuation of water level and decreasing the alive area of Bakhtegan basin wetlands are the most important factors in the changing the values of waterbird diversity. Providing the environmental flow requirement, implementation of comprehensive wetland management programs and establishment of integrated ecosystem management system are the most important strategies for restoring the waterbird biodiversity of the studied wetlands.

 Considering the importance of forest roads and their positive and negative effects on the forest ecosystem, in this study, the effects of a forest road on species diversity indices related to trees and shrubs in forests of Pasargad city were investigated.

 After field surveys, 30 plots of 400 square meters (20×20 m) were placed on both sides of the road perpendicular along the third-grade forest road with a distance of 100 meters in 0 to 20, 40 to 60 and 80 to 100 m intervals and the species of trees and shrubs were investigated. Then, richness and uniformity indices were calculated and the mean of each index was measured at similar intervals. Then, in SPSS software, the data were normalized by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as well as homogeneity analysis of variance using Leven's test. The effect of distance from the road on diversity, richness, and uniformity was determined using a one-way ANOVA method, and Duncan's test was also used to compare the multiple means.

 The results of the census of the trees in the study area showed that Amygdalus lycioides species had the highest and Ephedra foliate species had the least abundance in the plots. According to the results, the mean values of diversity, richness, and uniformity indices at different distances from the road showed no significant difference. Also, analysis of variance for values of diversity, richness, and evenness indices at specified intervals showed that there was no significant difference in the 95% confidence level between the values of these indices at different distances from the road.

 Light competition is one of the factors affecting the establishment of trees and shrubs. There was no light competition in the study area due to the long distances between trees and, therefore, the presence of roads in these conditions wouldn’t affect the light competition. On the other hand, the results showed that with increasing distance from the road, there were no significant differences between the density of trees and shrubs and species diversity indices. Third-grade forest roads are used during limited seasons of the year due to limited infrastructure and pavement, and so the adverse effects of human presence would be limited. Therefore, increasing the distance from third-grade forest road in the study area did not affect the richness, diversity, and evenness of tree and shrubs species.

The present study aimed to the biodiversity of Chondrichthyes and distribution of this group of aquatic animals in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea using biodiversity indices and finally, the maps were ploted using the GIS software. Data collection was carried out from October to December 2018 using bottom trawler by Ferdows from Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan provinces waters in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. A total of 4014 specimens were caught in the study area, of which 245 specimens belonged to 10 species and 4 families of sharks and 3769 specimens belonged to 21 species and 12 families. The results showed that Margalef species richness index varied from zero to 1.82 for sharks and from zero to 2.65 for batoids. Also, the Pielou’s evenness index varied from 0.43 to 1 for sharks and from 0.11 to 1 for the batoids. Also, the Shannon index varied from zero to 1.9 for sharks and zero to 1.86 for batoids. The Shannon Diversity Index distribution for sharks only showed a range of 54 to 56 degrees longitude (range south of Qeshm Island to Bandar-lengeh) as a hotspot compared to the rest of the study area. On the other hand, the distribution of this index showed two points, range from 57 to 59 degrees longitude (Sirik to Meydani) and of 53 to 55 degrees longitude (Kish Island to Qeshm Island) as hotspots for the presence of batoids.

Tree species composition is a major feature of forest ecosystems and understanding the major factors that clarify patterns of diversity is an important objective for ecologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between species diversity in tree layer and some features of beech stand in savadkooh forest.

Field data from 24 circular 400 m2 sample plots in the inventory grid of 100 m × 150 m were used in beech stand. For characterizing tree-layer diversity, tree-layer species richness (SR), Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Hill's evenness index were used. Herb-layer species richness (herb-layer SR) was estimated in each plot. Diameter (DBH) and height, also crown diameter in beech trees were measured per sample plot. In addition, litter and humus layer thickness were measured at center and cardinal points of sampling points.

Result showed a total of 7 tree species were recognized in 24 plots. Totally, 23 herbaceous plants belonging to 21 families were found distributing in different plots within forest which higher life form was presented by Hemicryptophytes. There was a significant difference between dominant and co-dominant  layers regarding to tree species richness (SR) and Shanon-weaver diversity index (P<0.01), and higher mean values belonged to the dominant layer. The herb-layer richness correlated significantly with litter thickness, whereas there was no correlation between other factors. SR of tree layer was negatively and significantly correlated with DBH and Height of beech trees and Shanon’s diversity and Hill’s evenness indices of tree layer were negatively correlated with beech frequency.

In general, it can be stated that the highest indicators of richness and tree diversity are observed in the upper floors of the target population, which can be due to competition, the nature of the tree species. It is recommended in forestry operations, the diversity of tree species in different floor to be considered.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the enclosure on the quality of gonbad rangelands using density, diversity and species richness indices.. vegetation sampling was done based on systematic random sampling. Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for vegetation characteristics in each region. The species density was calculated by counting the number of bases in the plot, the species diversity was calculated by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness counting the number of species in each plot. After analyzing, it was determined that the enclosure has a significant effect on species density, species diversity and species richness. Generally, palatability plants and diversity and richness of the species were significantly increased in the protected area. Species diversity in the grazed area increased from 1/798 in the protected area to 2/236. There was a significant decrease in the amount of species richness in the affected area, and from 11.626 species per square meter in the protected area, it reached 9.253 species per square meter. The results indicate that the specimen area has been enclosed with enclosure, vegetation characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued

Assess the diversity of the understanding of ecosystem function; maintain genetic resources, checking environmental changes, and success or failure will help natural resource management programs. Over-grazing and uncontrolled usage of rangelands are the most common and the most important factor of rangeland degradation which causes a reduction in species diversity.

In order to investigate the effect of different grazing intensities on species diversity and uniformity in the rangelands of the southeastern slopes of Sabalan, three habitats with different grazing managements including light, medium and severe grazing were selected and one square meter plots along three 200-meter transects were sampled. In each plot, the list of available species, canopy percentage and number of individuals of each plot were recorded. Simpson, Shannon and Brillon diversity indices and Camargo, Simpson and Smith-Wilson uniformity indices were calculated.

The results showed that the area with medium to light grazing intensity has the highest diversity and uniformity compared to the area with heavy grazing intensity which indicates favorable conditions for the establishment of several species. 

Discussion and Conclusions

Due to the significant effect of grazing intensity on diversity and richness indices, it is necessary for rangeland managers to control grazing intensity through management methods to maintain the diversity of rangeland ecosystems. Therefore, it is enough to target the management based on moderate grazing and bring the areas with intense grazing to the conditions of moderate grazing so that the good and tasty species gradually replace the woody and poor species. Desirable species and plant species and woody species are poor.

It is necessary to be aware of the destructive factors in the ecosystem. These factors cause shelter and biomass destruction, thus decreasing species diversity. Livestock over grazing is one of the most physical destructive pressures on rangeland that leads to a decrease in diversity and vegetation elements. The aim of this study has been conducted to investigate the effect of different grazing intensities on the diversity and richness of plant species in the semi-arid rangelands of Mohammad Abad area of Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran.

We selected 3 sites that included light, moderate and heavy grazing intensities. Sampling was performed using 90 plots (2 m2) along 18 transects. The list of specie, canopy coverage and number of individuals per species were recorded for each sampling unit. To evaluate diversity and richness of the plant species, Margalef and Menhing richness indices, and Simpson, Shannon, Hill N0 and Hill N1 diversity indices were calculated. SPSS software was applied for data analysis. Comparison of different indices of diversity and richness among study sites was performed by the Tukey test.

The results of Margalef richness index showed significant differences between all grazing sites. No significant difference existed in the Menhing richness index of different grazing categories (p<0.01). Results of calculations of diversity indices for Simpson, Shannon, Hill N0 and Hill N1 showed that there were significant difference (p<0.01) between all grazing sites.

Generally, diversity and species richness indices due to low rainfall and placement in the semi-arid region are relatively low in the case study. Therefore, because of the sensitive and fragile nature of these types of rangelands in the operation, we should pay more attention to prevent further destruction and amended the composition.

To investigate the changing trend of diversity indicators of aquatic and waterfowl overwintering birds in Choghakhor Wetland, the half-winter data are done by Environmental Protection Department of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 1995, 2000,2005,2010, and 2015 and are investigated. Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Margalef species richness, and Simpson uniformity indicators for aquatic and waterfowl species in Choghakhor wetland have been investigated during studied years. The maximum and minimum values of the Shannon Diversity Index were obtained 4.61(2005) and 4.39 (2010), respectively. According to the Simpson Diversity Index, the maximum values were obtained in years1995, 2000, and 2005 (0.96) and the minimum values were obtained in year2010 and 2015 (0.95). In terms of Margalef species richness, the maximum and minimum species richness were determined in 2005(2.86) and 2015(2.23), respectively. Based on Simpson's uniformity index, the maximum and minimum uniformity in Choghakhor Wetland were determined in995, 2005 (0.89), and 2010 (0.86). The numbers of aquatic species were more than other species. Also, the aquatic birds were more than other species. It seems that the Chaghkhor wetland had better ability to provide nutrition resources for aquatic species and this problem has been highlighted by observing more aquatic birds than species.

The industrialization of cities has caused excess pollution, so that in large cities this issue has become a serious issue. The growing population on the one hand and the establishment of factories, on the other hand, make this issue even more critical. As a result, the importance of green space is more intense than ever. With the knowledge of the green space and its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, we can plan the future for the future. In this study, quantitative and qualitative characteristics including type of species, liveliness, diameter per hectare and height of trees have been investigated. Then, the diagrams of the diagonal classes were drawn and it was determined that the number of trees in the lower diagonal classes is higher than the high diagonal classes, and the number of trees decreases as we go up to the diameter classes. In the city of Qalaman, the highest altitude associated with the pine trees and the lowest altitude was related to ash tree trees. Also, according to the results, the trees of the park are well-liked. Variety and richness of species were also calculated using PAST software and Ecological-Methodology. The results of Margalf and Munnich richness were respectively 765/0 and 228/0 respectively, and the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner varieties were respectively 992 / 0 and 030/3 respectively. The results indicate a high diversity of species and rich biodiversity in the park of Galamestan.

Nowadays, maintaining and developing of Green spaces in order to improve life quality and sustainability of the cities is very important. By measuring and reviewing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of trees can be identified more resistance species and used in the future plans. In this study, quantitative characteristics (tree diameter and height) and decay have been examined. The diversity and richness of tree species were calculated on the margins of Chaharbagh Abbasi, Chaharbagh Paein and Abbas Abad streets, using PAST software and Ecological-Methodology, and compared with each other. The results showed that in Charbagh Abbasi Street, Margalof and Munnikh species richeness were 0.604 and 0.182 respectively, Chaharbagh Paein Avenue, respectively, was 0.21 and 0.643 respectively, and Abbas Abad Street, respectively, was 0.624 And 0.202. Also, the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner variations for each of the three streets were equal to 0.445, 0.721, 0.4487, 0.0899, 0.894 and 0.739 respectively. In general, the results indicated that Abbas Abad's biodiversity and bioavailability are relatively more than the two other streets.

Species diversity of Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea, Ichneumonidae) was studied in some regions of Tehran province. In total 17 species within eight subfamilies, Anomaloninae Viereck, 1918, Banchinae Wesmael, 1845, Campopleginae Förster, 1869, Cremastinae Förster, 1869, Cryptinae Kirby, 1837, Ichneumoninae Latreille, 1802, Pimplinae Wesmael, 1845, and Tryphoninae Shuckard, 1840 were collected and identified. All the species are related to 14 genera including, Barylypa Förster, 1869, Lissonota Gravenhorst 1829, Charops Holmgren, 1859, Dusona Cameron 1901, Pristomerus Curtis, 1836, Temelucha Meyrick, 1909, Cryptus Fabricius, 1804, Glyphicnemis Förster, 1869, Ischnus Gravenhorst, 1829, Meringopus (Förster, 1868), Ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758, Virgichneumon Heinrich, 1977, Itoplectis Förster 1869, and Tryphon Fallén, 1813. Three species, Charops cantator (De Geer, 1778), Dusona contumax Förster, 1868 and Temelucha genalis (Szépligeti, 1899) are new records for the fauna of Iran. In this research, seven species of moth (Lepidoptera) related to four families Lasiocampidae, Tortricidae, Noctuidae and Nymphalidae were determined as the hosts of the collected ichneumonids.

Identification of grassland birds and their relationship with the rangelands of Arasbaran protected area in the spring and summer of 2016 with a binocular   and telescope with direct observation and counting species were conducted and 74 species of rangeland birds belonging to the 20 family were identified. Species diversity was determined using Ecological Methodology software. Most of the varieties of Margalf and Manhinnik indices were 8,363 and 3.317 in March, respectively, and the lowest in August was 7.915 and 2.037 respectively. The highest dominance in September was 0.1183 and the lowest value in June was 0.0504.Family Turdidae with 12 species with the most diversity and 7 families with one species were least in the region. The relationship of birds with pasture habitats was nutritional or multi-use. The Family of Accipiteridae and Falconidaqe were dependent on the nutrition of the rangelands such as reptiles, and the Muridae species.  Relationship of birds with grasslands habitat are in two-way and play an important role in pollination and insect population balance. Because birds are part of the constituent elements of the ecosystem, they are affected by the nutrition and transfer of plant seeds and are affected by the biological conditions of the rangelands.