جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پهنه بندی » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The main subject of this research is the Analysis of environmental inhibitors of Extension worker for activity in production areas of the new system of agricultural extension in the organization of agricultural jihad in Kermanshah province.
Material and

This research was conducted in the form of a qualitative approach, using the Ground Theory method and in the year 2020-2021. The studied population consisted of 16 managers of Dehistan Agricultural Jihad Centers and 32 experts of the production areas of Kermanshah Agricultural Jihad Organization, who were selected using the method of successive targeted sampling of the snowball type. Data collection was done using semi-structured individual interview technique, focused group, field observation and note-taking, and in order to validate the research findings, data collection in the study community was also done from the diversity methods. variety, maximum diversity was used in the selection of samples and control by members.

The results showed factors such as the weaknesses of human resources working in the agricultural extension sector, lack of infrastructure and lack of environmental educational facilities, executive, structural and administrative problems and limitations, lack of evaluation of environmental educational programs, cultural and communication factors, and problems and limitations related to the environmental research sector, has caused the Extension worker to not have the necessary skills, and to improve the skill conditions of the Extension worker and the development of the region, strategies such as strengthening communication and Extension skills, Extension planning, monitoring and evaluation, management, empowerment and knowledge enhancement have been presented.
Discussion and

Since environmental problems have been created by humans, the most effective solution to solve these challenges is to improve the knowledge and awareness of agricultural sector users, to promote public culture and to establish appropriate laws, and to achieve this goal., it requires the development of the training of executives and experts responsible for production areas and improving their role, skills and increasing their general environmental knowledge.

The growing and diverse trend of human social needs has led to a change in people's attitudes about the environment and natural resources. As a result, the importance of ecological and environmental functions of forest resources is increasing. This change of attitude has led to the development of the philosophy of sustainable and multi-purpose management of forests. The aim of the present study is the spatial zoning of the environmental capability of Kheyrud forest ecotourism based on special environmental model with a sustainable management approach. The ecological, socio-economic and environmental capability models presented for Hyrcanian forests were used as the basis of the present study. After preparing the required layers, the evaluation of the environmental capability was done based on three scenarios of high, medium, and low severity, and a spatial zoning was done. In this research, the smallest planning unit was selected based on the hydrological response units (HRU). The results of the implementation of the special model of the environmental capability of ecotourism, which is the integration of ecological and socio-economic models, showed that the integration of layers in scenarios with high, medium and low severity, for determinitig of suitable areas for ecotourism in the study area is appropriate.

Environmental hazards, both natural and human, are threatening and capable of harming the human physical and social environment. This damage not only occurs during the occurrence, but is also likely in the long term Environmental hazards are caused by three factors: nature, human and technology The increase in the world's population from three billion people in 1960 to 7.6 billion people a year and the possibility of its increase to 11 billion people in 2050 is one of the reasons for the pressure on nature and the occurrence of hazards Every year many natural hazards and disasters occur in our country, therefore, today it is time for the planners and policy makers of the society to accept that there are always strange events in nature and to predict the possibility of their occurrence in their plans and programs so that when they occur with the volume to face less problems. In other words, knowing the risks is important to reduce them, more important is that people and societies accept the reality of the existence of risks. The frequency and spread of calamities caused by natural hazards has increased In most cases, natural disasters cause severe financial and human losses and disrupt economic and social activities.

Virmoni catchment area is located between 48°43° to 48°50° east longitude and 38°21° to 38° north latitude. This basin is one of the large sub-basins of Talash and rivers in the northwest of Gilan, which originates from the western heights of Astara city (Mount Espinas) at an altitude of 1300 meters and passes through the village of Laton and after passing through the villages of Laton , Turk Mahalle, Awad Ler, Sayadler, Jibreel Mahalle, Sheikh Mahalle, Amir Mahalle and Bijarbin closes at zero altitude near the village of Virmoni, and the branch continues past the middle of Astara city and finally empties its water flow into the Caspian Sea. do The studied basin is limited to Lundville basin from the south, Bezoune basin from the southeast, Caspian sea from the east, Astrachai and Azerbaijan Republic in the north, and Astrachai basin in the west. Its direction is first southwest-northeast and after the exit of the basin in the mountain (the place where the basin closes) it has a general west-east direction. The area of its small water basin at the point of entering the plain is 45 square kilometers, the length of its main branch is 13 kilometers and its shape is elongated, and the average annual volume of the river flow at the point of entering the plain is 28 and 47 million square meters at the Astara station. The water flow of this river has been under investigation and control since 1364, and its power source is the annual rainfall of the area in the rainy season and the melting of the snow in the highlands in the hot season. In (Figure 1) the geographical location of Virmoni watershed is presented.

General Geology of Talash: This mountain range with a north-south (N-S) trend is basically an anticline, which has a north-south axis, the eastern slope has a steep slope and the western slope has a relatively gentle slope. The border of this mountain range with the Caspian sea basin is probably a fault (Astara fault). Talash mountain range is divided into two major parts under the main divisions of Tektunuk: Eastern zone and Western zone. It may be possible to imagine the Noor fault as the boundary of these two zones, as the deposits of the eastern part of the fault are mainly formed from a large amount of clastic sediments along with volcanic activities related to the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene times, and have created anticlines and transgressions in the north-south direction. In its core, in the area of Khutbah Sera, they have found a complex of metamorphosis. Therefore, the oldest rock unit includes metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian, and formations belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as limestone, sandy limestone, and pyroclastic rocks of the Cretaceous and Paleogene, including sandstone, conglomerate, gray shales, tuffs, andesitic flows. Agglomerate tuff and basalt and sand and silt sediments along with gypsum and salt layers are outcropped in the west of Astara. There are no limestones that can feed the underground water table of the plain in the region, and only in the headwaters of some rivers, there are Cretaceous limestone formations in the form of silty limestones and sand with many joints and cracks, which play an essential role in the formation of the river's base discharge.

The current research is under the title of zoning the potential of natural hazards in the Virmoni catchment basin, which during the past seasons has investigated the performance of various natural and human factors influencing the occurrence of natural hazards and the effect of these hazards on the environment and finally preparing a zoning map of the potential of occurrence. According to the results obtained in the topographic section, the area under study is located in the extreme north-west of Talash mountains, and it consists of two parts, the foothills and the plains, and the topographical factors that are effective in the mass movements of this area are the slope, direction and height. According to the studies conducted in the climate section, based on the climate coefficient calculated by Dumarten and Amberget methods for the selected station, this region is located in a very humid climate. In terms of rainfall, it is one of the regions that benefit from the highest rainfall in the country. The effects caused by this type of weather due to excessive rainfall have caused the soil of this region to increase the adhesion and adhesion of its particles and grains to each other, and the penetration of water due to heavy rainfall and increased water pressure has caused Slope movements, especially landslides in the slopes, and the occurrence of heavy rainfall for several days also cause floods. According to the vegetation department studies, the majority of the area is of dense forest vegetation type. This factor prevents landslides to a large extent despite the availability of other natural conditions, but in case of land use change, the conditions for landslides occur. Landslides occur after heavy and continuous rains. The geomorphological studies of the region show that, after the stabilization of the structural geomorphology of the region and the creation of the current complications at the beginning of the Quaternary, the dominant phenomenon in the region, apart from the change of the Caspian Sea bed level during the glacial and interglacial periods, is probably chemical weathering with great intensity. has been high Because considering the current climate (Astara synoptic station) where the rainfall is more than 1368 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.9 degrees Celsius, good conditions are provided for chemical weathering; Especially since the number of frosty days in the region is very few. The evidence in the region indicates that the region follows the Caspian system. According to the climatic information of Astara, based on Peltier's morphogenic model, the weathering system will be of medium chemical type with weak ice performance. In such a system, river morphogenesis is intense, mass movement is moderate, and wind morphogenesis is very weak. However, human intervention in changing the environment and manipulating the unevenness has accelerated the occurrence of the normal phenomena of geomorphology, i.e. the process of morphogenesis. In general, the most important results obtained in understanding the risk factors are as follows: The most important factor in the creation of fine surface materials and clays and silts is chemical erosion caused by rain on rocks. The rocks in which the most landslides have occurred are mostly volcanic igneous rocks with volcanic lava, cataglomera and shale with their surface materials such as clay, marl and silt. The lack of proper drainage of the underground waters that are located on the upper level and the infiltration of sewage water on top of some slopes, which increase the water pressure between the holes of the rocks and the surface materials of the slopes, cause an increase in the number of landslides and damages caused by it Will be Another cause of mass movements is the abandonment of agricultural terraces on the slopes in the foothills of the region. The lack of agricultural activity on them blocks the spaces between the stones and drainage is not done well, and in fact, heavy and consecutive rains, water accumulates and cannot penetrate, brings the range to the limit of plasticity and flow. Investigating issues related to the geomorphology and geology of the region revealed that most of the slopes of the basin slope towards the east. Mainly in the slopes between 15-30 degrees due to chemical erosion, abundance of water and fine and soft surface materials (thick-layered soils), the ground for potential and actual slope movements is high.

Landslides are among the geomorphic processes affecting the landscape evolution of mountainous regions, which occur under the influence of various local geomorphological, hydrological and geological conditions (Roering et al, 2005). In a simple definition, the mass movement of earth constituents from a slope (slope) to the bottom of the earth is called landslide. This downward movement of surface materials occurs due to the effect of the earth's gravity and the mobility and displacement of these materials increases with the presence of water in the sediments (Pareta et al, 2012). Landslides cause heavy casualties and financial and life losses every year, which in some cases cannot be compensated or require a lot of time and money. Therefore, planning to prevent these damages is of particular importance. In this regard, landslide risk zoning maps make it possible for relevant executive bodies to identify sensitive and vulnerable areas to landslides and make decisions about the desired programs ).Jafari et al. (2018) analyzed landslide risk zoning in Badranlu catchment area using Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. In this study, 69 landslides were identified in the first step for landslide risk zoning in the study area. In the next step, the factors involved in the occurrence of landslides, including lithology, land use, land slope, slope direction, average annual rainfall, distance from the river, distance from the fault, and distance from residential centers are evaluated spatially and as thematic layers in the environment. GIS were prepared. These factors were prioritized using expert opinion and ANP network analysis process and were combined accordingly. Finally, the study area was classified into three classes in terms of sensitivity to the risk of landslides. The results show that 21 landslides with an area of 75,600 square meters are in the medium-risk landslide class, 26 landslides with an area of 91,800 square meters are in the high-risk landslide class, and 22 landslides with an area of 76,500 square meters are in the very high-risk landslide class. According to this research, the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Badranlo basin are slope, lithology, distance from the river and annual rainfall. Ayaliyo and Yamagishi (2005) used the logistic regression approach in the framework of geographic information system in order to assess and zonate the risk of landslide occurrence in Kakodayahiko mountains located in the center of Japan. In this research, the spatial distribution of landslides was considered as a dependent variable and a set of environmental and human variables such as slope, vegetation, communication networks, etc. were considered as independent variables. Due to the spatial nature of landslide hazard, statistical analysis was done in the framework of Geographical Information System (GIS). The results indicate the high efficiency of the multivariate statistical approach (logistic regression) for modeling landslide risk at the level of the study area. Also, the results show the great importance of variables of distance from roads and slope in the occurrence of landslides in the region. This shows the vulnerability of the domains in the study area to human interference.Qaturchai Khoi watershed is one of the basins in the northwest of the country, where the instability of the range is considered one of the important processes in the evolution of the region's landscape. Such instabilities in some cases threaten the existing settlements and infrastructures in the region. In the current research, the risk of landslides in this basin is zoned. In order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used.These variables include: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were used, and their effects on the occurrence of landslides have been briefly discussed.

In this research, in order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, the technique of superimposing different variables affecting the occurrence of landslides was used. For this, it is necessary to combine the geographic information system (GIS) with other models. In this context, multi-criteria decision-making models are widely used. One of these efficient and common models is the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model. In the current research, the mentioned model was used to extract the weight or the influence factor of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area due to its high flexibility and the ability to establish internal and external communication. In the following, explanations about the ANP model and its implementation method are provided.In order to assess and zonate the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, ArcGIS and Super Decisions software were used as the most important processing and analytical tools of the research.ArcGIS software was used to prepare thematic layers affecting landslide occurrence and spatial analysis.Super Decisions software was also used to perform calculations related to the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model.

In the present study, the Qoturchai catchment area was evaluated in terms of the risk of landslides. The study area is located in the southwest of Khoy city, affiliated to West Azarbaijan province. This basin is one of the basins of the country that has a high potential for landslides. Therefore, in the present study, the spatial assessment and zoning of the landslide risk of this basin were investigated. In order to zone the risk of landslides in Qatourchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used. These variables are: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were usesd.The comparison of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model indicates that the three variables of slope, lithology and precipitation are respectively the most important and effective variables affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area. These variables have a total effect of more than 60% on the occurrence of landslides in the study area. In fact, a significant part of the landslides in the region is the result of the separate or combined involvement of the aforementioned variables. On the opposite point, the variables of distance from the road, slope length, slope direction and vegetation have the least importance or influence in the occurrence of landslides in the region and their role is more local.e

Landslide is one of the most important geomorphological processes of slopes, which in addition to its significant role in the evolution of slopes, is sometimes considered as a serious hazard. In this regard, the preparation of landslide risk zoning maps is one of the basic strategies to reduce the risks of this phenomenon. In the present study, the risk of landslides in the Nirchai catchment area, located in Ardabil province, was evaluated. The research methodology is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) model in the context of GIS. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of landslides including the variables of slope, slope direction, height, slope length, convexity of the surface, geological formations, precipitation, distance from waterway, vegetation and land use were included in the model. The results show that the three variables of slope (weight 0.217), lithology (weight 0.217) and precipitation (weight 0.167) are the most important and, in fact, the main controllers Landslide processes at the surface of Nirchai catchment area are considered. The results of landslide risk zoning also indicate that about 9.8% of the surface of Nirchai basin is in the high risk class and about 19.3% of it is in the high risk class. High-risk and high-risk areas are mainly scattered in the middle parts of Nirchai basin. In this part of the basin, various variables such as suitable slope (especially 20 to 40%), vulnerable geological formations, average altitude, receiving favorable rainfall, high drainage density, etc. have increased the potential for landslides.

Climatic zoning and knowledge of effective climatic factors and elements can be very effective in determining climatic potentials. The purpose of this research is to pay attention to this principle in order to know the environmental capabilities and limitations and to deal with natural disasters. In this regard, the climatic zoning of Ardabil province was discussed using modern methods. First, for 11 synoptic stations of this province, 22 important meteorological parameters for the 12-year statistical period (2009-2021) were received from the General Meteorological Department. In the next step, the annual average of these variables was obtained for each station, and since their measurement scale was different, they were standardized in the Spss software environment. Then, in the same software, factor analysis was performed on these data and the output results were 5 main factors, which are: the first thermal factor with 31.89% variance, the second pressure-steam factor with 21.08% variance, the third moisture factor with 18.61 variance, the fourth precipitation factor with 14.05 percent variance and the fifth wind-radiation factor with 7.48 percent variance, which in total explained 93.12 percent of the climatic behavior of the region. In the next step, according to the output of the 5 factors, three similar climatic regions were distinguished from each other using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis method. Also, to show the scope of activity of each of these factors, climate zoning was done in Gis software environment and using Idw interpolation method. According to the final map obtained, most of these factors were concentrated in the cities of Parsabad, Beilesawar, Nemin, Serain and Givi. According to Dumarten's climate classification, it was also recognized that the climate of Ardabil province is part of the semi-arid climate.

 The choice of land use has always been a part of the evolution of human societies. This means that with the gradual evolution of human societies, there has been a change in the type of their needs and as a result, different societies have realized the need for a change in the use of land. The purpose of this study is to determine the suitability of lands in terms of soil characteristics including soil texture, soil electrical conductivity and soil lime for barberry in Iran.

 Using ArcGIS software and kriging method interpolation, generalization of point-to-area data and combination of maps, suitable places for barberry cultivation in Iran during the statistical period of 20 years (1997-1997).

 After identifying the soil factors affecting barberry cultivation based on kriging method, spatial data were analyzed using GIS and the location map of barberry cultivating areas in three classes of suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable areas was determined.

 From this research, agro-climatic information is provided for planners and officials to use this information to carry out agricultural development activities in Iran.

In this study, geostatistical methods and artificial intelligence models (artificial neural network, decision tree, and support vector machine) were used to simulate the soil salinity of Ghorghori lands in Hirmand city. A total of 130 soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm layers of the soil. The electrical conductivity of each sample was measured using an electrical conductivity device. Soil salinity values were estimated using Geostatistical methods and artificial intelligence methods. Geostatistical and artificial intelligence models were applied and the best model was selected; the accuracy of the methods was compared using independent validation. The results showed that the artificial intelligence methods outperformed the geostatistical method in estimating the soil salinity of the artificial intelligence methods, the decision tree model was the superior model due to its coefficient of determination of 0.99 and RMSE and MAE statistics of 0.26 and 0.18 respectively. The salinity trend showed that the salinity of the soil of the region decreases from west to east first and then increases and decreases from north to south. In order to preserve the environment of the region, the field of planting plant species compatible with the region should be provided in accordance with soil salinity.

Due to the high productivity of tomato in three districts of Shiraz, Marvdasht and Kazeroun, the development of processing industries is necessary to prevent waste and market balance. Suitability analysis for processing industries leads to establishment based on ecological criteria.

To evaluate the ecological capabilityfor sustainable development a special model for assessing ecological capabilities was prepared. After collecting economic and social criteria and weighting the criteria using ENTROPY, prioritization and ranking of cities was done with VIKOR. Then, by overlapping the appropriate economic, social and ecological suitable areas for industrial development, the final suitable was identified.

Marvdasht and Shiraz are in the first and second priority of the development of tomato processing industries. In prioritizing between sectors, Zarghan and Seydan districts and the central part of Marvdasht city are in the priority of developing processing industries. The results showed that is Kazeroon district doesn’t have overall capabilities for development of tomato processing industries.

Entropy weighting showed that among economic and social parameters, industrial proximity is the most important. The results show the efficiency of multi-criteria decision models in evaluating economic and social indicators along with evaluating ecological capabilites. The use of specific models suitable for each region that assess ecological capability along with economic and social characteristics can reduce the risks of long-term management and decision-making.

Today, ecotourism has a special situation in the world. As most countries have included it in their economic, social and cultural planning, and because of its many benefits, each country has launched extensive publicity to introduce its attractions. In this study, in order to allocate lands for ecotourism development, a multi-criteria evaluation method based on the process of hierarchical analysis and weighted linear composition in Kohmareh Sorkhi region of Shiraz city was used. Ecological criteria including land use, soil depth, and distance from the village, height, direction of slope, slope, distance from river, and distance from road were used. Then, according to previous research in this field, priority was given to prioritizing important variables in terms of the importance of zoning for tourism development, and each layer was weighted using hierarchical analysis. In the next step, constraint layers such as (slope, distance from the road, village and river) were constructed using Boolean logic. Then the desired layers in Idrisi software were identified by linear weighting method and using hierarchical analysis weights and constraint layers, suitable areas for ecotourism. Slope criterion with a weight of 0.32 had the highest weight and was the first priority in the ecotourism. Also, land use with a weight of 0.22 was in the second priority and distance from the village with a weight of 0.15 was in the third priority. The final Zoning map of tourism potential areas by linear weight combination method showed that it is very suitable with an area of 2336 hectares, 4% of the area, suitable with an area of 11527 hectares, 19% of the area, somewhat suitable with an area of 32745 hectares, 54% of the area and unsuitable with an area of 14320 hectares, including 24 percent.

Groundwater is one of the most important water resources for irrigation usage in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. So, in order to determine groundwater potential zones, it is important to specify its quality variations over a plain. The aim of this study was to zoning the groundwater quality of Mokhtaran plain, Iran, for irrigation using network analysis (ANP) method.

Regarding this purpose, this research was conducted to zone Mokhtaran Plain’s groundwater located at latitude between 32˚ 13’-32˚ 46’ N and longitude between 58˚ 40’-59˚ 45’ E in South-Khorasan, Iran, in 2015. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), sodium solubility percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) and kellyes ratio (KR) were used to create water quality layers in GIS. Analytical network process (ANP) was utilized to implement these layers.

  The results showed that quality of groundwater was better at the east region compared to the west. According to the results, appropriated region for irrigation covered about 40.72% of the plain (consist of sub-categories: 3.28, 17.09 and 20.35% in the class of very appropriate, appropriate and semi-appropriate, respectively) and non-appropriate one covered 50.28% (consist of sub-categories: 49.11, 7.35 and 2.82% in the class of semi non-appropriate, non-appropriate and very non-appropriate, respectively).

Regarding the results, it is necessary to extract groundwater at north and east part of the plain. Indeed, rainfed agriculture must be considered in other parts of the plain.

Isfahan is one of the most contaminated cities in Iran due to its special geographical conditions, topography and proliferation of pollutants. Industries, traffic, domestic and commercial pollutants are considered the main sources of air pollutants in Isfahan. The methods used to predict and estimate air pollution are methods interpolation. The aim of this study is to investigate the scattering patterns and modeling of particular matter PM2.5 and PM10 in the city of Isfahan using interpolation IDW and Cokriging methods.

in this study, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants in winter and summer of 2018 were measured at 137 points of urban area and in linear path by portable device measurement of air pollution (CEM model). Zoning maps for each pollutant in the cold and hot season were in Arc GIS 10.6 environment. In order to verify the accuracy of 30% of the data, the RMSE in both methods was compared.

the result of pollutants distribution with important emission sources, such as high traffic areas and close areas were consistent with the zayanderood river route. Cokriging method has better performance than IDW method in values of RMSE, although in the validation process, there was little difference between fitting the IDW and Cokriging methods.

in the zoning maps, hot spots of pollution (maximum concentration) were observed in central regions of the study area, which is a major contribution to most of the vehicles around the city.

To prevent the occurrence of floods, it is necessary to identify areas having high potential for this phenomenon. The aim of this research was to estimate runoff coefficient, understanding the effective factors in flooding, and the flood hazard of Arasbaran forests (Sotanchai basin). For this purpose, first, the required data, including the maximum daily precipitation, soil, slope, land use, vegetation density and drainage density layers, were prepared in geographic information system (GIS) environment. In the following using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, an effective weight was assigned to each of the six factors influencing the flood hazard of the basin. Through applying the weight of each layer and combining it, the flood hazard zonation map of the basin was prepared with different return periods (10, 25, 50, and 100 years). The results showed that 15 - 19% of the basin area had a medium flood potential during the period of 10 to 100 years and 1-13% had a high flood hazard. During the 10- and 25-year return periods, no area of the basin was in the flood hazard category, but in the 50- and 100-year return periods, 0.32 and 0.96% of the basin area were in the very high flood hazard category, respectively. Generally, it can be concluded that due to good forest density and vegetation, flood hazard was low in the region, instead areas with high flood hazard were located in areas, where forests have been destroyed.

In recent years, changes in the amount, distribution, and quality of surface water around the world have led to special attention to these resources. So, according to the economic concerns in the social development of countries, it is important to access water of good quality. The study aimed to investigate the quality of surface water samples taken from Lake Malayer Dam Lake using the Water Quality Index of the National Institutes of Health (NSFWQI).

To evaluate the water quality of the dam lake, a total of 19 water samples were collected from different parts of the dam in May, June, September, October, and February, 2017-2018. The water parameters, including pH, soluble oxygen, total solids, oxygen biochemical demand, turbidity, temperature, nitrate, phosphate, and total coliform bacteria were measured and the effect of each parameter was calculated in the samples. Then, the water quality index was calculated. Also, the spatial variability of this index in the river and dam lake was done separately using Arc GIS software.

The results showed that due to the high budget of nitrate and phosphate, the concentration of these elements at the input flow was higher than the output flow. Also, the results of coliform bacteria showed that the Kalan dam in all seasons and all stations have microbial contamination that is higher than the standard limitation for drinking water. The lowest value of the NSFWQI index was obtained in the course of the river and the dam lake in May (59.1) and the highest value was obtained in February (74.4). According to the results, the quality of the water leaving the dam was average. The higher water quality in February was due to the low biological oxygen demand (BOD), which could be due to the increase in oxygen dissolution and the decrease in water temperature and vital activities (respiration of organisms and decomposition of organic matter).

The results showed that the water quality in the studied stations in winter was generally more favorable due to the increasing volume of the water flow and the stored water behind the dam, the low temperature, and low agricultural activities. Agricultural activities at the beginning of the dam lake and the existence of villages near the river enter pesticides and chemical and animal fertilizers, which mainly contain pollutants such as nitrate and phosphate. Then, these pollutants move to the reservoir of the dam.

Monitoring systems are one of the tools required in drought management practices. With these systems, through the application of drought indices, it is possible to determine the intensity and the development of a drought location. In this study, RAI, DPI, PN, SPEI, SIAP, and SPI drought indices were used for quantitatively quantifying drought and its zoning in 10 selected weather stations in Iran. First, rainfall data of 1980 to 2013 was collected from local authorities. Then, each of the indicators were calculated and the severity of drought for the statistical period was evaluated. Spearman correlation coefficient, between the drought index and rainfall changes, was used to select the most suitable index. Spearman correlation coefficient showed that in the synoptic stations of Tehran, Zahedan, Kerman, and Yazd the SIAP index; in Gorgan, Rasht, and BandarAbbas stations the SPEI index, and in Sanandaj, Birjand, and Urmia the RAI index were superior in detecting the severe and very severe droughts when compared with the other indices. In correlation analysis of the coupled indices, in most of the stations, the couples of RAI-SPEI, RAI-SIAP and SPEI-SIAP indices were highly correlated and the correlation of other indicators was weak. Overall, the DPI and PN indices showed high suitability in capturing the normal years, while the RAI, SPEI and SIAP indices were better at estimating the droughts.

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in the semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore, monitoring the quality of this valuable resource is vital. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate and prepare a groundwater quality map of Birjand located in the semi-arid region of eastern Iran using GIS-based geostatistical analysis with Drinking Groundwater Quality Index (DGWQI). For this purpose, the collected groundwater quality data of 27 agricultural wells during the years 2014-2019 were used. The results of spatial analysis show that 63% of the aquifer area was in the appropriate quality category, 18% in the poor category, 10% in the very poor category and 9% of the aquifer area was in the non-drinking category. Sensitivity analysis indicated that Mg2+, EC, and TDS parameters with the highest mean change index of 18.98, 20.68 and 19.04 were the most sensitive parameters in calculating DGWQI, respectively. Error evaluation calculated by R2 and RMSE methods on conventional kriging and spherical variogram models showed good performance for spatial analysis of all parameters including DGWQI, Mg2+, EC, and TDS. The DGWQI map shows that the western and southwestern parts of the aquifer do not have good quality conditions for extracting drinking water.

Reducing the use of non-renewable resources, enhancing the natural environment, controlling environmental pollution, and providing clean energy are important issues of concern in different communities, and planning for its implementation is a necessity. Since Iran has a special geographical location due to its location in a region with high potential and high solar radiation intensity, it can be attempted to produce and apply new energy by providing a suitable solution and recognizing its capabilities and potentials. The purpose of this article is to propose a suitable solution for the use of new and renewable solar energy, especially the photovoltaic system and its zoning in Iran. To realize this, it is necessary to use renewable local energies by recognizing the renewable resources and capabilities available in every part of the country. The results show that by studying and understanding the solar energy, the photovoltaic system capabilities, and its application, understanding the position of Iran, and studying the amount of sunlight in it, Iran has a good base for exploiting photovoltaic systems. Accordingly, the climatic zoning of the photovoltaic system in Iran is discussed in this article.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining and zoning the air quality of Mashhad in 2014 based on air quality index (AQI). In this study, instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants in Mashhad were prepared and AQI was calculated. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level of 5% in SPSSV.23 software. Moreover, Arc GIS was used to zone the air quality of the studied stations. The results showed that the months of September and October have the highest average of AQI with 168 and 156 (unhealthy status) and March with a value of 88 (moderate status) has the lowest amount among the studied months. Based on zoning maps, most stations in Mashhad were assessed as moderate and unhealthy status for sensitive groups. Also, Taghiabad and Khayyam South stations with an average AQI index of 107 (unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) as the most polluted and Machine Abzar station with a value of 37 (good condition) as the cleanest points among the studied stations. PM2.5 was the most important pollutant during the study.

Cement manufacturing can be an entrance source for heavy metals to the environment. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of pollution of heavy metals, cadmium and nickel, in the lands around the Yasouj Cement Company. For this purpose, 61 soil samples from zero to 30 cm depth around the plant were randomly sampled. Some of soil properties and total concentration of Cd and Ni were measured. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normality of the data. In the normal and abnormal data series, kriging and IDW methods were used to prepare zoning maps. The highest concentration of cadmium was observed in the northern part of the plant (11.12 mg/kg). The results of nickel concentration zoning showed that the amount of nickel was highest in the sampled areas. The levels of cadmium in 10% of the samples and nickel in 100% of the samples were higher than the standard values reported by the Department of Environmental of Iran, and this indicates the risk of accumulation of these metals in the soil and pollution of the cement plant. Generally, high concentrations of these metals in soils around the cement factory showed that the pollutants are as a result of the different activities such as material processing in the process of cement production and the movement of vehicles around the cement company. According to these results, it is recommended that environmental preventive measures be taken to reduce the emission of pollutants in the cement production line.

Zoning is a well-accepted method of keeping nature walkers away from ecologically sensitive and valuable areas. In this research, considering objectives such as; Introduction and feasibility study of Lipar region for tourism development, protection of biodiversity of the region and evaluation of the capabilities of Google Earth software and method of visual interpretation in simulation of regions, zoning of Lipar region was discussed. Ground control points were recorded during field visits and photographs of the area with the Global Positioning System. The ground reality map, the final zoning map and the calculation of the share of each zone were prepared in ArcGIS software version 10.3. Identification of vegetation and wildlife of the area was done through direct observation using a random method. The results of the analysis of the final classification map of the region showed that Lipar has 13 types of zones and the salt field has the lowest percentage and shrublands and grasslands with low density have the highest percentage. Also, 2.67% of the area has been affected by human construction. The results showed that areas such as sandy beaches, rocky areas and areas with vegetation on the surface of the lagoon are considered sensitive wildlife habitats. Also, in this study, 4 plant species, 6 bird species and 2 reptile species were identified.