جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « protected area » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Shimbar Protected Area is located in the protected area of ​​Masjed Soleyman city, 80 km northeast of it. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of Shimbar protected area using conditional valuation method and hierarchical analysis process.

A qualitative model and a questionnaire were used to assess the factors affecting the willingness to pay. The required data were collected by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 380 visitors in CVM method and 17 questionnaires in AHP method per year.

The conditional valuation method has been used to determine the conservation value of the Shimbar protected area and the AHP method has been used to determine the consumption and non-consumption values. The average willingness to pay individuals per year and the total protective value for estimating the protective value was 11356 and 1473/1073 Tomans, respectively. According to the AHP method, hereditary, existential, optional, indirect consumption and direct consumption values were ranked 1 to 5 with weights, respectively.

Therefore, considering the high share of heritage value and the importance of this criterion, which includes a major share of the value of all natural resources, including protected areas, which should be given special attention in policy-making.

Sefidkoh protected area is located in the vicinity of Khorramabad city, the capital of Lorestan province. This proximity to population centers confirms the need to pay attention to Sefidkoh. Information and research documents published on the diversity of plant and animal species and the habitat of this area are very limited. In the present study, the diversity of bird species in Sefidkouh Khorramabad protected area of Lorestan was investigated in 2016 and 2018. Birds were observed in the months of Bahman, March, April, Ardi Behesht, Khordad, and July of 2016 and 2018. In every month, two days between the 10th and 15th days of the fasting month, on days when the weather was clear and there was no rain, it was done at 8-10 am in Paish area. Observation of the species was done by moving slowly and ambushing the authors of the article in the area. And biodiversity indices were calculated with past software. 24 genera belonging to 9 orders of Iranian birds were identified in the region. The sparrow order with 8 genera and 15 species and the falcon order with 5 genera and 12 species were the most diverse orders identified in the region. 5 species of small falcon, falcon, golden eagle, Egyptian vulture, and bell-winged warbler are in the protection categories in the observed area. The Egyptian vulture is a rare species and is in danger of extinction. 5 aquatic species and 43 terrestrial species were identified. Species diversity was more in 2018. The species predominance was more in 2016. Fisher's alpha uniformity index and diversity index were higher in 2018.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is one of the rich biodiversity regions of Iran with remarkable climate diversity. Different types of ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, rivers, meadows, and alpine areas can be found in this small province. Mount Kallar is the third-highest mountain in this province. The special geographical location and biodiversity of this mountain have attracted many botanists and tourists. The life and survival of plants, animals, livelihoods, and food security of many people living in this area depend on this mountain. Numerous valleys, riparian zone, springs, wetlands, different altitudes, and different geological formations have caused a high diversity of plant species in the diverse habitats of this mountain. The percentage of endemism peaks in the subalpine and alpine zone, but these areas are rarely under protection in Iran. With its alpine areas and high species richness, this mountain is suitable option for an alpine protected area. This mountain is home to lots of species, some of which such as Hedysarum plumosum Boiss. & Hausskn., Clinopodium kallaricum (Jamzad) Bordbar and Dionysia bachtiarica Bornm. & Alex. have only been reported from this mountain. In addition, it is one of the settlements of brown bears and other large mammals in Iran. The most important factors that have caused threats to the ecosystems of this mountainous region include overgrazing, harvesting of plants, hunting, and land use change. It is necessary to protect this mountain by taking the necessary measures and increasing public awareness.

Habitat destruction has been one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. Hence, habitat restoration has a very high priority in management of these areas. The aim of this study was to introduce an applied index of habitat availability through integrating two principal components of connectivity and spatial arrangement of habitat patches. The index can be used in monitoring of habitat changes. The used tools and approaches include: suitability and resistance surfaces, patch network based on graph theory and least-cost method. The results indicated a clear picture of habitat changes in Javaher Dasht Protected Area over the years of study during which the habitat availability index was decrease by at least 52%. This index has high potential in ranking of protected areas on region and country scales and for identifying of strategic restoration patches within these areas. This information can be used in managing and redesigning of protected areas in the country.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protection level of the prohibited hunting and shooting zone of Kahak and to evaluate the potential of the region to improve its protection level. Firstly, identification and mapping of ecological and socio-economic resources was performed using GIS. Then, ecological data analysis was performed and the map of environmental units was formed through preparing a special ecological model and afterwards zoning of the area was completed and the map of the zones was prepared as planning units. According to the results and the special ecological model, zones for conservation (35.8%), rangeland management (22.46%), extensive recreation (31.44%) and intensive recreation (10.3%) could be identified for the sudy area. We also found no potential for agriculture, aquaculture and urban, rural and industrial development in the area. According to the results we found 27.83, 26.54, 14.88, 13.3, 9.67, 6.42, 0.84 and 0.52 percent of the area suitable for zones protection, extensive recreation, rehabilitation, buffer, strict nature reserve, intensive recreation, special use and other uses, respectively. In the second stage, using the SWOT matrix and the analytical hierarchy process, while identifying the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the region, the best strategy was found to be the treatment of the threats and weaknesses of the region using the strengths and opportunities towards promoting the area to the class protected area. The results of the SWOT model showed preference of taking an aggressive stance, using the opportunities in the region. Finally, considering the capabilities identified in the area, it is suggested that the Kahak No-Hunting area be upgraded to a protected area, namely the fifth IUCN class, named the area under management for landscape protection.

  This study investigated the effects of Yazd-Eghlid railway construction on some vegetation and soil characteristics of artemisia and camel grass species located in Kalmand-Bahadoran protected area.

In order to evaluate the vegetation and soil variables in the studied types, random-systematic sampling method was used. Finally, the data obtained from vegetation measurements and soil experiments were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan test using SPSS software.

The results of this study showed that the construction of a railway in the Kalmand-Bahadoran protected area and the measures taken during the construction process can have effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil and vegetation, which in the Artemisia type causes There was a significant decrease in the production of plant vegetative form srub (0.81 g) (P <0.05).

The construction of the railway and due to the activities that take place during the processes for the construction of the railway line units can cause the movement of soil around the railway, and this action provides the introduction of soil and water erosion in the region, which causes poor and decrease of soil quality around the areas near the railway and consequently the decrease of vegetation production in some areas.

Sarigol Protected Area, with an area of 20,000 hectares, is located in the east of Esfarayen city in North Khorasan Province. This area would officially be protected by the Department of Environment on September 11, 1974, as the "Shah Jahan" protected area. Sarigol, with its diverse habitats in high and cold parts, temperate hills, and plain areas with warmer climates, has a significant diversity of plant and animal species. In this area, 472 plant species belonging to 292 genera and 70 families, as well as more than one hundred species of animals, have been identified. A large part of the Sarigol Protected Area is highland forest habitat, with mountainous climate and summer rangelands beneath it. The vegetation of the region consists of broadleaf annuals, grasses, perennials, shrubs, and cushion form plants. Artemisia is the dominant plant in the region, and Ferula gummosa is one of the most valuable species. Sarigol is one of the important habitats of North Khorasan wildlife and birds due to its mountainous conditions, abundance of water resources, and plant diversity. The unauthorized extraction of Albelaq lead and zinc mines, illegal and unregulated agriculture, and overgrazing of livestock are among the most important threats to the flora and fauna of the area and the reduction of its biodiversity.

Landscape fragmentation is one of the consequences of the increasing socio-economic pressures that many parts of the world are facing today. This situation is more likely to occur in areas where socio-economic development leads to increase communication networks. Qazvin province has become more sensitive due to its proximity to the city of Tehran and the role of the province as a socio-economic passage through the northwestern connection of the country to the center passes, as well as its role as a bio-corridor on a national scale. Also, the existence of 5 areas under the management of Department of Environment in Qazvin province has made Qazvin as interesting landscape for researchers. Various approaches and methods have been developed to quantify fragmentation in landscape ecology studies as Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size. These methods are based on the ability of two randomly chosen animals, which placed in the different areas in the landscape, to find each other. in other word, the chance that two randomly chosen places in a landscape will be found in the same patch type. Effective Mesh Size (EMS) is one of the most widely used landscape metrics in the worldwide and was first developed by Geager (2000). The aim of the present research was to investigate the new Cross-Boundary Connectivity (CBC) methodology using GIS software to measure the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) that presented by Moser et al. (2007). this method eliminates marginal effects, which has been evaluated in Qazvin province with emphasizing on protected areas that is being implemented for the first time in Iran. On the other hand, in order to make an optimal comparison, the results of the CBC map and the traditional methods were compared. Also, we evaluated protected areas by overlaying them with the results of EMS. Finally, the typological analysis of the province has been performed. This measurement can give more accurate results than similar indices due to the elimination of the marginal effects in the calculation.

In this study, in order to calculate the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) index, Qazvin province was divided into 1354 study sample units. The size of each unit is 1100 hectares. In addition to the sample units, Implementing the EMS calculation model requires selecting the type of landscape elements that have been disconnected. To distinguish landscape elements, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) map have been prepared. LULC types, which provide the resource for biodiversity needs, such as agriculture, rangelands, and etc., have been identified as potential habitats. LULC types, which have led to destruction of habitats or limit wildlife moves, have been identified as material and energy flow barriers. To apply the model, the Cross-Boundary Connections (CBC) method has been used, which presented in Moser et al. (2007), to consider the area of all patches located wholly or partially in the reporting unit (hexagon), as well as, the area of some patches spread beyond the reporting unit borders. The result of multiplying patches within the reporting unit and the total area of the same patches have been divided by reporting unit area to calculate EMS.
Finally, by overlaying the results of the EMS with the Qazvin protected areas, the qualitative status of the protected areas has been evaluated.

The size of habitat patches within the sample of study, as well as the size of the same patches, regardless of the boundary of the sample of study, are the two main indicators used to calculate the Effective Mesh Size (EMS) index. Therefore, size of the habitat patch inside the sample of study shows the amount of human impact and change in the landscape structure. The result shows that 26 sample areas are in the very high level and have suffered the most damage and structural change by humans. in other words, those areas that have been severely fragmented by communication network, urban and industrial development. 15 samples are in the high level and 99 samples have been changed on average (medium level). Low and very low levels have occurred in 179 and 620 units, respectively.
According to the results of the LULC map, 96% of the case study is covered by potential habitats, some of which are natural, such as forests, pastures, semi-deserts and riverbeds, and some man-made ones such as irrigated agriculture, dry farming and groves. The northern and the southern strip include most natural and the central plain includes most man-made habitats. The results of the EMS showed that 310 and 425 samples are in the very low and low range of EMS respectively. The reason of these values is man-made barriers as communication networks that are mostly located in the center of Qazvin plain. Many studies including Zebardast et al. (2011), Girvetz et al. (2007) and Pătru-Stupariu et al. (2015), mentioned that communication networks have high effect in fragmentation and the most important reason for the low EMS. 352 samples have a moderate value, most of which have been covered by traditional agriculture and areas under average human influence. 153 and 115 samples have high and very high values of EMS respectively. These samples have been covered by continuous rangeland and semi-desert that are far from centralized human developments.
Meanwhile, Alllah-Abad hunting prohibited region, with only 4% fragmentation, has the smallest fragmentation among the protected areas in the Qazvin province. Alamoot Protected Area with 22% of medium and high fragmentation, is in relatively good condition. Also, the Abgarm and Avaj hunting prohibited region has more than 50% of the units with high fragmentation. The Tarom and Bashgol protected areas with 92% and 96% of the fragmented units respectively, are in poor condition. The last three zones are fragmented more than others. Thus, to compare the protected areas in Qazvin province, Allah-Abad hunting prohibited region has the most favorable and Bashgol protected area has the most unfavorable situation in terms of EMS index.

The results of this study showed Qazvin province’s landscape has been fragmented in the center, where the communication network has developed. We highlighted the need to pay attention to ecological process and the matter and energy flows in the center of the study area. Protected areas should have a high EMS index due to their nature.
This study also considered the role of communication network on habitat fragmentation, which is emphasized the attention should be paid to the issue of habitat fragmentation before roads and railroads projects are implemented. Also, by ranking the protected areas based on the EMS index, it was founded that some protected areas are severely fragmented, and special attention needs to be paid to these areas in management programs.
The overall results of this study can be used for planning and protecting the biodiversity and identifying the new protected areas or also changing the protection levels, in addition, it can be used for land use planning and regional planning at the upper province level.

Due to the conservation value of the Sorkhabad Protected Area, the uses within and around the area have direct and indirect effects and consequences. Appropriate management plans should be developed for the area by reviewing changes to these applications. Land sat satellites from the 1987 and 1997 time periods were prepared and used to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in the region's ecosystem and environmental management. In this regard, after applying geometric and spatial corrections and performing image optimization, the maximum likelihood of similarity changes was evaluated and compared using unobserved classification and supervised classification methods , The accuracy of the produced maps was calculated and calculated with 90.69 and 97.47 overall accuracy test and Kappa index 0.88 and 0.96 respectively. The results showed that for 10 years agricultural and forestry use has grown well and rangelands, orchards and bare soil have declined. According to satellite imagery, vegetation status is probably better than before.

Ghalajeh Protected area as one of the most important Forest habitats in Zagros Mountains is located in Kermanshah province and is known for the Greatest Carnivorous. The aim of this study was modeling the Distribution of brown bear (Ursus arctos) using Maximum Entropy method. For this purpose, 168 Presence Points were collected in the annual period (2017-2018) for studying the habitat of species. 13 environmental variables including slope direction, Compound Topographic Index, elevation, distance from the points of presence of the tribes, distance from the stream, distance from the garden, distance from the river, distance from the road, distance from the village, ecotone, Heat Load Index, Normalized difference vegetation index and slope index were used as effective ecological variables on the species. The validity of the model was measured from the surface below the curve or AUC, which was calculated as 0.86, which indicates the high model's ability to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable habitats. Also, the results of the studying the importance of habitat variables were Jackknife analysis showed that the most important variables in the selection of brown bear habitat in Ghalajeh protected area are distance from the river, distance from the garden and Normalized difference vegetation index.

Tourism is a large industry and one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy of every country. Today, tourism also provides an efficient tool to governments for introducing culture of the destinations to other nations. In this study, we identified criteria for tourism and then normalized and prioritized those criteria using PROMETHEE, AHP and ANP methods in Expert Choice and Super Decision software. Each one of the methods provided different ranking based on the nature of their approach. We generated maps of the criteria and overlaid them in GIS for tourism capability assessment. Results of this study indicated that the PROMETHEE method ranked slope as the first, elevation as the second and aspect as the third criterion. The AHP weighting method ranked slope as the first and vegetation density as the second factor, while the ANP ranked slope as the first, vegetation density as the second and aspect as the third. For extensive tourism, 98% of the area has very high capability and 2 % has high capability. For intensive tourism, 62 % of the area has very high capability, 37 % has high capability and the rest 1% has no capability. Our results indicate the high capability of the area for tourism and its potential can best be realized through appropriate planning.

Landscape ecology metrics are used to describe composition and configuration of landscapes. The aim of this study was examination of habitat loss and fragmentation in Lisar Protected area in Guilan province during time period of 1990-2015.In this study , using Landsat images(1990-2015), after radiometric and atmospheric correction, three density classes of forest cover(10-40%,40-70% and above 70%) were produced. Reference maps and field study were applied for interpretation of images and maximum likelihood method was used for classification. Using ArcGis and Patch Analyst software, with derived metrics, trend of habitat loss and fragmentation was examined.

Regarding to importance and necessity of biodiversity conservation to preserve wildlife habitats and populations, representative natural areas should be selected. The aim of this research is prioritization of candidate areas for environmental protection in Alborz Province. For this purpose, habitats of 5 mammal species, reptile species and important distribution area for raptors and waterfowl birds were used as input criteria. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method was used to model the mammals’, reptiles and birds habitats. Simulated annealing was used for prioritization through Marxan software. The goal is to preserve 20, 30,40 and 60 percent of each protection criteria. Based on the results of different scenarios, current protected areas network in Alborz Province were found inadequate to achieve the required conservation goals. These areas only provided the set goals for 4 protection criteria. In most scenarios, overlap between the proposed conservation network and current protected areas were less than 49.5 percent. Results show that different parameters including conservation goals, scale, algorithms and compactness of zones affect the systematic prioritization and selection of protected areas. Consequently, determination of appropriate values for these parameters is among the most important steps in conservation planning. The parameters investigated in this research showed that the simulated annealing algorithm provides plausible results in all cases and its application helps identify the best zones for protection. Therefore, using this method to modify boundaries of current protected areas and introduce new sites for protection of animal species is proposed in the Alborz Province.

The main issue of this paper is monitoring of sustainable land management using land quality assessment in protected areas. We aimed at improving indicators to assessing land quality in protected area (case study: protected complex of Touran) and explaining land quality from past to present. Around the world, the methods of land quality assessment are in two kinds: one based on detailed biological data and the other based on assessing human activities. Degradation Model follows the second one. Components of this model include cumulative past to present impacts, physiographic density of population, and habitat vulnerability which calculated by AHP, EA and reciprocal effects matrix using GIS. Finally the area zoned based on land quality.

Kavehdeh forbidden hunting area is an estimated 94,961 hectares Located in East of Tehran and south of the Firoozkooh.This region is selected based on the rich and varied vegetation and wildlife species and also unique historical monuments that according to international standards, by utilizing spatial multi-criteria evaluation method (SMCE) to be evaluated and considered as a protected area. To do so, after detecting the physic- chemical and ecological and economic - social resources of the under review area (scale 1/100000), the obtained data was introduced to ArcGIS 9.3 software. In this method, criteria, and various restrictions are combined, So that in combination of homogeneous factors, the initial attempts focused on standardization. This is done by using fuzzy expert system and s-shaped functions. Overall, data were obtained through 24 layers as criteria maps for protection application capability evaluation. Using Expert Choice software, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted to load the criteria in relation to the type of applications. Then, the mathematical relationship of the protection application development was extracted. To analyze land proportion for the development of the expected applications, combined loaded linear method was utilized and the final map of protection applications was represented on the criteria maps data. The results revealed that the 34,687 hectares of entire area that covers the 37 percent of the region, has suitable conditions and capability to be selected as a protected area.