جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « دسترسی » در نشریات گروه « فنی و مهندسی »

Accessibility, as a factor linking land use with the transportation system, measures the ease of access to urban opportunities and provides the possibility of comparing citizens' use of facilities and evaluating the equality between different people and groups in benefiting from different facilities. One of the urban opportunities is medical centers, which have significant effects on the citizen’s quality of life due to the provision of crucial services. Also, paying attention to sustainable transportation pursuing goals such as the development of public transportation infrastructure, reduction of environmental pollution, and other social costs is important among planners and decision-makers. The purpose of this study is to calculate and analyze the access to medical land uses in the city of Isfahan by bus and car and compare the distribution by these modes on a micro-scale (i.e., the statistical block). In this research, the gravity-based model based on geographical information system (GIS) is used and various transportation costs such as travel time value, vehicle depreciation, fuel consumption cost, and fare are included in the accessibility calculation. This study uses the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve to evaluate and compare inequality in access to transportation facilities and medical opportunities through bus and car. The results showed that the central areas of Isfahan had a higher accessibility potential than other areas due to the high density of land use and transportation facilities (i.e., stations and various public transportation lines). In general, access by public transportation was lower than the private car, and the lack of public transportation facilities increased the accessibility gap between public transportation and private cars.

Metaphors are powerful tools, which are used to present teachers' attitudes about mathematics and reflect their experiences. Teachers' metaphorical perception can make many educational events more tangible in order to examine the current status of education. Previous studies asked provident teachers to provide metaphors for teaching mathematics and to use these metaphors to understand their attitudes about mathematics. On the other hand, these days, educational technologies have rapidly created new opportunities for meaningful education of mathematics. Therefore, the role of teachers in integrating education and technology is getting more and more important. Frequent use of technology, in almost every aspect of our lives, requires a change in the content and nature of school math programs, and it is important for students to use computers to increase their understanding of math concepts as they change. The use of computers in educational programs should be supported. Since the interpretation and explanation of teachers' attitudes toward the field of technology is important in teaching-learning, metaphors are used to compare mere and common interpretation. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematicshas stated that the use of technology is an appropriate method in mathematical reasoning, expression, problem solving, and effective communication. Moreover, the use of computers in educational programs should also be supported. Therefore, the main purpose of the current study based on the instrumentation method was to standardize the metaphorical perception scale of the effectiveness of mathematics education software in the teaching-learning process from the perspective of mathematics teachers.

The research method was descriptive and the method entailed instrumentation and standardization. Using two-stage cluster sampling method and Morgan table, 198 male and female math teachers working in all primary and secondary state and non-state secondary schools in 1, 2, 3, 4 education districts of Tehranwere selected as the participants. Researchers prepared and designed a questionnaire with 44 items based on theoretical basics and related technologies in the field of mathematics education. In the first stage, CVI and CVR content validity indices were examined.

After two stages of distributing questionnaires among eight experts in the field of education and technology of mathematics, the results showed that some items were removed due to not reaching the standard level. Finally, 28 items according to the components in the questionnaire were approved.The questionnaire was then distributed among math teachers in virtual networks.The results of reliability and exploratory factor analysis confirmed four factors with 26 items and the reliability value of each factor was proved and recordedbetween 0.78 and 0.94.Four main factors were identifiedincluding a metaphorical understanding of access and acquaintance, skill and mastery, interest, attitude, impact and application in the use of mathematical software.

The results of this survey and tooling based on the views of math teachers showed that the four mentioned factors were very important in the efficiency and application of math education technologies and software in middle school teaching. Determining and explaining such factors can lead to a more detailed examination of the challenges and resources available in the preparation and distribution of mathematics education technologies in schools.

Enhancing accessibility to open data ensures to promote the research, innovation, and extension of solutions confronting with complex social challenges in our country. Offered policies by OECD and other scientific associations, is an emphasis on this strategy. Certainly, implementing the strategy needs stablishing governance systems, clarifying processes, and trustiness guarantee to research and business areas. The main part of valuable data resources is personal in nature and gathering, storage, and processing them in cybernet is an enormous source of earning for data-driven businesses. Including the main challenges in trustiness issue, are decision making on privacy policies and ownership. In this paper, considering the complexity in ownership concept for personal data ecosystem, challenges on offered policies like OECD reports will be negotiated to enhance open data. Also, shortages in E-trade and cybercrime rules in our country are briefly debated. Then, aiming to suggest an accessing policy to open data, referring to public sensitiveness to personal data, firstly the detailed conclusions of a field study including realizing criterias of goal and possibly policymaking will be extracted by Delphi method. This work shows the public awareness in this subject, even in an excellence target community, is not desirable. Moreover, trustiness in privacy for personal data, hoping to effective law performance on violations, is not satisfiable. Finally, with a field evaluation by FAHP method, policymaking options will be measured and analysed and strategic requirements for performing elected policy will be suggested.

In this study, in order to identify vulnerable links, the performance of the network due to the obstruction of each link is evaluated by considering the simultaneous effects of supply and demand and assuming that drivers are aware of the obstruction status during the trip. Accordingly, by considering a specific routing pattern by users, the performance of the network is evaluated in the case of blockage of that link, and links whose removal does not lead to unacceptable changes in the network versus non-blocking, are considered as reliable links. In the following, it was implemented in the Tehran network based on 0.35 percent as acceptable changes. This value is equal to the minimum value of acceptable performance changes which makes it possible to access all points to evacuation destinations using the remaining reliable links. The basis for access will also be the possibility of creating an access tree. According to the evaluation of network performance due to the blocking of each link in EMME2 software and its comparison with the acceptable limit, 17.3% of the links of Tehran network will be unreliable links as a result of a possible earthquake. The most unreliable links of the network are observed in arterial roads, especially in the CBD. Therefore, although the removal of vulnerable links with arterial type can increase the reliability of the evacuation network by other existing links in terms of continuity and travel time, but this is due to the role and importance of this road type in network integrity and network efficiency, will lead to disruption of the network evacuation capacity. It makes necessary to development of parts of the network in the form of widening or adding links to the network in order to provide the required evacuation capacity. Obviously, if this is not possible or it is costly, especially in areas with dense texture, solutions such as retrofitting buildings as much as possible can be put on the agenda to reduce the demand for evacuation.

The evaluation of statistics related to accidents in different countries has revealed that inappropriate accessible areas and the construction of unsystematic accessible areas is the cause of many accidents in the country roads. As the statistics reveal, about 37 percent of suburban accidents in our country have occurred in leveled crossings that the maximum number of accidents occur in the roads. The lack of appropriate rules, instructions, and criteria for the design and construction of marginal accessible areas in the country on the one hand and the lack of appropriate principles for the management and control of accessible areas on the other hand has caused various applications to create so many accessibilities to the main roads. This would consequently put in danger the security of movement in the roads. The aim of the present research study is to evaluate the factors influencing suburban accidents in Tiran-Daran road in Isfahan province. The aim of the performance of this project is to recognize the traffic design, accessible areas, enhancement of their security and then to rate them based on their influence on the probable occurrence of the accidents.

This study aims to identify the indices of public transit equity and its quantitative evaluation for multimodal public transit network (includes Metro, Bus and BRT) in the Tehran metropolitan area. In this research, accessibility and connectivity indices deemed as the supply side; employment, population, poverty, and none vehicle households considered as the demand side. After that, the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient are used in order to quantitative analysis and evaluation of equity. The databases are collected from Tehran Traffic Control Company, Social-cultural deputy of Tehran, Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Co, and Tehran municipality ICT Organization. The results indicates that a large number of Tehran municipality districts do not have access to the subway network. Also, the results of the network connectivity index in three parts; nodes, lines, and regions shows that regional connectivity for the bus network is higher than the subway network, which can illustrate the much more efficiency of the bus network as opposed to the subway network. The results of equity analysis shows that Gini coefficients are less in the assessment of horizontal equity than vertical equity stating a vast degree of inequity in the distribution of public transit service and facilities in proportion to demand of groups in the Tehran metropolitan area.

These days, many researchers and planners pay a lot of attention to the mutual relations as a common border between transportation planning models and land use models. The impacts of land use patterns in trip generation and trip distribution are of high significance. Using integrated land use and transportation models causes the possibility for forecasting different areas’ development, changes in trips patterns in traffic zones and also provides more precise predictions and reduces errors. These scenarios may contain different control policies, strategic projects and developing infrastructures. Therefore, in this research, a pattern of location choice for living and working with following goals has been provided by using discrete choice model in Urbansim software for Qom city: providing an integrated transportation and land use model regarding land price and people behaviors, analysis of different effective factors in location choice for living and working to predict the changes in locations, calculating the effects of local house pricing policies on transportation. For conducting this research, effective variables have been identified and different social and economic information were gathered from authorities and governmental organizations. At the next step, according to the base year information, the processes of making models and calibration have been done and all land use models and sub models were made. It is followed by evaluating based on unused data and finally presenting a set of integrated models in order to recognizing population and job distribution in the horizon year. Results show that accessibility between traffic zones, economic and social variables such as income, number of people in each family, car ownership and land price are important factors in determining living and working locations in Qom. Furthermore, people in different age groups with different income have various priorities for their living and working locations.

Universities as the places of training the experts play an essential role in social, economic and cultural structure of the nations. The quality of education and the educational space are two major effective factors on the quality of training the students. Since the educational places are of the most important land-uses in the cities, the compatibility of them with other surrounded land-uses is vitally important in urban planning. In many cases the adjacency of educational places with incompatible land-uses such as military and industrial or locating in polluted areas or avoiding from necessary utilities have caused falling the learning abilities of the their students. In this research the desirability of the location of six universities of Tehran namely: K.N.Toosi university of technology, Iran university of science and Technology, Amirkabir university of technology, university of Tehran school of engineering, Shahid Rajaee University and Allameh Tabatabachr('39')i university has been evaluated and compared using the spatial analyzes in Geospatial Information System. To find the major criteria (factors), many students in those universities were asked. Based on the responses, the criteria were classified into two categories of physical and environmental. Satellite images, maps and census data were used to produce criteria maps. Evaluating and comprising between the criteria were done based on the idea of more than 500 students. Each of considered factors is extracted from a corresponding factor map and this is the point that highlights the role of GIS. For environmental factor three maps were produced and then combined. Greenness map in this study is a map showing the NDVI index of Tehran. To produce this map, image of Landsat 7 satellite, ETM+ sensor, band 3 and 4 was used as the input. ENVI software was used for this process and NDVI obtained within a thousand meters radius around each university. For the other map processes in this study ArcGIS 10.3 software was used. Next, three factor maps were combined using Index overlay method with the equal weights and environmental index map was created. Air pollution is at the highest level in winter. Noise pollution is significantly higher in the mornings. Real greenness is better observable in summer when all the trees have leaves. Different time of gathering will not affect the results because the relative conditions of the target universities are fairly constant during the process of collecting data. To prepare physical index map, accessibility and compatibility of surrounded land-uses must be determined.  Accessibility was extracted from a 1:2000 map of Tehran using OD-cost matrix in ArcGIS software. To generate compatibility, land-uses around the target universities were determined and their compatibility with university land-use was compared pair-wisely. The compatibilities expressed in five levels. Levels of compatibility have then been assigned different weight based on previous studies. Once the values of factors obtained, they were be combined to get the final index. However, the weights of each criterion must be assigned. AHP as a multicriteria decision making method and ratio estimation method were used for this task. At last, the final index for desirability of the location of target universities achieved by combining sub-criteria. The results of this research revealed that the location of Amirkabir University achieved the more desirability of location. After that K.N.Toosi, university of science and technology, university of Tehran school of engineering, Shahid Rajaee university and finally Allameh Tabatabachr('39')I stand on the next ranks.

The purpose of this study is modeling the effects of geometric factors geometric design variables such as characteristics of horizontal and vertical curve, longitudinal slope of road and environmental conditions like as land uses which are around the road according to region types (residential area, farms), types of topography (flat, rolling, mountain), kinds of access (protected or not), and access number (U-turn and access to subsidiary), simultaneously. The data are gathered by using plan, longitudinal profile, and access maps around the four accident-prone axes in the pieces with a length of 5 km.in Kerman province, where is the largest province in Iran and has the third highest stage at the number of road accidents. After correlation analysis, linear regression, generalized linear regression, Poisson and negative binomial models are fitted on information and finally, the most appropriate models are identified. Finally, Poisson generalized linear model with more fitting index and less percent relative error than the linear regression has been chosen. In Poisson generalized linear model, Characteristics of vertical curves factor with variables such as (number of vertical curves, average slope difference of vertical curves and, average difference of total slope) and the type of topography with variables like (mountains Existence, average Longitudinal of land slope and hill region due to the average slope) have played a major part as the most effective variables in increasing the number of accidents. Also, access variables including (the number of access and U-turn, the number of unprotected access and, the existence of residential area) have had correlate with the number of accidents. Reduction of slope difference between axes in curves, correct design for vertical curves and, avoiding large longitudinal slope could be an effective step in reducing the number of accidents, in road design for mountainous topography in the future.

In this paper, defining a probable earthquake, a calculating measure as transportation accessibility level was presented. After data collecting include: road network, population, building, seismic risk, hospitals; an appropriate network for analysis based on GIS environment was prepared. By determining centroids of each district (totally 32) zone as an origin was selected and the health service center (totally 45) as a destination was determined. Travel speed (in the of range 5km/h - 20km/h) was assumed. Road blockage caused by collapsed building was simulated with point barrier, line barrier and polygon barrier in GIS environment. According the result of network analysis in periods (10, 15, 30, 45 minutes) access to any health service and changing the accessibility by time has been shown. The analysis was performed with blockage condition; the results showed that the accessibility index significantly dropped but the changing index with barriers was similar to without barriers. Moreover, the change rate of entire index in the network without blockage comparing network with blockages links is more sever.

Management in crisis should be done in the position for manegment crisis which is referred to as crisis management center. Before among important cases constructing these centers is examining and selecting the appropriate geographical place for establishing this type of utility. The main purpose of this study is: To optimize location of management crisis and backup centers of Sari for mitigating the environmental risks, to do so , firstly, influential factors and criteria are identified through library studies by going to experts and use of Delphi method, then one prioritizes each one of influential factors and criteria using AHP method as one of conventional methods of multi-criteria decision making methods, finally through answering the main question, the optimized location is singled out using GIS system. This study isnt hypothesis as it merely identifies the variables not the relation between them and the type of this study due to its nature is descriptive-practical. Data collection method includes: library reviews and field survey and collection tool is note-taking, questionnaire (open and closed) and the analysis method is quantitative. Statistical population is consisted of 32 people of experts and as one inquires the experts, entire population is used.

Transportation policy makers believe that considering different aspects of equity is one of the strategies to achieve the sustainable development. One of the most important equity types that should be considered in studies on transportation infrastructure projects selection is spatial equity as equity among different zones of the study area. In this paper، a model، based on spatial equity approach is explained to evaluate transportation investment projects. Therefore، two measures of accessibility and congestion considering spatial equity are introduced. In these measures، zones with inappropriate condition of accessibility and congestion are weighed more. Along with these two measures، measure of total travel time on the network، indicating the overall status of the network has also been considered. A combinatory AHP-SMART method is introduced for weighting these measures. City of Isfahan was selected as the study area and six proposed streets were studied to be added to the network. All feasible scenarios were simulated by EMME/2 software and hereby data for calculation of measures were provided and finally، the best scenario was selected. Results show that consideration of spatial equity may change ranking of scenarios.

For urban transportation development there are a lot of annual costs, such as fuel importation, roads development, car repairing. Also environmental transportation impacts like energy consumption, noise and air pollution, increase the mentioned costs. Along rapid urban development it has become a considerable concern in the urban environmental management. Therefore, urban transportation is an important area in the field of environment. Hence it is required to pay more attention to environmental management of urban transportation. One of the useful management methods is development of Non-motorized Urban Transportation (bicycling and walking). The overall objective of this study is to develop a GIS model to plan suitable locations for non-motorized urban transportation. Arak, a developing city in Iran has been chosen as a case study. Methodology of this study helps to select suitable sites for development of non-motorized urban transportation. GIS as a powerful tool is applied for layers overlaying and interpretation of several scenarios. The results as the accessibility map and analysis for 3 transportation options (motorized transportation, bicycling and walking), shows high suitability of the study area for development of non-motorized urban transportation. Regarding fuel consumption issue, there are a lot of non-suitable location of main destinations in urban transportation network. This research has successfully managed development of a scientific approach for current and future development. It can be employed in transportation planning and suitability assessment at the local and national structure plan levels.

Any country's vital infrastructure, including transportation, plays a major role in a disaster situation. As transportation networks are threatened by different events such as natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes) and also man-made disasters (e.g., terrorism).Therefore, the identification, protection, stability, and development of transportation infrastructure is a vital issue during a disaster. In this paper, a spatial decision support tool, termed ISRT, is proposed. By using this tool, the road transportation network performance is evaluated based on four criteria, i.e., capacity of the roads, accessibility of the roads to military locations, vulnerability of the roads and the importance of the roads in the geometric structure of the network. By proposing the concept of strategic roads, the road networks, studied in this paper, are ranked. The tool is able to interact with decision-makers, receive their priorities and show the results on a map. The results indicate that eight percent of the roads under study are strategic.

Intersection is an important part of road network, and according to geometric definition, is a point of road that the alignment of main road is crossed by traffic flow of second road or roadside land use. Access leads to distortion to traffic flow, decrease speed, and because of speed differences between main and second road, increases accident potential risk. About 45 percent of accidents are occurred at access and intersection as black spot point. Several methods can be implemented to improve safety at accesses and intersections. In this paper, by assessment of important problems at intersection and comments taken from experts by surveying method, intersection safety improvement methods were evaluated. Accordingly, control and appropriate direction of traffic flow and proper applying of signs, markings, has more effects on safety improvement at intersection than other treatments.

Incidence of natural disasters is inevitable and cause many losses. Transportation network connectivity, considering the important role of highways, under emergency conditions is very important. Proper function of road networks could reduce the adverse effects of disasters. Road networks which fail to provide the necessary access have a little reliability. They will contribute to more widespread losses and damages. Kurdistan province geographic and natural conditions make it quite prone to natural disasters. To reduce losses and damages, it is imperative to provide access. Hence, the provision of access and reducing injuries is important. In this study, based on large volume of information, a risk index for Kurdistan road network is estimated. To validate this index, a sensitivity analysis is done. The results are compared with data from past events. With this index, the routes are prioritized for investment based on their risk of failure.

Better accessibility is one of the most important effective factors in making decision about allocating and distributing a form, space and activities. In fact, as access is considered as a valuable factor, "activities setting" and "population settlement" are affected by these factors as two key components effectively and a spatial structure of a city is exposed to change. It means that the urban functions and activities put at points that the access is caused a more easily. People also consider this factor as a factor effecting on making a decision to select their settlement place. But it must be mentioned that in a spatial structure of a city, its center has a unique feature that from geographical point of view it is the most equivalent area and town center and from a functional dimension point of view has very much focus on activities, and accessibility subject is faced with a much sensitivity. Hence, we can expect that with improving and disturbing an access quality in town center, the effect of this factor on two components of "activities setting "and" population settlement" is appeared more evident and sensible to other town areas.Man has challenged during history to rise access to goods, places, etc… and spatial and physical situations of a city are also affected by any evolution in this field. Particularly, it was exposed to change using a new vehicles, construction, texture and size of cities. In this case, it was carried out many efforts in the field of cognition and using a land use relation (activities setting and population settlement) and transportation from second half of 20th century. But most performed studies have been paid to land use effect in producing trips and one side of effect of land usage planning has been reviewed on a transportation planning and the reflection of effectiveness of policies and decisions making has been ignored in the field of a transportation planning on a land use planning. From 1950's, with expanding a systematic attitude, this relation has been reviewed in return.Therefore, we can state that as the access requirements facilitation affects on a spatial and physical development of a city, the reverse requirement of this issue (access restriction making) can also act as one inhibitor factor and/ or changing factor of development trends.In this article, in addition to theoretical clarification of issue according to Edmond Biken theory that "People's decisions make a shape of a city", the outcomes of access restriction making on people's decision for selecting their activities place and settlement and finally the reflection of frame and spatial works of this type of decisions are reviewed in a shape of a city.In this framework, according to the initial question during a study process and using a scientific method, one analytical model was formulated for reviewing the existing requirements of Tehran center so that from this way the spatial reflections of access restriction use (Traffic ban area plan) are reviewed in Tehran center. On this basis, the effectiveness of access restriction on activities setting pattern and a population settlement pattern have been formulated and tested in the field of two assumptions for researching about the desired issue.The extracted information of commercial institutes and companies turnover and statistical records (as an index from activities setting pattern) and also population data of Tehran metropolitan city accompanied by the extracted information from an opinion polling questionnaire in the studied scope (as an index of population settlement trend) have been analyzed at the framework of research analytical model. The results show that the access restriction use as one sole policy of traffic along with other effective factors have tended to change activities setting pattern and a settlement of part of population and have followed the attenuation of town center.