جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشورهای در حال توسعه » در نشریات گروه « صنایع »

Technological learning is defined as an endogenous way of generating technological capabilities in developing countries, reflecting the ability of an organization to effectively use, absorb and adapt external technologies, and develop new technologies over time, responding to environmental changes. Three important features of technology learning include gradual technological change, international diffusion of technology and local technological endeavors. In this research, the factors influencing technological learning have been identified. According to studies, two main components, including technological capability (absorptive capacity) and catch up strategy have been introduced as key components. Then, by analyzing the components, the main factors of each are identified and modeled. Capabilities are identified with a set of factors that are categorized as enterprise factors (including internal knowledge of employees, organizational strategies, and technological capabilities), national factors (including market conditions and competitive environment, culture and education, policies and regulations, and Technical infrastructure) and global factors (including fluidity, multiplicity of innovations, and complexity of technologies). The level of these capabilities will determine the catch up strategy. Understanding these factors help to influence the speed and power of technological learning in firms and industries in developing countries. Considering the development of technological capabilities and absorptive capacity at the level of enterprises with the aim of promoting the localization of technology, choosing the appropriate method for acquiring technology in order to encourage learning and acquiring new skills, as well as paying attention to the development of complementary capabilities will lead to technological learning and the success of the technological plans in the country.

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) and the use of these advances by human societies has a duality in consumption of one of the most important energy carriers (electricity). The use of information and communication technology has two effects. First, the use of information and communication technology has led to the replacement of new technologies with old technologies and thus improves the efficiency of electricity consumption and, consequently, reduces their consumption (substitution effect). Second, installation, commissioning and operation of new information and communication technology equipment will increase demand for electricity (income effect). Therefore, the overall effect of information and communication technology on electricity consumption is a function of relative strength of one of the effects. Accordingly, in this paper, the relationship between the use of information and communication technology and electricity consumption in a group of selected developing countries during the period of 2015-1994 was studied. For this purpose, the dynamic panel model with the PMG approach was used. The results presented in two separate models show that increasing the use of information and communication technology will increase per capita consumption of electricity energy in both short and long term in selected developing countries. Also, the results show that in selected developing countries, economic growth is the cause of power consumption, while there is a one-way causality relationship between information and communication technology and electricity consumption and economic growth.

Even though enormous efforts towards industrial development have been made in Iran over the past decades, the outcome has not been satisfying. One of the main problems is the lack of appropriate catch up policies in the country development plans and programs. In fact, in the case of Iran and other developing countries, passing from imitation to innovation phase is not that simple; in fact, the acquisition and absorption of current technologies should first be dealt with, second, the technological adaptation and modification have to be made for successful technological catch up, and finally, the innovation must gradually become the center of economic development process. These subjects highlight the importance of catch up policies for developing countries to achieve successful technological learning and innovation which have been considered as the key success factors for catch up. In carrying out this project, 12 successful catch up policies are identified by systematic review of literature and case studies.

research and Development plays a key role in creating knowledge and technology, hence planning and investment in this area is too important for countries to keep their permanency of competitive advantages. For the time beingdeveloping countries from one side, aretypicallyimportinghigh technologyfromdeveloped countries, and from the other sidein recent years supply of domestic healthcareneeds faced with new barriers such as high costof drugs and the emergence of new international. Consequently the situation leads to formation and enabling of domestic R&D in Pharmaceutical industry. this paper have considered the situation of Pharmaceutical industry’s R&D in developing countries and then examined the related theories, Having in mind the India’s achievements in Pharmaceutical industry through adoption and implementation of appropriate R&D policies,. India's experiences in Pharmaceutical industry especially in bio technology looked over and finally the pass through manner of India from 1947 till now is presented in a suitable framework. The framework’s features consist of types of R&D, forms of innovation (product or process) and the time with in each period. It may used as guidance for R&D activities in Pharmaceutical industry in other developing countries.

Much debate in the field of intellectual property rights and its role in economic development is going on. This paper discuss about the effects of four stronger factors on innovation that can be affected by IPRs in developing countries. These economic variables that affected by IPR include; FDI، trade and innovation، public health، genetic resources and traditional knowledge. In this paper، innovation is defined base on OECD statements. Innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service)، process، new marketing method or a new organizational method in business practices، workplace organization or external relations. Where the cost of research is high and there is much risk for the return of the investment، countries use different strategies to encourage the innovation. Implementing a strong IPR regime is an important way to motivate researchers and firms for R&D activities. An empirical study has been conducted on 118 countries، both developing and developed countries. It is concluded that stronger IPR does not have direct effect on economic growth or increasing innovation in developing countries while a direct and strong relationship between these variables are visible in developed countries. The positive role of IPR in the economy of developing countries must be accounted. In addition، these countries are under the pressure of developed countries to strength their IPR regime، so the countries must develop their IPR law in a manner to prepare the most effective way for improving their economy.

Although the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) does not have an explicit technology transfer mandate, it may contribute to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies currently not available in the host countries. This paper analyzes the claims of technology transfer made by project participants in the project design documents for 3296 registered and proposed CDM projects. Roughly 36% of the projects accounting for 59% of the annual emission reductions claim to involve technology transfer. Technology transfer is more common for larger projects and projects with foreign participants. Technology transfer is very heterogeneous across project types and usually involves both knowledge and equipment. The technology originates mostly from Japan, Germany, the USA, France, and Great Britain. The rate of technology transfer is significantly higher than the average for several host countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam and significantly lower than average for Brazil, China, and India. As the number of projects increases, technology transfer occurs beyond the individual projects. This is observed for several project types in China and Brazil. For most project types, project developers appear to have a choice among a number of domestic and/or foreign technology suppliers.