جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « attitude change » در نشریات گروه « عمران »

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude changes of integrated management of urban water/wastewater in the Iran's parliamentary laws since the Constitutional Revolution. During this period, the National Parliament and the Islamic Parliament have ratified eight and ten laws regarding this field, respectively. According to the obtained results, water resources and wastewater collection have been considered more than other sections of the cycle and wastewater treatment sector has had the lowest frequency. In this regard, the main attitude of the laws and the presented solutions have been "political". In addition, before the Islamic Revolution, there were no laws with a "preventive and protective" approach and none of the laws provided an "educational-promotional" solution. However, after the Islamic Revolution, this important and effective approach has been considered in some laws. The initial national authorities for water distribution and treatment were the Municipality and the Ministry of Health, respectively; however, the major responsibilities of this sector were left to the Ministry of Energy since its establishment in 1974. In the first years after the Islamic Revolution, the Ministry of Energy was still responsible for this field and no new authority had been created. About a decade later, the holding of National Water and Wastewater Company formed as the head of authority and the provincial companies were created as its subsets, which was the milestone of integrated urban water and wastewater management in the country; the original nature of this authority has been preserved so far since its formation.

The main purpose of this study is an analytical comparison of attitude change to integrated management of urban water/wastewater in the development plans of Iran, before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results indicate that there are four periods of changes in attitude towards this issue in Iran. The first period was initiated to launch planning thinking. In the second period, which lasted till before the Islamic Revolution, the planning system in Iran, after gaining experience, has undergone a dramatic change and some issues such as national coverage of the wastewater collection system, reliable water supply and minimum price of water, were mentioned in the development plans for the first time. In the end years of this period, planning in Iran was matured and all aspects of integrated management except water treatment had been considered. The third period came simultaneously with the revision of the constitution of Iran, after the revolution. In this period, supported by macro policies after the mid-2000s, a period of excellence in the approach of integrated management of urban water and wastewater was created. Also, a macro roadmap in the planning system of Iran was developed. The fourth period of attitude changes began with the beginning of the second step of the revolution and will last until 2065. In this period, the "Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress", as an upstream framework of the macro policies and development plans, have a significant role in establishing an integrated urban water and wastewater management approach in future development plans.