جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مشهد » در نشریات گروه « مهندسی آب »

The scarcity of water resources and the increasing demand for household water, as a result of urban population growth, have made it difficult for the citizens to supply the water they need in metropolises. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the amount of domestic water consumption in metropolitan areas using management and consumption control strategies. One of the most effective methods to modify the pattern of water consumption is changing the consumers’ behavior for efficient water use. (Social) Media advertising, establishing training programs for consumers (citizens), implementing effective training programs in schools, spreading educational brochures among water consumers and and billboard advertising are the most practical approaches to promote water saving behavior in metropolises. The aim of this study is to rank the mentioned methods in changing the water consumption behavior of the citizens. Evaluation and ranking of these methods are carried out applying the integrated method of Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process (Grey-AHP) and Grey-TOPSIS. In this study, Mashhad metropolis was selected as a case study. The results show that (social) media advertising and and billboard advertising are the most influential approaches for promoting the effective consumption of water in Mashhad. Distributing educational brochures, educational materials in schools, and establishing training programs for citizens are ranked second to fourth, respectively. Practical approaches to promote water saving behavior, which are easier to apply, are more appropriate and have a greater influence on reducing water consumption.

As a result of the climate change and water abstraction in neighbouring countries, domestic water supply to boarder line cities has faced serious challenges due to reduction in available water. Mashhad city is one of the most strategic cities of Iran that would face with water scarcity challenge. Though the Oman Sea water desalinization and transfer to Mashhad is being studied at the moment, this paper defines water demand and conventional and non-conventional regional water supplies and shows that the available regional water resources can meet domestic demand. Despite the low volume of water supply in some individual projects; local water management is superior to sea water transfer scenario in terms of economic and environmental aspects. Agricultural water consumption management based on groundwater entitlement and sewage water recycling are more suitable scenarios for domestic water supply. There are two alternatives for recycling sewage water including 1) substituting agricultural water with sewage in adjacent aquifers and convey clean water for domestic use and 2) secondary treatment of effluent and injecting it into domestic aquifer. Future domestic demand of Mashhad city is 1.5 times of existing demand and regional water supply schemes not only can meet the demand but also provide 122 MCM excess water (31% of demand) as confidence limit.

Lost Money is the most important problem companies which providing public services, usually governments compensate this loss-making that it undermine the country's economic system in the long run. Water and sewage Company is as one of the companies offering these services have been loss-making and it certainly will be looking for ways to get out of this mode. This research seeks to provide solutions to increase revenue in Water and Wastewater Company of Mashhad. In this regard, the SWOT method is used. In order to we have used to complete a questionnaire and interviews with experts, for to identify the internal and external factors affecting the increase on revenue, and then with this method have been suggested solutions in this regard. Suggestions are at three categories including “ways to increase revenue in terms of technical, solutions for increase revenue in terms of labor, and solutions to decrease costs”. In the first category include control and inspection, cost management, shortening of projects, change of contract type with contractors. In the second category, factors include; changing the type of meter reading contract, receiving water from all areas, collecting faster of revenues, organizational order, implementing new technologies, coordinating with other urban institutions, coordination Inside the organization, and in the third category, the most important ones include creating motivation in employees for improve productivity, reforming the system of reprisal and encouraging employees, locating the right employees in the assignment posts based on meritocracy, to statute the interest of the personnel in increasing revenues company.

An objective of the Targeted Subsidy Act in Iran, which came into effect in 2010 in Iran, is to manage water demand. Despite the importance of this Act, evaluation of its effects especially on urban water networks has been rarely reported. The present study aims to investigate the impacts of the first phase of its implementation on the water consumption for different uses in the city of Mashhad. For this purpose, the data records of water consumption over a period of 10 years were analyzed and expert views were collected. Results indicated that although the Act in its early years of implementation led to reduced consumption and a shift was observed in water consumption for different uses, the increasing trend of water consumption was later resumed. It was also found that as reductions in water consumption for different urban uses is directly related to the users’ interests. Water consumption reduction fits the gamma probability density function. Based on the data obtained, water production and supply did not decline during the study period despite the reduction observed by authorized users. It may, therefore, be inferred that illegal connections increased during the study period. Thus, the Act did not seemingly have the impacts, at least as much as expected, on reducing urban water consumption.

Excessive growth followed by a flourishing civil engineering projects in recent decades, causing large amounts of construction wastes in Mashhad Metropolis. For evaluation of demolition landfills in the pollution of water resources, firstly the position of the old landfill and current land use of them are investigated. Then the impacts of old landfill such as land subsidence and pollution of water resources are evaluated. Furthermore, the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources and their trends with distance from the landfill has been studied. The results shows that Environmental impacts due to construction on the old landfill embrace increase of carbonates and bicarbonates, augments of soluble solid and EC, amplifies of total hardness, SO42- and Cl-. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources were declined as distance from the landfill increases. The Latter consider the direct impact of landfill location on water resources.

Nowadays, one of the main goals of the city council is to extend the green environment and health for their citizens to improve their quality of life. Water is the main limiting factor for this purpose in Mashhad. The economic evaluation of the project is considered one of the most important sections as the funding source is limited and it is not important who pays the cost and who will benefit in a public project. This issue has to be taken into consideration via economic values for all multi factors and multi goals in social activities. As the cost was paid at the first part and income will be earned later, it is necessary to determine a communal temporal basis for expenses and income. Therefore, the expenses and incomes have to be changed for the same date. For this purpose, the future income was adjusted to current date that it is called befit to cost ratio. The results showed that the benefit to cost ratio is 1.14 for rain harvesting in this project and they also indicated that the project's economic annual rate is 5 %. In other words, after 30 years it will be able to cover its cost.

In assessing the potential impacts of climate change on different sections including water, agriculture, and urban drainage management, projection of changes in climate extremes as the results of climate change and global warming are essential. To have an outlook on future projections of climate extremes particularly precipitation, the outputs derived from three coupled general circulation models (HadCM3, NCCCSM, and CGCM3T47) contributing to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCCAR4, have been downscaled for Mashhad station under A1B emission scenarios by LARS- WG during three period 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099. The extremes are described by seven indices based on precipitation including CDD, R10mm, R20mm, RX5day, SDII, R95T, and R99T. The results showed that heavy precipitation events for pentads increase the maximum five-day precipitation and their intensity in three sequential periods. In addition, a larger fraction of the total annual precipitation is projected to occur during heavy precipitation events, i.e. events that exceed the 95th and 99th percentile. Increases are found for these indices indicated the more frequent future occurrence of floods in the twenty first century.

Nowadays treated effluent reuse is very important due to the water shortage problem. The aim of this study was comparison the quality of Mashhad Aolang treatment effluent plant with wells water on that area for irrigation purpose and their effects on wheat production. In this study a total number of 24 well water and 24 treated Wastewater samples were taken، weekly within the period of six months. Totally eight wheat farms were selected at the end of wheat growing season which four wheat farms among them were irrigated with treated wastewater and the other four farms were irrigated with wells water. Heavy metals (Cd، Ni، Fe، Mn، Pb، Zn and Co) and pH، EC، BOD5، COD، TSS، nitrate، nitrite، PO42-، alkalinity، Na%، RSC، ESP، SAR in all samples were measured according to standard methods. Results indicated that the quality of all measured parameters in treated effluent were consistent with the agricultural irrigation standard. In comparison، irrigated with treated wastewater was more productive than well water on wheat production. In conclusion، replacing treated wastewater with continuous monitoring with well water for irrigation purposes is recommended.