جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کمبود آب » در نشریات گروه « مهندسی آب »

Water scarcity is one of the most important distinguishing features that development theorists have paid attention to in explaining the characteristics of eastern societies in the social transition. This attitude has led to the presentation of theories such as the Asiatic mode of production, Oriental Despotism, and Iranian Despotism, each of which, considering some characteristics of the society, has tried to explain the relationship between the development of the East and its connection with water, but they have not been able to. This study, by using the qualitative research method and historical studies, reviewing the documents, observation, and interviews with farmers, policymakers, and people living in the Zayandeh-Rud basin area, has tried to get an accurate picture of the connection between water and development of this region in Iran. The results obtained in this research show that the problem of water scarcity in Iran has caused the formation of a system that arises from the two arms of political legitimacy and social acceptability with the processes of appointment and selection, and the development of Iranian society depends on the balance of The powers of these two parts. if the balance disturbed, the society moves towards political despotism or social revolution.

With the increase in population, global warming and climate changes, in the not too distant future, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, there will be a problem of water shortage, which can cause severe crises in various fields. Therefore, it is necessary to study the behavior of water in the past and provide solutions in order to achieve sustainability, to a large extent prevent the occurrence of problems caused by water scarcity such as desertification, development of poverty, threats to food security, air pollution and other destructive environmental, social and economic effects. . In a world with water security, the importance of the real value of water and the importance of water consumption for human life and well-being become one. In a world with water security, the productive power of water is under control and its destructive force is minimized. Water security also means managing and dealing with environmental protection and the negative effects of poor management. In water security, ending the scattered responsibility of water and integrating the management of water resources in all sectors including finance, planning, agriculture, energy, tourism, industry, education and health are considered. In this research, examining the trends of water consumption and scarcity on a regional and global scale, and classifying water scarcity for different years in order to direct and regulate management work in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development, trajectory archetypes have been discussed which can be useful in identifying suitable possible solutions to deal with water shortage, as well as evaluating solutions to reduce consumption, according to the climate of the region and its conditions.

A brief look at the status of statistics provided by different authorities regarding the water crisis represents a leading threat to the spiritual capital of Iran. Iran faces issues such as climate and reduced atmospheric precipitation, with a lack of resources and serious water supply constraints. Many challenges, including water crisis management, and the ever-increasing advances in information and communication technology, on the other hand, have made the move to smart cities an inescapable necessity. In a previous research, the strategies for intelligent water management and water resources control are presented from three perspectives of urban, residential and irrigation solutions and its implementation is presented with the KNX intelligent protocol.

In this research, intermittent water supply is optimized using pressure driven hydraulic analysis and particle swarm optimization algorithm with the aim of maximizing the uniformity of water distribution in the network and reliability. In the following, by calculating the resiliency as an efficiency criterion, system performance is evaluated. Obtain ed results from pressure driven hydraulic analysis and demand driven hydraulic analysis are compared. In this regard, the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the EPANET hydraulic analysis model are linked. Pressure driven hydraulic analysis is performed by applying some modifications on the hydraulic calculation process. The proposed model is evaluated on a sample network in several water shortage scenarios. According to the obtained results, the objective function (uniformity of water distribution) has higher values for the scenarios with lower water shortage, so that the maximum value is relevant to the scenario without water shortage. The values of the objective function for scenarios with pressure driven hydraulic analysis are 20% more than its values for scenarios with demand driven hydraulic analysis. By comparing the values obtained for system efficiency criteria it can be observed that the network resiliency and nodal resiliency for most of the scenarios with demand driven hydraulic analysis are more than their values for scenarios with pressure driven hydraulic analysis. This is because of the independency of nodal discharge from nodal pressure in demand driven hydraulic analysis that leads to unreal values for nodal discharges and therefore, hydraulic failure accrues rarely. The maximum value achieved for resiliency is around 99% which is relevant to efficiency threshold of 70% in nodal form. Uniformity and equity of water distribution between demand nodes and as a result satisfaction of stakeholders can be maximized by using optimization models. Employing pressure driven hydraulic analysis models makes it possible to simulate the behavior of water distribution networks realistically.

Water scarcity is now one of the most critical challenges in most countries around the world, especially in Iran. One of the key ways to control and manage this issue is the investigation of the water demand. Qom city has always been encountered with a threat due to its location in the dry area of the country and in the absence of proper management in the near future, there will be serious dangers in this field. The purpose of this thesis is investigation of water demand dynamics from method of system dynamics in Qom city. Dynamic of various variables such as population, water demand, surface water resources, ground water, water supply in this model has been used by Vensim software. The maximum relative difference (%) of this model for estimation of water demand was found to be 7%. The change of birth rate from 4% to 2% resulted in 29% reduction of water demand level in 1405 compared with current trend. . Base on this result, the policy of population control had the most important effect on water demand. The price effect on water demand is negligible, so that, 20% increase of price leaded to 2.04% reduction in level of water demand in 1405 compared with current trend.

Water resources systems are facing with changes in terms of natural and socio-economic aspects. As a result, water resources management should be prepared for the future possibilities, rather than relying on the predicting of probabilities. Hence, the management approach should tend towards the mechanisms which can promote understanding and adapting to changes. That school of thoughts which is based on versatility with changes is known as adaptive management. From this perspective, adaptation to change is a priority for the adaptive management. One of the main features of an adaptive structure, is its capacity to adapt to change. Thus, this study aims to assess the adaptive capacity of the local organizations in Tashk –Bkhtgan Basin versus water scarcity. The adopted methodology is based on the Adaptive Capacity Wheel. The required data were gathered using questionnaires and structured interviews. The results show that a relatively negative adaptive capacity within the local organizations. That means there are gaps among the local organizations to deal with the negative effects of new conditions that need to be repaired.

Under water shortage conditions, it is necessary to exercise water consumption management practices in water distribution networks (WDN). Intermittent supply of water is one such practice that makes it possible to supply consumption nodal demands with the required pressure via water cutoff to some consumers during certain hours of the day. One of the most important issues that must be observed in this management practice is the equitable and uniform water distribution among the consumers. In the present study, uniformity in water distribution and minimum supply of water to all consumers are defined as justice and equity, respectively. Also, an optimization model has been developed to find an optimal intermittent supply schedule that ensures maximum number of demand nodes are supplied with water while the constraints on the operation of water distribution networks are also observed. To show the efficiency of the proposed model, it has been used in the Two-Loop distribution network under several different scenarios of water shortage. The optimization model has been solved using the honey bee mating optimization algorithm (HBMO) linked to the hydraulic simulator EPANET. The results obtained confirm the efficiency of the proposed model in achieving an optimal intermittent supply schedule. Moreover, the model is found capable of distributing the available water in an equitable and just manner among all the consumers even under severe water shoratges.

In this paper the results of investigation on the combination and conjunctive use of Detention dams and Storage reservoirs are presented. Detention dams are basically In-Stream structures while Storage reservoirs canbe built beside streams. Experiments have shown that in areas where water scarcity is a major problem، ground water should not be considered as the only source for water supply. High frequency floods are not commonly recognized as a reliable water supply. This paper intends to reveal the fact that using such an unfamiliar source of water is essential and vital to resolve water scarcity problem in arid and semi arid regions. Combining flood control and water harvesting tasks، may justify Hydro projects from economic point of view. In the case study، it was illustrated that detention dams could effectively capture high frequency floods which leads to local flood control cost reduction. This provides the required investment for constructing off-Stream reservoirs to supply fresh water for different purposes especially for municipal consumption.

The Zayandeh-Rud Basin (ZRB) is expriencing water stress. It has been the situation for the past 50 years. Basin development is considered normally a three-stage process with a relatively smooth transition between overdraft, water supply management, and optimal allocation. In the ZRB however, five phases of water resources developments (WRD) may be identified, including the trans-basin projects. The Situation in the ZRB does not show an encouraging picture. Increased water supply on each phase of development still fall behind the demand growth. That is the reason why for the past 50 years, the basin remained more or less under water stress. There is no inter-basin integrated water management that shares out the shortages uniformly between different uses, or even within a particular water use. Without trans-basin water transfers, the ZRB basin is unable to meet existing water demands. However, several scenarios also show that even then, the basin will be unable to meet water demands before 2020 as long as the urban, industrial and agriculture sectors continue to grow with the current rate.