جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آبیاری بارانی" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Weeds are the main factor limiting cumin production. Hand weeding is used as the most important and common method of weed management in cumin fields, which, in addition to spending a lot of time, takes a large part of the production cost. Cumin is weak in competition with weeds because it has a low and weak initial growth and establishment speed, and its biomass and height of its aerial organs are low, in addition, its root expansion is not very notable. The amount of weed damage in cumin cultivation is reported from 40 to 90 percentage depends on the type of weed species and density, the length of the competition period, cultivation conditions, control time and management of nutrients and in different conditions. Trifluralin (Treflan) is used by some farmers at planting time of cumin as a foliar spray in the soil or with irrigation water. Interviews conducted with farmers confirm that the use of this herbicide at the time of planting cumin affects the seeds of the plant to some extent and reduces the germination percentage of this plant, although some farmers also believe that there is no side effect in this case. Another challenge to successful cumin production, particularly in rainy years, is plant diseases. Wilt, leaf burn, and surface powdery mildew, caused by *Fusarium oxysporum*, *Alternaria burnsii*, and *Erysiphe polygoni*, respectively, are among the most significant diseases affecting cumin worldwide. Therefore, this study was carried out with the following objectives 1) Investigating the effect of trifluralin herbicide abuse at different intervals until planting, on the percentage of cumin seedling emergence.2) The effect of using trifluralin herbicide at different intervals until planting, on the population and growth of weeds.3) The effect of irrigation method on cumin yield4) Investigating the effect of irrigation method on the percentage and yield of cumin essential oil5) The effect of irrigation method on the contamination of cumin plants with Fusarium fungus6) Studying the water use efficiency in different irrigation and weed management

Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of the weed management method and the type of irrigation on the control of weeds, an experiment was conducted as split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the research farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2022-2023. The experimental treatments include the type of irrigation in two levels (flooded and sprinkler) and weed management in seven levels (hand weeding, time of planting the cumin seeds after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days trifluralin herbicide application and no weed control).

The type of irrigation showed a significant effect on weeds density and dry weight, the percentage of plant wilt, the number of umbrellas per plant, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield and water use efficiency at the level of 1% and the harvest index at the level of 5%. The method of weed management showed a significant effect on the density and dry weight of weeds, the number of emerged plants, plant height, the number of umbrellas per plant, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil yield and water use efficiency at the level of 1% and harvest index at the level 5%. The interaction effect of irrigation and weed management methods showed a significant effect on the density and dry weight of weeds, the of essential oil percentage and yield at the level of 1%, and the biological yield and yield of seeds at the level of 5%. The results of this experiment showed that sprinkler irrigation had better conditions in terms of weed and disease control as well as seed and essential oil yields compared to flood irrigation. Among the herbicide treatments, the application of trifluralin 3 days before planting had better weed control results. By increasing the distance of cumin planting from the time of herbicide application, despite the increase in weed dry weight and density, cumin seed yield improved. In both irrigation methods, treatments of hand weeding and cumin planting after 21 days of herbicide application had the highest yield of seed and essential oil.

In general, cumin planting 21 days after trifluralin application and using sprinkler irrigation were able to reduce the weed density and biomass to an acceptable level and on the other hand, they produced a good seed and essential oil yield which is recommended.

Knowing and determining the water productivity is the first step to improve it. The aim of this research is to determine the water productivity of potato plants in hot, moderate and cold climates of Kermanshah province. In the mentioned climates, Qasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah and Sonqor cities, which had the largest area under potato cultivation, were selected as the areas for conducting this research. For this purpose, 35 farms were selected under the conditions of farmers in 2021-2022. The total volume of irrigation water of each of the selected farms was measured during the growing season. Effective precipitation was determined using the USDA equation. The amount of water consumed by farms was also calculated from the total amount of irrigation water and effective precipitation. After harvesting the crop and determining the yield of potatoes by dividing the amount of yield by the amount of water consumed, the water productivity of the selected farms was determined. SPSS software and ANOVA analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis of the results. The results showed that the average volume of potato irrigation water in the sprinkler method in Qasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah and Sonqor cities was 7507, 7186, and 6739 m3 ha-1, respectively, and their average water consumption was 8002, 7246, and 6783 m3 ha-1, respectively. The average yield of potatoes in these cities was 24100, 35500 and 36100 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, the average water productivity of potatoes in these cities was 3.4, 4.9 and 5.7 kg m-3, respectively. Therefore, the results showed that the water productivity of potatoes in Qasr-e-Shirin city is 30%, and 40% lower than in Kermanshah and Sonqor cities, respectively, and the most important reasons are the lower yield and the larger volume of irrigation water and potato water consumption in this city. Therefore, it is possible to increase yield and reduce water consumption and finally increase the water productivity of potato by managing agronomic and breeding, and training farmers in order to reduce water consumption in this city.

The increasing population of the world and the shortage of water resources, is a serious threat to sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, methods such as pressurized irrigation are proposed to save water consumption. For this purpose, a meta-analysis study from the beginning until September 2020, was performed to investigate grain yield, irrigation water amount and water productivity in pressurized irrigation methods on maize plants. After searching databases, 17424 studies were collected and 93 paired data were obtained by final screening. Overall, grain yield and irrigation water amount showed a significant increase of 7.65% and a significant decrease of 29.89%, respectively, in pressure methods compared to surface methods. Also, when using pressurized irrigation methods, water productivity increased significantly by 62.98% compared to the surface irrigations. In this study, sprinkler irrigation showed the highest increase in grain yield (10.42%), and drip tape irrigation showed the highest decrease in irrigation water amount (24.61%) and the highest increase in water productivity (70.22%), compared to surface irrigation. The results of this study showed the importance of using pressurized irrigation methods along with determining the appropriate method of pressurized irrigation that increases grain yield, water productivity and decreases the amount of irrigation water for maize plants

Water is the most important and limiting production factor in agriculture. The rapid decline of groundwater table is threatening sustainable irrigation agricultural development. Considering the limitation of ground water resources and the necessity of optimal use of surface water, the reform of the Irrigation systems is a necessity. Iran is located in one of the driest regions of the world. Based on this, one of the major challenges in providing food for the growing population is the issue of water and proper management of water resources. With the increasing shortage of irrigation water, new irrigation methods for optimal use of water will be more important in the future. Another way to increase water productivity is to adopt deficit irrigation strategies. Deficit irrigation is defined as the use of water less than the plant's water requirement, which has been developed in many countries in order to reduce the amount of irrigation water. This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and water productivity of canola with three irrigation mathods of furrow, sprinkler and drip whith foure irrigation treatments included 60, 80, 100, and 120 percent of full irrigation amount. For this purposea field experiments was carried out using a split plot arrangement in randomized block design with three replications inTabriz in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 grwoing seasons. The soil class of the farm is sandy loam. The amount of effective rainfall in the growing season was 278 mm in the first year and 202 mm in the second year.In each experimental unit of furrow and drip irrigation method, there were 4 rows of planting 8 meters long and in each experimental unit of sprinkler irrigation method there were 6 rows of planting 3 meters long. The distance between planting rows was 50 cm and the distance between plants in each row was 3 to 5 cm, and the seeds were planted at a depth of 1 to 2 cm. Octans autumn hybrid canola seed variety was used for cultivation. Hunter model A12 hidden sprinkler with a spraying radius of 3.7 meters was used for sprinkler irrigation. In this plan, a sprinkler was installed in each corner of the plot, and to prevent interference between the plots, the radius of the sprinkler was adjusted to 90 degrees. For drip irrigation, a strip with an aperture distance of 20 cm and a thickness of 175 microns was used.In this research, the irrigation timing was applied in the furrow method based on the fixed cycle of 10 days for the area and for drip and sprinkler irrigation cycle of 5 days. The amount of irrigation water in each irrigation round was estimated by measuring the volumetric soil moisture before each irrigation round in the full irrigation treatment, and according to the area of each plot and applying the irrigation efficiency, the amount of water used for each method was obtained. The actual evaporation and transpiration of rapeseed was obtained from the water balance equation. At the end of the growing season, the product of each plot was harvested separately and the weight of dry matter, weight of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds, the amount of yield per unit area and other characteristics were measured and recorded, and the parameters related to water consumption efficiency for each plot were was achieved The obtained results showed that regardless of the amount of irrigation, crop yield and other growth indicators were better in drip irrigation than the other two methods, so that the drip method at the level of 120% had the highest amount of yield, weight of 1000 seeds and plant height. The lowest amount of irrigation water is related to the drip method at the level of 60%, and this method reduced the amount of irrigation water by 49% and 21%, respectively, compared to furrow and sprinkler irrigation at the same level. The highest value of water prodoctivity and irrigation water prodoctivity related to drip irrigation was at the level of 60%. At this level, the drip method increased the efficiency of water prodoctivity by 87% and 25%, respectively, compared to the furrow and sprinkler method. The results of this research showed that the use of modern irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler instead of the surface methods, in addition to saving the amount of water used, also improves the performance of the product. Also, the application of deficit irrigation techniques in these methods will have less yield loss and increase the water use efficiency compared to traditional methods.

Agriculture, while being a supplier of energy, is also its most important consumer. Agriculture is also the largest consumer of water. The optimal use of the two main inputs of agriculture, namely water and energy resources, in the agricultural sector is one of the important priorities of the country's water and agriculture industry (Ahmad & Khan, 2009). One of the most important programs for agricultural development in the country should be to increase the productivity of water and energy consumption. So far, about 2.9 million hectares in Iran have been covered by pressurized irrigation systems, which has led to an improvement in the water productivity index from 0.87 kg/m3 in 2005 to 1.32 kg/m3 in 2015, and the target is 1.6 kg/m3 in 2025. The Dehgolan plain, with an area of 84,982 square kilometers, is located to the east of the city of Sanandaj. The Dehgolan prohibited aquifer is the only source of agricultural water in the region. The solid set sprinkler irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in the region, and in some areas, farmers also use the wheel-move sprinkler irrigation system. In addition, due to the annual decline in the groundwater level, the energy consumption for pumping water has also increased; therefore, it seems necessary to study the water productivity indices as well as the electricity consumption efficiency and the total energy consumption in the mentioned plain. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the water and energy productivity indices of the important potato crop in farmers' fields, with solid set sprinkler and wheel-move sprinkler irrigation systems. In addition, an attempt was made to study both electricand diesel fuel sources.

A study involving 19 farms with a combined area of 177 hectares investigated water and energy use in irrigation systems. The farms were divided into three categories: solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by electricity (CE), solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD), and wheel move sprinkler systems powered by electricity (WE). To measure flow rate, an ultrasonic flow meter was used on each farm. Electricity consumption data was obtained from the regional electricity company at the conclusion of the irrigation season. Farms using diesel-powered pumps had their monthly diesel consumption documented. The yield was alsomeasured by sampling method. other necessary and complementary information about the studied farms was collected from farmers, including the amount of potato tuber planted in the farm, fertilizers used, pesticides used, required labor force, and agricultural machinery required in the planting, cultivation, and harvesting stages. At last, to evaluate the productivity of the studied farms, the following indices were used: electricity and energy consumption productivity, water productivity, energy efficiency, and specific energy. 

An analysis of various water and energy efficiency indicators revealed that farms using solid set sprinkler systems with mobile sprinklers powered by diesel fuel (CD farms) performed the worst. These farms exhibited the lowest average water use productivity (1.4 kg/m³), energy use productivity (0.2 kg/MJ), and energy efficiency (0.7), while having the highest average specific energy consumption (5.7 MJ/kg). This suggests that CD farms have a negative net energy input, meaning they consume more energy than they produce. 

This study evaluated water and energy use productivity indices for potato production in farmers' fields of Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province, Iran. The fields were classified into three groups: CE (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source), CD (solid set sprinkler irrigation system with diesel fuel energy source), and WE (wheel move sprinkler irrigation system with electric power source). The average energy consumption of CE, CD, and WE farms was 111413, 213931, and 118431 MJ/ha, respectively. The water use productivity indices of CE and WE farms were equal and 17% higher than those of CD farms. The energy use efficiency and productivity of the mentioned farms were also equal and twice those of CD farms. The net energy input of the mentioned farms was 41587, -75931, and 52569 MJ/ha, respectively.In other words, the energy input from CD farms that use diesel engines is negative. In general, based on the studied indices, the status of farms with solid set and wheel move sprinkler irrigation systems that use electric energy is acceptable compared to the national average. However, it is necessary to prioritize the electrification of agricultural wells of farms that use diesel fuel in the country's planning programs.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of rotation factor, rotation speed and irrigation duration on Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL) of impact and gear driven sprinklers. Experiments were carried out in the research farm of Kurdistan University and in an area of 3600 m2 by single sprinkler method on two Komet R8 and Luxor sprinklers. The results showed: 1- Up to the wind speed of 11.5 km/h and the air temperature of 40 °C, there is no significant difference between the WDEL of sprinklers2- The average WDEL of Komet sprinkler in low wind speed is 8.5% and Luxor is 10.4% and their difference is not significant. With the increase of wind speed from low to moderate, increase in WDEL of Komet was 125% and Luxor was 21% and their difference was significant (P<0.05) 3- In both sprinklers WDEL increased with increasing working pressure, but this increasing was not significant 4- In both sprinklers, WDEL increases with the increase of vapor pressure deficit, but this increase was significant only in Komet and in the high range (P<0.05). 5- By increasing the irrigation duration from 1 h to 3 h, the WDEL of Komet decreased by 24%. 6- By increasing the sprinkler rotation speed from 1.5 Rpm to 3.5 Rpm, the WDEL of Komet decreased by 13.4%. In general, the Komet had more WDEL potential than the Luxor and in the irrigation events of farmers, the WDEL is lower than the reported values of the research.

Iran is the thirteenth country in terms of wheat production in the world. Kermanshah Province is known as the west agricultural pole of the country. It has about 700,000 hectares of agricultural land, and more than 173,000 hectares of high quality water land. Irrigation is one of the most important effective factors in grain production in hot and dry climates. Research has shown that the use of modern pressurized irrigation systems reduces water consumption and increases the water use efficiency. Considering the issue of water shortage that has been raised in the country in recent years, The simultaneous investigation of the effects of sprinkler and strip drip irrigation systems in three wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars on yield, yield components and water use efficiency in this province seemed necessary.This research was carried out in the research farm of ACECR, Kermanshah province unit during 2021. Wheat seeds of Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars were cultivated on 08/30/2020 after health control and detoxification. This study was conducted in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the main plots, the irrigation methods including sprinkler and strip drip irrigation were evaluated and in the sub-plots, wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heidari were evaluated. From each treatment, one square meter of samples was taken from the middle of the plot. These samples were placed separately in special bags (by installing specifications on each sample) and were immediately transferred to the laboratory. According to the dimensions of the plots (60 m2), during the growth period of the wheat plant, the irrigation amount was 633.50 mm in sprinkler irrigation method and 436 mm in strip drip irrigation method. Finally, after data collection, statistical analysis, including an analysis of variance and comparison of means, was performed using Duncan's multi-range test at a five percent probability level with SAS Ver 9.4 software.Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the irrigation method, there was a significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency of the crop. Additionally, the effect of cultivars was significant in plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant effects of irrigation method and cultivars for crop yield traits and water use efficiency. The comparison of means revealed that the highest yield of 9458 kg/ha was observed in the strip drip irrigation treatment in Baharan cultivar, which had a statistical difference with the sprinkler irrigation treatment in similar cultivars. Furthermore, the sprinkler irrigation treatment in Heydari cultivar with a yield of 6539 kg/ha had the lowest yield. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest water use efficiency productivity with values of 2.13 and 1.03 kg/m3 were observed in the strip drip irrigation treatments of Baharan variety and sprinkler irrigation of Heydari variety, respectively. The results of the research showed that the use of strip drip irrigation method compared to the sprinkler irrigation method in Baharan, Rakhshan, and Heydari cultivars resulted in an increase of 20.07%, 29.76%, and 20.50% in crop yield, respectively.Optimum use of water seems necessary considering the climatic conditions of the country and the recent droughts. One of the important and effective solutions is to use modern irrigation systems. The results revealed that the use of different irrigation systems caused a significant difference at the levels of 1% and 5% on the yield and yield components of wheat in investigated cultivars. Based on the results in the tape irrigation method, the yield increased in most of the analyzed parameters compared to the sprinkler irrigation method. The results exhibited that, the use of tape method saved water consumption by 31% and increased the yield of the product and finally increased the water efficiency compared to the sprinkler irrigation method.

In this study, volume of irrigation water, water productivity, and yield of alfalfa were measured in 300 farms in Zanjan, Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hamedan, East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan-Razavi, Isfahan, West Azerbaijan, Central, Qazvin and Kerman provinces under farmers management and surface and sprinkler irrigation, various water sources, different water salinities, soil conditions, and varieties, during the growing season of 2018-2019. The results showed that the difference between average volumes of water applied by farmers, yield, and water productivity, in the studied sites were significant at 1% probability level. The average amount of applied water by farmers was 8502, 8901, 9226, 9459, 11481, 12796, 14311, 14821, 15198, 15916, 18351 and 23920 m3/ha, respectively, and the average was 13284 m3/ha. The dry yield of alfalfa varied from 2500 to 30000 kg/ha with an average of 13841 kg/ha. Irrigation water productivity varied from 0.2 to 4.5 and its average was 1.28 kg/m3. The average irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity for alfalfa was 1.19 kg/m3. The results showed that the average applied water and alfalfa yield in surface and sprinkler irrigation methods were 15076 and 10653 m3/ha, respectively, (p<1%). These results showed that in sprinkler irrigation method, applied water was 30% less and irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity was 41% higher. Accordingly, in order to reduce the volume of irrigation water and improve alfalfa water productivity, it is recommended to use sprinkler method in suitable climatic conditions where irrigation water is of good quality and the technical criteria of design, implementation, operation, and economic considerations are met.

Reliable estimates of the seasonal applied water and irrigation performance assessment indicators under current irrigation and farm management are perquisites for improving water resources management. In this study, seasonal applied water and irrigation performance assessment indicators of winter barley were studied by monitoring 25 farms under actual conditions, in Ardabil Province (Ardabil, Namin, Nir and Kosar counties), Iran, during the growing season 2020-2021. The seasonal estimates of the net irrigation requirement during the growing season 2020-2021 and its 10-year average ranged from 476 to 652 mm and from 403 to 535 mm (with a mean of 530 and 449 mm), respectively, over the study farms. The total sum of seasonal applied water and effective precipitation (I + Pe) and the barley grain yield ranged from 266 to 716 mm and from 0.14 to 4.07 ton ha-1 (with a weighted average, WA, of 475 mm and 2.33 ton ha-1), respectively. As a result of limited irrigation water availability, 3-91% (with a WA of 52%) of the intended yield of irrigated barley in the study area (4.5 ton ha-1) was achieved. Physical and economic water productivity indicators were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by farmer's skill level, crop rotation, type of irrigation water source, and irrigation method. The results indicated that farms with surface water supply showed the highest vulnerability to drought periods. Improving the on-farm water management flexibility and mitigating the negative impacts of hot and windy days during the grain filling stage can improve water productivity indicators in the study area.

Rice is one of the important food products that is generally transplanted. The rice “dry seeding method (DSM)” is a new approach that has provided an opportunity to increase water productivity. In this research, changing the cultivation method from transplanting to DSM and using pressurized irrigation instead of flooding method was studied in 5 rice fields in Golestan Province. The field with flood irrigation method was considered as the control treatment. Other fields were cultivated in dry soil and irrigated by drip and sprinkler methods. The results showed that, in all parameters related to grain yield and yield components, the field with flood irrigation method had higher values. Economic study at the different growth stages with different irrigation methods showed that by changing the planting method and removing the puddling in rice field, 4000 to 7000 cubic meters of water can be saved. Comparison between different irrigation methods showed that the sprinkler irrigation had a higher average yield (4998 kg/ha) than drip irrigation) 4426 kg/ha(. With 30% yield reduction, this method saved 61% in water use, which is a significant amount. The highest and lowest physical (0.53 and 0.3 kg/m3) and economical productivity rates (141,791 and 82,704 Rials/m3) were related to sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation, respectively, which show very low water productivity in the rice fields of the province. This shows the need to increase water productivity under the current climatic conditions of the country.

Population growth and limited water and soil resources make it necessary to pay attention to the factors affecting food production, including the suitability of irrigation methods with agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to assess land suitability for surface, drip, and sprinkler irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 250 hectares in the Shahid Rajaei plain of Khuzestan. Soil properties were analyzed, then suitability maps for different irrigation methods were prepared using a geographic information system (GIS). The results showed that for surface irrigation, 704 ha (31.3%) was marginally suitable (S3), 866 ha (38.5%) was currently not suitable (N1), and 680 ha (30.2%) was permanently not suitable (N2). For drip irrigation, 8 hectares (0.4%) are highly suitable (S1), 644 hectares (28.6%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) were currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). For sprinkler irrigation, 652 hectares (29%) are moderately suitable (S2), 52 hectares (2.3%) are marginally suitable (S3), 866 hectares (38.5%) are currently not suitable (N1), and 680 hectares (30.2%) were permanently not suitable (N2). According to the results, sprinkler irrigation with an irrigation capability index of 29.9 to 60.7 in 2242 hectares (99.6%) is preferable to other irrigation methods. Drip irrigation in 8 hectares (0.4%) was found to be the most suitable method. The main limiting factors in using all three irrigation methods included salinity, alkalinity, and drainage. Also, soil calcium carbonate was added to the limiting factors in drip irrigation.

water scarcity is one of the primary problems in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Many previous studies corroborated that using aquaculture wastewater might be a good alternative for supplying irrigation demand in the arid and semi-arid countries such as Iran. In fact, the effluent of the fish farms that contain a notable amount of phosphor and nitrogen are high nutrition for different plants. Depending on water quality, irrigation method and type of crop might change. The elements present in the fish effluent interact with each other and it is possible to increase or decrease the absorption of an element through the leaves to have a negative effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence. In an attempt to reduce foliar absorption, we used post-washing, pre-washing and pre and post washing. Therefore, the investigated factors include irrigation at two levels, A1 (irrigation with fresh water) and A2 (irrigation with fish farm effluent), as well as washing the leaves of the plant in four levels they are Before applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B1), after applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B2), The leaves were washed with fresh water for ten minutes both before and after applying the fish farm effluent to them (B3) and the leaves were not washed at all (B4). The main objective of the present study is to provide a solution to reduce the negative effects of fish effluent in sprinkler irrigation on chlorophyll fluorescence.

The present study was conducted on pots; the pot experiments were carried out at the research site of the University of Kurdistan. This research farm is located at the Dehgolan plain in Kurdistan province. As presented in the previous section we applied two types of water for irrigation in the treatments including fresh water from the available well in the experimental site and the fish farm effluent from the available fish farm as well as washing the leaves of the plant in different situations including Before applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B1), after applying fish farm effluent to the leaves, they were washed for ten minutes with fresh water (B2), The leaves were washed with fresh water for ten minutes both before and after applying the fish farm effluent to them (B3) and the leaves were not washed at all (B4). In the present study soil moisture was measured in the daily scale before the irrigation then irrigation was carried out based on the efficiency of required soil moisture. The PMS-714 moisture meter was applied for measuring the soil moisture in the experimental site. At the end of the cultivation period, the yield of potato in each pot was collected and measured separately. Then the average of all the potato was applied in the further analyses. Data were analyzed with Rstudio, and mean values of the treatments were compared by the LSD test at a 5% and 1% significance level.

The results of this research showed that B3 compared to B4 increased yield by 10.13%, maximum fluorescence by 20.44%, variable fluorescence by 28.67%, maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II by 6.66%, dry weight of stem 37.98%, dry weight of leaf by108.06% and dry weight of root 125%. previous studies corroborated that effect of leaf washing when unconventional water is used has a positive effect on the absorption of elements by the plant and growth indicators. Also, previous studies showed that the simultaneous use of fresh water and water unconventional methods reduce the toxic effects caused by the substances in the wastewater and improve the yield and physiological indicators of the plant. It has been reported that when leaves are washed with fresh water before and after salt water is applied to the leaves, the concentration of chlorine and sodium in the leaves is lower than when leaves are not washed at all. They stated that when the leaves are washed before applying salt water, the leaves are hydrated and the capacity to absorb elements by the leaf is reduced, and also when the leaves are washed after applying salt water, the elements and materials are washed on the leaf. And leaf absorption is reduced. Therefore, it increases yield. It is recommended to use the strategy of simultaneous use of fish waste and fresh water in sprinkler irrigation system to increase chlorophyll fluorescence and other characteristics of potato plant.

Evaporation and wind loss causes a decrease in the amount of water entering the soil and a change in the spraying pattern, which changes parameters such as uniformity coefficient (CU), water distribution uniformity (DU), potential efficiency of application in the lower quartile of land (PELQ), actual efficiency in Lower quartile (AELQ) and total efficiency (ET) are irrigated. The current research was conducted in a factorial way in the agricultural year of 2020-2021 in the agricultural lands of Chaghahroshi plain in Khoram Abad city. The studied factors include land type (F1: sugar beet field and F2: onion field), sprinkler height (L1: 75 cm and L2: 100 cm) and irrigation time (T1: morning, T2: evening and T3: night) with three repetitions. Evaporation and wind loss in the sugar beet field was about 0.95% more than the onion field, which caused the decrease of other parameters including uniformity coefficient (5.06%) and total efficiency (5%) in the sugar beet field compared to It became an onion farm. With the increase of sprinkler height, evaporation losses and wind blowing increased by 1.56%. The reduction of evaporation and wind loss in the sugar beet field at night compared to morning and evening was 2.1% and 5.6%, respectively. The increase of uniformity coefficient and uniformity of distribution in the sugar beet field at night was 5.8 and 6.5%, respectively, more than irrigation in the morning. The increase in the values of these parameters compared to evening time was 11.3 and 14.9 percent, respectively. Changing the irrigation time in the onion field had a greater effect on improving the irrigation efficiency indicators than the sugar beet field. The reason for that was the increase in losses in the morning (4%) and evening (6.5%) compared to night irrigation in the onion field.

This research was conducted using questionnaires and the analysis of soil samples (the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) obtained from saffron fields of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. In this research, saffron irrigation and nutrition management methods among three farmer groups (progressive farmers, skilled farmers and ordinary farmers) were investigated and compared with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers in the mentioned three classes was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. The results showed that most of the progressive and skilled farmers used the combined nutrition management method (organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer with frequency of about 65%), while the single application of chemical fertilizer was the most common method among ordinary farmers (47.5%). The mean amount of organic manure application for ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 5.0, 6.3 and 10.7 ton ha-1year-1, respectively (less than the amount of 19.2 tons recommended by researchers) and the mean amount of nitrogen application was 49.5, 56.5 and 87 kg ha-1 (compared with 93.3 kg recommended by researchers). The application of phosphorus and particularly potassium was not a common practice among all three groups’ farmers. The average content of organic matter in the fields was 0.68%, nitrogen 0.041%, phosphorus 16.1ppm and potassium 292 ppm, which indicates the poverty of soils in terms of organic matter and to some extent nitrogen. The foliar application of nutrients for the fields of ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 0.23, 0.65 and 1.00 times per year, respectively, and the average irrigation times was 3.2, 3.6, and 4.6 times per year, respectively, which is less than the recommended values by experts (2.55 and 5.8 times per year, respectively). Summer irrigation (44.4% of farmers) and sprinkle irrigation method (26.8% of farmers) were more common among progressive farmers. In general, the poverty of organic matter and lack of nitrogen in the soil, low foliar application of nutrients and lack of use of modern irrigation methods were among the most important reasons for the high gap yield of saffron fields.

In order to investigate the agronomic characteristics of Potato under water deficit stress conditions using line-source sprinkler irrigation method and potassium fertilizer amounts an experiment was done in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center during 2015-2016 as split plot design based on completely randomized blocks design. Water deficit levels at 0.75m from line-source (control), at 3.75m from line source (very light), at 6.75m from line-source (light), at 9.75m from line-source (severe deficit), at 12.75m from line source (very severe deficit) were considered as main factor and potassium levels included 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg.ha-1 K2O were as subfactor. Studied traits were included, tuber yield, percent of small, medium and big tuber yield, number of tuber per plant, average of tuber weight, plant height and stem number per plant. The results showed that water deficit stress levels had significant effects on total traits and potassium nutrition levels had same effects except percent of small and medium tuber yield and stem number per plant. Higher water deficit levels significantly decreased the tuber yield, tuber number per plant and average of tuber weight that in very severe deficit these traits reduced 92.29, 84.32, and 53.81 percent respectively. The highest tuber yield (17.92 ton.ha-1), tuber number per plant (7.94) and average of tuber weight (38.73 g) resulted in 270 kg.ha-1 K2O. The highest and lowest tuber yields were in control with 270 kg.ha-1 K2O and very severe deficit with 0 kg.ha-1 K2O.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using each of the surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the condition of Zayandehrud basin. For this purpose, water, energy, food and carbon nexus approach was used for a comprehensive study. In the nexus approach, considering their interactions, efforts are made to increase productivity and ensure the security of the region. In this study, this approach has appeared in the form of a newly developed index called water, energy, food and greenhouse gases nexus (WEFGN) and considering ten indicators including inputs of crop production, energy consumption for irrigation, food self-sufficiency, economic efficiency and carbon emissions were studied for irrigation methods that could provide a comprehensive view of managers and decision makers. The results of the study of irrigation methods in 2020 showed that by changing the current irrigation method to drip and sprinkler irrigation due to reduced water consumption (17 and 4.84 percent (483.7 and 138.5 million cubic meters per year, respectively)) the condition of the basin improves, but in the sprinkler method more energy is needed for irrigation (280.5 percent (112415.8 thousand kcal per year)) and the carbon released due to the increase in irrigation energy also increases to 87432.5 tons per year (73.7 percent). Therefore, the WEFGN index score for each of the drip irrigation, sprinkler and current status methods was 0.86, 0.31 and 0.47, respectively, and the best irrigation method in Zayandehrud basin in terms of nexus approach was drip irrigation.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation systems and weed control treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane and weeds biomass, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020 at Sugarcane Development Research and Training Institute of Khuzestan, Iran. The five irrigation systems included surface drip irrigation (I0), two types of subsurface drip irrigation with a discharge rate of 2.3 and 3.6 L/h and emitter spacing of 50 and 60 cm (I1 and I2 respectively), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) sprinkler irrigation (I3), and the conventional  furrow irrigation method (I4) as the main plot, and weed treatments included no weed control throughout the season, (W0), weed control throughout the season (W1), and use of cultivator (W2). The highest and lowest mean cane yield (167 and 117 ton/ha, respectively) and sugar yield (18.24, 12.40 ton/ha, respectively) were observed in I3 and I4 irrigations, respectively. Mean cane and sugar yield in W0 were significantly lower than W1 and W2 treatments (with a difference of 18.34% and 18.78% for cane yield and 17.84% and 18.85% for sugar yield, respectively). Qualitative traits including Brix, syrup sucrose percentage and syrup purity percentage were not affected by irrigation systems and weed control treatments. The total dry matter of weeds for I0, I1, I2, I3 and I4 Irrigation treatments were 90, 78, 47, 43 and 173 g/m2 under W0 treatment and 30, 23, 16, 15 and 40 g/m2 under W2 treatment, respectively. In the condition of the study area, results indicated that adoption of LEPA sprinkler or subsurface drip irrigation system together with the use of cultivator in the first ratoon leads to irrigation water saving and reduces weeds competition in sugarcane fields.

Wind drift and evaporation loss (WDEL) in sprinkler irrigation systems are a factor that affects the water delivery in a field and reduces the uniformity of spraying. So, predicting these losses can play an important role in improving the performance of them. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to estimate the hourly sprinkler discharge efficiency (SDE), which, in turn, is dependent on WDEL. The effective parameters in estimating WDEL, which were considered as model inputs, were selected by calculating Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Accordingly, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and reference evapotranspiration were considered as model inputs, whereas SDE was considered as model output. The performance evaluation of the developed neural network model was done using 1024 real data obtained by the Strip structure for estimating WDEL. The proposed model, which was a 4-19-16-1 model with a Bayesian regularization training function, was selected upon testing 3780 different neural networks. The results of this study showed that the developed model can accurately estimate the hourly values of sprinkler discharge efficiency (R= 0.84, RMSE= 1.6%, MAPE= 1.19) and can be used as a reliable method in evaluating the performance of sprinkler irrigation systems.

Tea is the most popular drink after water in the world and more and more people are consuming it every day. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production of this product per unit area. Since in some months of the year the amount of rainfall does not meet the water requirement of the plant, to produce more product per unit area, Supply of water shortage with proper irrigation method is unavoidable.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and irrigation levels on the yield and water use efficiency of Chinese hybrid cultivar tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications with three main treatments including permanent sprinkler irrigation (SI), local drip irrigation (DI) and strip drip irrigation (TDI), and three sub-treatments including without irrigation (I0), 50 (I1) and 100 (I2)% of crop water requirement in 1399 in the Research Station of Fashalam tea garden in Fooman region. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. In this experiment, the field capacity, permanent wilting point, bulk density and pH was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. The meteorological data required to calculate the water requirement of the tea plant were prepared from the Rasht agricultural meteorological station. The amount of rainfall during the irrigation period (May to November) in 2020 was equal to 307.197 mm, which was lower than the average rainfall of the last 30 years in the same irrigation period was 188.2 mm. The water requirement of the tea plant was calculated using the daily data of 30 years of Rasht agricultural meteorological station with penman monteith FAO method by software of CROPWAT 8.0, and then the daily water requirement of the plant by considering the water use efficiency of 80% in sprinkler irrigation system and 95% in the drip irrigation system was determined. Gross amount of irrigation water was determined based on plant water requirement, soil moisture holding capacity and water use efficiency in sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. The net amount of irrigation water in the treatment of the 50% of the plant water requirement was equal to 50% of the amount of the net irrigation water in the treatment 100% of the plant water requirement. The volume of water given to each plot at each irrigation period was measured using a water meter to the nearest tenth of a liter.

The results of the data variance analysis showed that the effect of irrigation methods, different levels of irrigation and their interaction on the yield of green and dry tea leaves and water use efficiency based on green and dry tea leaves were significant at the level of one percent probability. So that the average of the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 3846.90 and 1044/7 kg/ha, and with 1.23 and 1.33 kg/m3 in DI irrigation method and the highest of them with 7859.70 and 2129.6 kg/ha, and with 2.39 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed in SI irrigation method which increased by 2.043 and 2.038, and 1.94 and 1.97 times in compared with DI irrigation method, respectively. Also, the lowest green and dry leaf yield and water use efficiency based on green and dry leaves with 1050.1 and 299.16 kg/ha, and 0.44 and 0.13 kg/m3 at I0 irrigation level, and the highest of them with 8947.20 and 2418.17 kg/ha, and 2.53 and 0.65 kg/m3 were observed at I2 irrigation level which increased by 8.52 and 8.08, and 5.75 and 5.00 times in compared with I0 irrigation level, respectively. The results of the interaction of irrigation methods at different levels of plant water requirement on green tea leaf yield showed that the highest yield with 13000 kg/ha was obtained in SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level. Therefore, SI irrigation method with I2 irrigation level can be considered as optimum method to the tea green leaf production in the Fooman region.