جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تکثیر رویشی » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Elymus repens (L.) Gould, is a perennial, three-carbon, rhizomatous and morphologically diverse weed, with highly competitive and allelopathic ability which is considered a problematic weed in many crop lands. Plant growth is done through seed or rhizome germination, but due to the reserves in the rhizomes of this plant, the growth of seedlings from rhizomes is faster than the seedlings from seeds. The rhizomes of this plant are the main factor of reproduction. The seeds of this plant germinate in autumn or spring. At the 3 to 4 leaf stage, the plant begins to shoot and produce a new rhizome. By the end of May, a new plant is formed. Each shoot can produce 2 to 3 new rhizomes, allowing each plant to produce up to 50 rhizomes in one season. The propagation of this plant is done when these organs are placed at a depth of 2.5 to 8 cm in the soil and the rhizomes that are placed on the surface of the soil produce a small number of stems. The ability of double reproduction of perennial weeds, including Agropyron repens, has made their management and control difficult, and their successful management is almost impossible without knowledge of their biology and how they grow and reproduce. Today, weed science researchers have come to the conclusion that in order to increase the effectiveness of weed control techniques, they must be aware of their strengths and weaknesses, so that they can avoid providing strong points to the plant and hitting the Weaknesses should prevail over it, and this issue is more important in the case of perennial weeds. Studies conducted on other species of rhizomatous weeds show that the emergence of a branch from a piece of rhizome strongly depends on the size of the rhizome and the depth of the rhizome burial. Normally, deep burial of short rhizome fragments is expected to reduce stem emergence. Apart from these two elements, external factors such as ambient temperature can also affect the growth of new branches from rhizomes. An increase in temperature has a significant effect on the deterioration of the rhizomes of perennial weeds, and the high temperature and the duration of exposure of the rhizomes to high temperatures are the main factors in reducing their population in the soil.

 In order to investigate effect of duration, temperature storage and depth of burial of vegetative means of Agropyron repens L. on its survival and growth, two separate experiments were conducted in the weed science laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2021. In the first experiment, effect of duration and temperature storage on survival of vegetative means was carried out as factorially based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included length of rhizome (3, 6 and 12 cm), temperature storage (10, 20 and 40 oC) and duration storage (7, 14 and 30 days). In second experiment, effect of burial depth on survival of rhizomes was done factorially based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, the treatments included the length of rhizomes (3, 6 and 12 cm) and their burial depth (5, 10 and 20 cm).

Results showed that with increasing temperature and duration storage, number of new formed rhizomes and their survival reduced, so that no new rhizomes were produced when rhizomes of the plant were kept at 40 oC. Even 14 and 30 days of exposure of the rhizomes at 20 oC reduced production of new rhizomes by 50 and 95%, respectively, compared to 7 days. Results also showed that even rhizomes with 12 cm long could not survive at 40 oC for 7 days. At lower temperatures (10 and 20°C), the chances of survival and the strength of rhizomes increased as their size increased, resulting in the production of more and longer rhizomes. Additionally, at these lower storage temperatures, smaller rhizomes (3 cm) exhibited weaker growth ability, and the dry weight of seedlings obtained from them was significantly lower than that of seedlings obtained from larger rhizomes (12 cm).The results showed that to increase in burial depth, the number of Agropyron repens seedlings that appeared decreased.

 The results of this experiment showed that by keeping the plant's rhizomes at high temperature and small size or by burying them, the chance of regrowth of the rhizomes is significantly reduced and it accelerates their deterioration. Therefore, any agricultural operation, including tillage in hot seasons or deep plowing, which causes the burial of the rhizomes of perennial weeds, can play an important role in their control.

Botanical gardens play a pivotal role in preserving native species, a challenging task in the autumn season when identifying leafless plants, particularly in the rose family (Rosaceae), becomes challenging. Propagation through cuttings offers a solution to maintain plant diversity. However, in humid climates, the main hurdle in plant propagation is combating pests and diseases. This research aimed to explore similar bases of Rosaceae wild species as rootstocks through cutting propagation, coupled with nematode control.

Conducted in the nursery section of Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Iran, from autumn 2019 to March 2021, this research employed a four-factorial experiment using a completely randomized design on four Rosaceae species: forest apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz.), Mazanderani pear (Pyrus mazanderanica Schonb.-Tem.), prickly forest plum (Prunus spinosa L.), and thornless forest plum (P. divaricata Ledeb.). Factors included dipping cuttings in willow extract (zero, five seconds, and 24 hours) and feeding cuttings with a nutrient solution containing garlic extract (zero, 10%, and 20%). Cuttings were sourced from Rosaceae species in Hyrcanian forests. Willow extract, derived from one-year-old willow tree branches (Salix alba L.), and garlic extract from garlic species (Allium sativum L.) scales were utilized. Changes in nematode populations were monitored through soil and root sampling every 5 months for 18 months, with microscopic observations determining nematode infestation of Meloidogyne sp. and Pratylenchus sp. species.

Significant differences were observed among species concerning root formation, vegetative bud growth in cuttings, egg mass nematode density in one gram of root, and nematode density in 200 grams of soil. In forest apple, the 24-hour treatment of cutting tip dip in willow extract yielded the highest number of sprouts, roots, and fresh root weight. The lowest nematode density was recorded at 20% garlic extract. For Mazandarani pear, the 24-hour willow extract treatment resulted in the highest wet and dry root weights. Prickly and thornless forest plums exhibited optimal growth in the 24-hour willow extract treatment. Interaction effects of willow and garlic extracts on nematode populations in soil indicated the lowest density in 20% garlic extract with a 24-hour willow extract soak for forest plum species.

Willow and garlic extracts proved effective in stimulating rooting in cuttings and soil disinfection, enhancing rooting and soil health by reducing nematode contamination. Thornless plum species exhibited the highest root formation and vegetative growth with minimal nematode contamination. Conversely, forest apple and Mazandarani pear did not exhibit a significant response to the interaction effects of plant extracts.

On the coast of Hormozgan province, there are halophytic grasses distributed in coastal plain, near to the coastline. They are potential forage crops which could be used to reclamation of coastal sandy saline soil deserts. The aim of this study is introducing of suitable methods for seedling production of Halopyrom mucronatum, Aeluropus lagopoides and Sporobolus arabicus as native grasses of coastal sand masses in the eastern part of Hormozgan Province, Iran. The geographical distribution of Halo. mucronatum, Ael.lagopoides and Spo.arabicus was obtained by the help of literature review. In next stage with Referring to the field and collecting stolons and seeds of these species, seedlings were produced from cutting stolons and seeds. After planting, the percentage of produced seedlings was recorded. Using appropriate statistical tests, the best way of reproduction for each of the selected species was introduced. Test treatments were include of soaking in boiling water, soaking in acid gibberellic (1000 ppm) and stolones cuttings. Based on the results, the highest percentage growth of all three species was cutting treatment (91.6%) and the lowest percentage growth were in the control (7.9%) and treatment of gibberellic acid on seeds (0%). So that in the acid gibberellic treatment, no growth was observed. Of the three species, propagation of Spo. arabicus was more successful by stolon (100%) and seed or control method (52.4%). Based on these results, it seems that the best method for producing seedlings of these species is using stolon cuttings with 81 to 100% success.

For helping to regeneration and conservation of present sites, effect of cutting type (simple and heeled) and Indole butyric acid (IBA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4- D) were studied on rooting of Taxus baccata cuttings. After sterilization, cuttings were treated in IBA, NAA and 2, 4- D at concentration of 0, 0.02, 0.1, 1 and 2 mg L-1 for 30 minutes. They were cultured in polythene bags and factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions. Data analysis and comparison of means were carried out by using two ways ANOVA and Duncan test, respectively. The results showed that the maximum percentage of survival, stem and root length of simple cuttings belonged to IBA at concentration of 2 mg L-1. IBA, NAA and 2, 4- D produced only callus in heeled cuttings at different concentration. In the simple cuttings, IBA produced only root at concentration of 1 and 2 mg L-1 but NAA produced only callus in the same concentrations. Therefore the best cuttings for T. baccata propagation are simple cuttings that they are taken from green two or three years old branches and are not yet firm. IBA at concentration of 2 mg L-1 is the best hormone for rooting of T. baccata cuttings. NAA and 2, 4- D due to having slow process in root production are not recommended for rooting of T. baccata cuttings.

Drought is one of the most important and common environmental stresses in the country, which affect different stages of plant growth and development. Drought can affect plants growth in various ways, thereby reduces and delays germination, and decreases shoot growth and dry matter production. In the case of high water stress, it results showed great reductions in photosynthesis and disruption of the physiological processes, as well as growth stop and eventually plant death.Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) has been listed as the world’s worst weed based onits worldwide distribution (92 countries) and interference with over 50 crops. It causes high yield losses in fruiting vegetables and cucurbits in eastern and southeastern parts of Iran, where drought stress is a common phenomenon. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the response of this noxious weed species to drought stress.
In order to study the effect of drought stress on growth and distribution of purple nutsedge, two separate experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Greenhouse at Birjand University in 2013. The first experiment consisted of 6 irrigation interval levels (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18- day irrigation intervals) and the second one were 5 irrigation levels based on field capacity (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % FC).
ANOVA results of both experiments showed that all growth characteristics of purple nutsedge were affected by drought stress. The results of irrigation interval stress experiment showed that the maximum height (76 cm), leaf area (110.83 cm2), stem number (4.66 stemperpot), shoot dry weight (4.132 gr per plant), tuber number (7.66 tuber per pot) and total underground organs dry weight (4.435 gr per plant) were observed in 3- day irrigation interval. Also, the lowest amount of these characteristics was obtained in 18- day irrigation interval. The influence of increasing the irrigation intervals up to 18 days was obvious in reducing weed morphological characteristics. With longer irrigation intervals, weed height declined severely, and the greatest reduction in plant height (62.43% comparison to control) was obtained from 18- day irrigation interval. Irrigating plants at 12, 15 and 18- day intervals decreased 66.15, 77.84 and 88.96% in weed leaf area compared to 3- day irrigation interval (control), respectively. The maximum reduction in stem number (78.54% relative to control) was observed at 18- day irrigation interval. Increasing drought stress levels significantly decreased 62.95, 76.27, 97.57% shoot dry weight under 12, 15 and 18- day irrigation intervals regimes, respectively. . Also, increaseddrought levels, significantly reduced weed tuber number, so that no tuber produced at 18- day irrigation interval. Moreover, underground organs dry weight decreased 51.91, 65.68 and 88.48% at 12, 15 and 18- day irrigation intervals compared to control, respectively. In other experiment, the maximum height (70.33 cm), leaf area (116.33 cm2), stem number (7 stem per pot), shoot dry weight (3.701 gr per plant), tuber number (5.66 tuber per pot) and total dry weight of underground organs (513/3 gr per plant) were obtaind at 100% field capacity (control).. The results showed that plant height decreased with increasing drought levels, so the minimum plant height was observed at 25 and 12.5% FC. Increasing drought stress reduced leaf area 68.59 and 91.61% at 75% and 50% FC compared to control, respectively. The maximum reduction in stem number was observed at 25 and 12.5% FC. The weed dry matter decreased 52.90 and 88.05% compared to control at 75 and 50% FC, respectively. Tuber production was severely affected by soil water content reduction, so that no tuber was produced at 25 and 12.5% FC. Dry weight of underground organs in purpule nutsedge decreased 39.48 and 79.24% at 75 and 50% FC compared to control, respectively.
Overall different levels of drought stress in both experiments, were reduced all weed growth characteristics. Since reproductive organs such as tuber and rhizome were not produced at 18- day irrigation interval regime and 25 and 12.5% FC,, therefore it seems non-chemical control methods such as irrigation management can be effective to control this weed. Obviously repeating this research in field conditions is required to confirm these results.

Cogongrass is one of the most serious weeds in palm groves and sugar cane industry of Khuzestan. Understanding the impact of environmental stresses on the ability of vegetative propagation and rhizome sprouting of this weed can help to control this species. Therefore 5 cm rhizomes with 2-3 mm diameter in two separate tests were conducted based on completely randomized design with 4 replications and 6 drought levels (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 and -1.5 MP) using polyethylene glycol 6000 and six salinity levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dS/m) using sodium chloride at Research Laboratory of the Research Institute for Education Development and Cane Industries of Khuzestan. In this experiment rhizomes were placed in a germinator set at 22/30 ° C and light conditions of 8/16 hours (night / day). The results indicated that increasing drought and salt stresses significantly (p<0.01) decreased the rhizome germination rate and percentage compared to the control treatment. Based on the estimation of 3-Parameter logistic models, the salinity and drought values for 50% reduction in rhizomes germinability were 6.42 dS/m and -0.96 MP, respectively. According to these research findings, cogongrass rhizomes were able to sprout under either salinity or drought stresses, indicating this species is a troublesome noxious weed even under such stresses.

The aim of this study was evaluation of two different methods of auxin application for rhizogenesis in stem cutting of Duranta repens shrub with 2 indivijual experiments and in January and February 2008. Two factorial expriment based on RCBD was used and comparison of means was done with duncan multiple test at p

Introducing appropriate and applicable methods is an important step towards restoration of Zagros forests. In this study the possibility of rooting and propagation of sprouts of Manna oak was investigated by layering in soil. This study was conducted in Completely Random Design with four factors including soil type (forest soil and litter), super absorbent hydrogel (100 gr and 0 gr), IBA hormone (2000 ppm and 0 ppm) and pitcher irrigation (using earthen pot and disusing earthen pot). Overall, 16 treatments with three replications were prepared. The result of ANOVA test indicated that there are significant differences among treatments both in callus production and rooting. Callus production was observed in all of the treatments. In contrast, rooting was just observed in treatments treated by IBA. The highest proportion of callus production and rooting was observed in treatments with the best moisture conditions.

Populus caspica Bornm. is an endemic tree species growing in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. It grows on alluvial soils، appears as individual and groups and regenerates naturally، particularly by root sprouting. Despite the importance of this species in forest restoration، its seedling propagation is some to extent difficult. In February 2008 cuttings of P. caspica originated from 1-year branches of a mature tree were planted as Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) in four replications in a nursery in Koloudeh of Amol، north of Iran. Treatments were 1) soil bed consisting of loamy، loamy-sand and sandy-loam، and 2) cutting buds consisting of 2-bud cutting and 3-bud cutting. At the end of the first growing season، loamy soil with 70% and 3-bud cuttings with 80% had the maximum germination rates. Survival was 38%، 33% and 28% in loamy، loamy-sand and sandy-loam soils، and 40% and 24/6%، in 3-bud cuttings and 2-bud cuttings، respectively. The greatest plant fresh mass was belong to loamy soil (165 gr) and 3-bud cutting (140 gr). The biggest rooting and total fresh mass as well as height growth and collar diameter growth were found in 3-bud cutting grown on loamy soil. It can be concluded that growing “3-bud cuttings on loamy soil” is the most favorable treatment for propagation/seedling production of P. caspica in this nursery.

To determine the effect of mother stock vigor and auxin on callusing and rooting ability of walnut four trials were carried out in Kahriz Agricultural Research Station during 2006-2007. In cutting trials, the semi-hardwood or hardwood cuttings from each of three clusters of seedling vigor were collected in late September in 2006 and after treating with IBA were planted under mist and bottom heat condition or reversed silo. The mother stock vigor and hormone was only affected callus formation with no effect on rooting. Treating the base of callused cuttings with reduced concentration of IBA was not effective in stimulating of rooting on callus surface. In response to the modified stool layering with application of lanoline paste containing three auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA), average number of roots per layer and rooting score in low-vigor mother stocks were 7.8 and 4.2 (from 5), respectively and significantly improved compared to high-vigor ones. Improved rooting of low-vigor stocks imply on a substantial structural/and or hormonal differences among mother stocks with different vigor and provides the possibility of selection of easy to root clones in walnut.

To study effects of different times of collection, IBA and NAA concentrations on rooting and related characteristics of hard wood and semi-hard wood cuttings in Gisela6 root stocks two experiments were conducted in green house-using factorial arrangements in completely randomized design with three replications. First experiment included: Two times of cutting collection (January and February), two types of cuttings (basal and terminal) and four concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 1000 and 2000 and 3000 ppm). The second experiment included: two times of cutting collection (June and July), two types of cuttings (basal and terminal) and three concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 1000, 1500 ppm). Results showed that times of cutting and hormones significantly (p<0.01) affected rooting (%) in hard wood and semi-hard wood cuttings in Gisela6 cherry rootstock. In semi-hard wood cuttings, the highest rooting (70%) was obtained in terminal type of cutting collected in July and treated by 1000 ppm IBA. However, in hard wood cuttings, the highest rooting (46.6%) was observed in basal type of cuttings collected in January and treated by 3000 ppm IBA. As auxin concentration increased, the number of primary and secondary roots as well as the length of rooting section increased. However, the average length of primary and secondary roots decreased.

Persian walnut is one of the most important nut crops in Iran. Now the majority of orchards are seedling with a great diversity. For establishing uniform orchards and increasing the quantity and quality of yield, patch budding as the most suitable propagation methods, have still technical and practical problems in the country. In spite of high percent of primary success in patch budding but the final success is very low. In this study, the effects of Indole-3- butryic acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) were evaluated on four cultivars and one genotype of walnut to increase bud growth and graft success. The results showed that there were significant differences among the different levels of both the hormone on increasing total success of budding, bud growth and decreasing dried and dormant buds. Mean comparisons showed that IBA 50 ppm with %56 in comparison with control with %26 had the highest effect on bud growth. Meanwhile the other hormone treatments increased the bud growth at least %20 comparing with control. Among the cultivars, the highest and lowest bud growth belonged to ‘Chandler’ (%58) and ‘Z63’ (26). The interaction between hormone treatments and cultivars on bud growth showed that ‘Chandler’ had the highest response to GA3 100ppm and IBA 50 ppm, ‘Pedro’ to IBA50, while for ‘Z63’ IBA 100 had the best effect. This study showed that suitable hormone treatment could overcome a part of problems relating to low level of graft success in walnut.

Shoot tips of elite adult trees of Populus caspica in northern forest of Iran (Gillan, Safrabaste) were collected. After sterilization the materials, these explants were cultured  in ½ MS medium with 0.5 mg / lit BA + 0.01 mg / lit IBA. Enough proliferated shoots were obtained. Internodes with length of 0.5 to 1 cm , were cultured in MS and ½ MS with 3 hormone treatments ( BA : 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/lit) with three replications. The differences of proliferation and shoot length growth between treatments were investigated with a factorial experiment and Duncan’s test.  Results showed that  the best medium for internodes’ micropropagation of P. caspica, was MS with 0.5 mg / lit BA. Rooting of shoots were obtained in ½ MS with IBA in 0.5 mg/lit.